STATE GEOLOGIST. 107 
Swedish iron with a steel point twisted into a spiral, with an ultimate 
diameter of 2 inches and a thickness of not less than one-fourth of an 
inch. The point is more effective when split. The auger proper should 
not be more than 13 inches long, having four turns. This was welded 
on to the end of 18 inches of one-inch wrought iron pipe, on which 
screws were cut for connection. 
Churn Drill.—The churn drill, used universally in quarries and wher- 
ever hard rocks are to be penetrated, is a most effective tool. It is 
usually made as a heavy iron rod with a piece of steel at the end about 
12 inches long, the cutting edge being about 2 inches. Its use is 
unnecessary in soft materials, but becomes imperative in hard rocks. In 
connection with the auger it forms a most useful combination, since it is 
used when going through hard rock and as soon as clay is reached the 
auger again becomes available. Such a drill was used by Mr.Catlett 
in connection with the auger described above. It was made of 13-inch 
octagonal steel with a two-inch cutting face, which was likewise welded 
on to 18 inches of pipe cut for connections. 
in eaddition other tparts) sare tound “mecessary. “Ven feet. of 
14-inch iron pipe, threaded at either end for connection with one-inch 
pipe. When connected with one of the drill bits this becomes a jumper . 
for starting holes through hard material. It is also used when desired to 
give aditional weight to the drill in going through rock. ‘There are also 
needed sections of one-inch pipe and connections. An iron handle must 
be used with a total length of two feet, arranged with a central eye for 
sliding up and down the pipe and with a set-screw for fastening it at 
any point. Other accessories are a sand pump consisting of one or two 
feet of one-inch pipe with a simple leather valve and a string for raising 
or lowering it, two pairs of pipe tongs or two monkey pipe wrenches; 
as well as sundries: 25 feet of tape, oil can, flat file and a water bucket. 
The auger is worked by two men, turning it by means of the handle, 
and enough water is used to soften the material. Usually the auger 
brings up some material which is dry and unaffected. Every few minutes 
‘as the auger becomes full it is lifted out, scraped off and put down again. 
The handle is moved up and tightened by means of the set screws as the 
auger goes down. 
Auger and Drill— When hard materials are encountered the auger bit. 
is screwed off and the drill bit screwed on, thus forming a churn drill, 
which may be used for passing through the hard material, the auger 
being replaced as soon as the softer material ts reached. The drill is 
used as seen in every quarry by being lifted and let fall, it being slightly 
turned at every stroke. 
Mr. Catlett found that the best work was ae on soft material, 
though no difficulty was experienced in going through hard rock. The 
cost increases materially at a depth of over 50 feet, but it is readily possible 
