108 ANNUAL REPORT 
TIES AND RAIL BEDS. 
The question of street and street railway maintenance in large cities 
has become one of increasing importance as the traffic demands have so 
rapidly increased during the past thirty years. The old forms of street 
AL, 
Fig. 53.—Frame and Forms for Lagging Tunnels 
of the Chicago and Illinois Telephone Company. 
Dae \% 
3 
= ———o——— 
= Ew —eE—EEEEE 
H 
ee mE | | ECR 
‘ 
BEE a = = Ee fh 
H 
(eA aa | [ROPE 
= = * 
——— = eee peered fy 
‘ 
: 
‘ H 
| Sere T= | Eee 
ire | | Rarer 
: 
SS 2 RE eS 
eR ee ea] [ERA 
t : 
Ee ee = Soe 
SSeS eee = SS 
| 
Fig. 54.—Cross Section of Finished Tunnel of 
the Chicago and Illinois Telephone Company. 
railway construction were disastrous alike to street paving and to smooth 
riding tracks. Wooden ties, unsupported except by poorly tamped soils, 
