20 ANNUAL REPORT 
Natural cement was produced at Boulogne, France, in 1802, from 
Septaria, called Boulogne pebbles. 
Edgar Dobbs, of Southwark, London, took out a patent in 1810 on 
a manufactured artificial hydraulic lime, or cement, made by mixing car- 
bonate of lime and clay, drying, molding and burning’ sufficiently to oe 
the carbonic acid without vitrifying the substances. 
Joseph Aspdin, a brick mason of Leeds, England, first manufactured 
a real artificial cement, which process he patented in 1824 and called the 
product Portland cement because the artificial stone produced from such 
cement was very similar in character and appearance to the noted building 
stone obtained in the quarries on the island of Portland, in Dorsetshire, 
England. 
Portland cement did not become an acceptable building material, 
however, until John Grant, an eminent engineer, employed on the London 
drainage works in 1850, had thoroughly tested it and discussed its use in a 
scientific manner, and had written several clever articles upon the subject 
for the institute of civil engineers. From that day until the present time 
it has been an important material in English construction. England led 
in the manufacture and use of Portland cement for 25 years, but Germany 
finally took the lead in its production and it is only within the last two years 
that the United States has passed all other countries and approached 
Germany in the development of the cement industry. 
In 1900, England produced between 7 and 8 million barrels of Port- 
land cement. 
Cements in France.—The growth of the cement industry in France 
has not been so marked as it has been in several other countries, but her 
chemists have led in first establishing the true principles of hydraulic ce- 
ments. In 1802 natural cement was produced at Boulogne from Septaria. 
In 1813 to 1818 M. Vicat produced hydraulic lime or natural cement arti- 
ficially by mixing chalks and clays. In 1846 the manufacture of Portland 
cement was first begun in France near Boulogne. 
The output of Portland cement in France for 1900 was about 3,500,- 
ooo barrels. 
Cements in Germany.—In Germany the first Portland cement works 
were established at Stettin, in 1855, in the now famous Hamburg Portland 
cement district. The growth of the production of Portland cement in Ger- _ 
many was almost as phenomenal as it has been during late years in the 
United States. From a production of 30,000 barrels in 1855, the pro- 
duction grew until in 1877, 29 factories produced 2,400,000 barrels. In 
1886, 42 factories produced 5,700,000 barrels. In 1900, 70 factories pro- 
duced nearly 20,000,000 barrels. 
For many years Germany has exported two to four inillion barrels of 
cement each year to the United States besides its exports to other countries. 
