G4. ANNUAL REPORT 
WATER PIPE. 
In California, for a great many years, concrete pipe for irrigation and 
water supply purposes has been manufactured. As early as 1880, 18 inch 
to 24 inch pipes, 30 inches long were being made at Pomona, California, 
for the Pomona Land and Water Company, to bring the water supply 
from wells and tunnels onto their lands. 
The Edison Electric Co., Redlands, California, have lately completed 
a gravity water power line 25,000 feet long, to their Mill Creek Power 
plant. It was constructed of 30 inch concrete pipe in 24 inch lengths; 
the shell of the pipe being 234 inches thick. The economy of this pipe 
. over cast iron was largely due to the cost of freighting material to the 
line of work. The cement was hauled twenty miles direct from the 
works. Iron pipe would have been very expensive due to the great 
cost of hauling. Gravel was obtained right upon the work. The pipe 
was cast in metal forms, the concrete composed of 1 part Portland cement 
and 3 parts gravel, using 34 gallon of water to a cubic foot of the mass, 
The pipe cost $1.00 per foot to make and $1.00 per foot to lay it. The 
pipes after being made were sprinkled frequently for about two weeks 
and then allowed to season several months before laying. 
The water supply of Cuneo, Italy, is brought 5,900 feet through a con- 
crete pipe 97% inches in diameter, under a head of 78 feet. The engineer 
originally estimated that the pipe would have to be 7% inches thick to 
withstand the pressure, but after careful tests decided to reduce the 
thickness to 3.15 inches. The pipe was built in 1888 or 1889 and is 
serving the purpose satisfactorily. 
IRRIGATION DITCHES. 
In 1891, an irrigation ditch at San Gabriel, California, 4 feet wide 
at the bottom, 6 feet wide at the top and 3 feet, 4 inches deep, was built 
with concrete sides and bottom. The concrete 2% inches thick, composed 
of I part cement to 8 or 10 parts sand and gravel, was laid directly upon 
the clean cut excavated bottom and sides of the ditch. The sand and 
gravel was used just as it came from the ditch excavation. After laying, 
the concrete was coated by brushing in upon the surface a neat cement 
cream. ‘Two years afterwards it was reported to be in good condition. 
About the same time the Gage Canal, near Riverside, California, was 
lined with 14% inches of cement-mortar composed of 1 part Portland 
cement and 4 parts sand. This irrigation canal is 22 miles long and 
belongs to the Riverside irrigation system. The work cost about $1.03 
per lineal foot of canal. Jt was reported to be in perfect condition after 
two years’ service. 
These cement lined irrigation ditches have much to commend them 
to the farmer and fruit raiser. They are in the first place economical, 
