710 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
their mower and reaper manufacture will ultimately be transferred to 
the same locality. 
It seems evident that a new era in manufacturing has already com- 
menced, one of those revolutions in the productive industries of the 
county which the rapid development of our resources produces, resulting 
in losses in one locality and yet gains in others. Our railroads, by fur- 
nishing cheap fuel to the large cities where capital had accumulated, 
stimulated its employment in manufacturing, and built up industries 
that brought large returns both to capital and labor. The demand is 
now for still cheaper fuel, and the tendency is too strong to be overcome 
to locate manufacturing establishments where the combined cost of the 
raw material and the coal is the least. In the establishments for the 
manufacture and working of iron the law of natural selection and sur- 
vival of the fittest will rule, and those who refuse to remove their works 
from the less to the more favored localities will have such a disadvan- 
tage in the struggle for existence that they can not long survive. Iron 
can not be made at from $18 to $20 per ton and compete with that which 
costs from $10 to $13 only, nor will the pig-metal be transformed into 
bars, castings, bolts, nails, etc., in the cities, with coal eosting $3 to $4 
per ton, when at the places where it is produced the fuel will cost only 
fifty to seventy-five cents per ton. The removal of the Newark and the 
Akron Iron Company’s furnaces to this field, and the construction of 
new furnaces by those who have furnaces idle in other places, are illus- 
trative of this new era in iron-making, and are examples which will be 
largely followed by others. 
Near Carbon Hill the tron Point ore has recently been thoroughly 
opened, and the thickness is reported to be seven feet. This is to be in- 
terpreted as meaning that the nodules exiend through a vertical height 
of seven feet. ia 
There is some diificulty in locating this ore on the north side of the 
Hocking River. Beds of ore are opened which resemble it, but they are 
from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty feet above the 
Great Vein, and it is my belief that this ore is to be sought for there at 
an elevation of from ninety to one hundred feet above that coal. At 
one hundred and twenty feet I found an outcrop of good ore which had 
not been explored, and it is possible that this is here the horizon of the 
Tron Point ore. “At one hundred and forty feet above the coal there is a 
rich brown oxide measuring fifteen inches, and at an elevation of two 
hundred and thirty feet a very rich soft sesquioxide with limestone 
shells, the thickness of which has not been determined. The interval 
between these last two ores is mainly composed of soft ferruginous shales 
