104 ANNUAL REPORT 
reservoirs the water is conducted 80 miles across country, through moun- 
tains and over valleys and rivers by the aid of cement bridges, culverts, 
walls, tanks, tunnels, etc., to the large cement service reservoirs and filter 
beds shown in illustration. (Figure 49.) Of cement concrete work there 
are 8% miles of tunnels, 35 miles of cut and cover, and 34% miles of iron 
pipes—the cut and cover and tunnels being 8 feet in diameter. 
“The site of this extensive concrete reservoir, shown above, covers a 
space of three-quarters of a mile in one direction and 114 miles in another. 
The walls, formed entirely of Portland cement concrete, are 16 feet thick 
at the base and about 35 feet in height. The water is delivered from this 
reservoir into a series of 18 quadrangular filter beds, ranging from 150 to 
220 feet square, and forming a total filtering area of 67,000 square yards. 
These filtering beds are also wholly constructed of Portland cement con- 
crete.’ —Cement. 
TUNNELS. 
Among some of the many tunnels in which concrete has been used 
as a lining, probably none will better illustrate its usefulness than the Cas- 
cade tunnel upon the Great Northern Railway located where this railway 
crosses the Cascade Mountains in Central Washington. The tunnel was 
under construction from 1897 to 1900. It is 16 feet wide and 21% feet 
high in the clear. The lining varies from 24 to 42 inches in thickness and 
is monolithic, non-re-enforced concrete. 
The concreting was done from platforms which were erected so that 
work trains could pass beneath. The arch was built in 12 foot sections. 
The centers were of planking arranged so that they could be easily moved 
forward and jacked up to the proper position again. Concrete plants were 
erected at both ends of the tunnel and were arranged to handle all the 
material from the crusher to the mixer by gravity. The best rock taken © 
out of the tunnel was crushed for the concrete, the proportions of which 
were I part Portland cement, 3 parts sand and 5 parts broken stone. 
There were 95,000 barrels of cement used or 7 barrels per lineal foot of 
tunnel. The average monthly progress of lining the tunnel was 1,115 
feet, with a maximum length of 1,713 feet for the best month’s work. 
The best day’s work was 32 feet of completed lining. ) 
The total length of the tunnel is 13,813 feet. It saves nine miles 
of switch backs, 677 feet of elevation and 2,332 degrees of curvature. 
No statistics as to cost were given with this article. 
Peekskill Tunnel.—aA writer in Engineering News, of December 
17th, 1903, gives the itemized cost of a concrete lining in a short length 
of tunnel upon the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad north 
of Peekskill, New York. He itemizes the cost under the various heads of 
material, lumber for forms, tools, freight, power, labor, etc., for about 
2,000 cubic yards of concrete. It amounts to $10.72 per cubic yard for a 
