STATE GEOLOGIST. Dali 
specially to longer haulages, distances up to three miles not being 
infrequent in this kind of work. [or short distances, animal power can 
be employed in plants with a capacity up to 500 barrels per day. 
Aerial Tramways.—Aerial tramways are only advisable for loca- 
tions with an extremely rugged topography, since they are expensive to 
construct and to maintain. They are useful, however, where rivers or 
valleys are to be crossed. We must distinguish between the single moving 
rope cableway, which supports and moves the load at the same time, and 
the double cableway, which has two or more supporting ropes and an 
endless pulling rope. The former can carry single loads up to 200 
pounds, has a capacity up to 200 tons per day, and may be built as long 
as 114 to 2 miles. The second class of cableways is used most largely 
These cableways are provided at the terminals with devices for loading 
and discharging, also with the driving gear for moving the traction rope 
and brakes. The intermediate supports are of wood or steel. The cars 
are simply buckets provided with wheels which run on the heavy support- 
ing rope, and a friction grip for attaching to the pulling rope. These 
buckets may hold a load up to 1,400 pounds, and the pulling rope may 
have a speed of from 150 to 350 feet per minute. ‘The economical limit 
of length is probably two miles. The cost of construction is from $5,000 
per mile up. As to the power required, this differs, of course, quite 
widely, and depends on many factors. 
One formula given requires for n, the horsepower necessary, 
qa i 
=S—=(——(2--O.00§ ( ioo—Gtl) ) sea) qe Nop 
270 100 
Where | is the length of the cableway in meters, 
qu=the quantity to be hauled in tons per hour, 
h=the difference in level of the terminals, plus for upgrade, and 
minus for downgrade. 
N,=a constant, varying from 0.5 to 5, allowing for friction. The 
capacity of double cableways is from 200 to 1,000 tons per ten hours. 
Transportation by Water.—Transportation by water is employed 
especially where the lime material is dredged or where located on a suita- 
ble waterway. This affords a very cheap method of transporting large 
quantities of material. 
Pumping.—Pumping is frequently practiced in dredge work where 
the dredged material is mixed up with more water and made up into a 
slurry containing about 60 per cent. of water by means of a pug-mill, the 
material having been run through a stone and root separator, which is 
simply a perforated revolving cylinder. At the works of the Peninsular 
Portland Cement Company, the slurry is pumped from the dredge to 
the works, the pipe having a flexible connection, and being supported 
