88 , ANNUAL REPORT 
THE LIME RESOURCES OF OHIO AVAILABLE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT 
MANUFACTURE. : 
PRELIMINARY STATEMENT BY Pror. EpwarpD OrTOoN, JR, E. M. anp 
S, Wo Peep, IB, SC 
The resources of Ohio in raw material for the manufacture of Port- 
land cement are great. Fuel, limestone and clay are here in abundance, 
together with some of the marls which form so important an element in 
the lime supply of Indiana and Michigan. : 
The ability of Ohio to furnish limestone of a desirable composition 
and in quantities sufficient to justify economic development for the man- 
ufacture of Portland cement is much greater than is the general belief. 
Almost all of the Lower Silurian formation above drainage in Ohio is 
available. Many points on the Clinton horizon furnish beds from 7 to 
15 feet thick which are of desirable composition. A few places on the 
northern portion of the Corniferous limestone may be used for a thickness 
of from 3 to 7 feet. Several horizons in the coal measures have stone 
of the proper composition, namely, the Maxville, the Ferriferous and 
the limestones over the Pittsburg coal horizon, and a small area, 30 to 
50 feet, under the Pittsburg coal in Athens county. Twenty-three coun- 
ties, at some point in each, furnish a limestone which can be made into 
a good Portland cement, and nearly all of these have quantity sufficient 
to be worked with economy. 
Limestone, or mixtures of limestone and shale within the following 
limits of composition, will be found to be very close to the composition 
desired in a Portland cement mixture: 
Per Cents. 
Ne) (or: en eA RPS et aN Ae DR TL TIS LLU Una pect ce ta i ak ce, 15-16 
ANovatNGs, GHG! WEBNS OCW, So codon goccscosossoocovssece 6— 7 
Calciumycarbonatensere reine ene 74-76 
Macnesiumicar bon ate nme te mcr tei sca raring O- 4.5 
The ingredient which we must watch with greatest care is the 
magnesium carbonate. It must not go much beyond 4.5 per cent., and 
the lower it is the better. If the silica and alumina are too high, we can 
correct this by throwing out a little clay or shale or adding a little high- 
calcium limestone. 
Bearing the above statement in mind, a scrutiny of the tables of 
analyses given later will show that there are many places where limestone 
of great thickness, mixed with shale in thin strata, the average of which 
comes very close to the limits named above, may be obtained. 
The samples, the analyses of which are given later, were in most 
cases so taken as to represent a cross section of the strata. A section was 
