WARREN COUNTY. 387 
whole surface is overlain with deposits of this period. The south-eastern 
townships are covered with the white clays that have been described in 
previous reports. These deposits have an average thickness of ten to 
fifteen feet, and cover at a depth of six toeight feet the ochreous deposits 
of these flat tracts. Below the ochre the blue glacial clays, commonly 
known as hard-pan, are found. The more particular report on the cor- 
responding region of Clermont county will answer, without change, tor 
this district. 
In the remaining uplands of the county the Drift deposits are divided 
into the three general divisions: 
1. Blue, glacial clays, holding scratched pebbles, and weathering into 
gray clays. 
2. Yellow clays, passing into white and black clay, according to 
location. : : 
3. Sand and clean, water-worn gravel, generally interstratified with 
the yellow clays. 
The first division appears only in the beds of the smaller streams, and 
on the breaks of the hills. It is very generally the water-bearer of the 
regions that contain it, a supply being found either on its surface or at 
some sand-seam, but a little way below the surface. There seems no rea- 
son to doubt that it is the product of the melting glacial sheet, all of its 
characteristics being easily explicable on this hypothesis. 
The second division, or the yellow clays, consist of materials that were 
arranged and deposited in water. The elements composing these, as well 
as the sand and gravel, are doubtless the weathered glacial clays, a sub- 
mergence of the continent being required to account for their existence 
in all the areas which they occupy. 
The forest soil holds its regular place in Warren county, the ochre-bed 
already referred to being one of its equivalents. On the north and west 
sides of the Miami, especially, buried wood is of very common occurrence. 
Some of this wood is no doubt pre-glacial in its growth, it being a part 
of the vegetation that covered the land before it was occupied by the 
great ice-sheet. This portion is found imbeded in the blue clays. A 
large part, however, lies upon the surface of the blue clays, and certainly 
grew where it now occurs. 
“Sand and gravel are as likely to be met with on the high lands of the 
county as elsewhere. In the northern townships, especially, bank-gravel 
is very abundant and of excellent quality. It is far more serviceable for 
road-making than creek-gravel, on account of the greater readiness with 
which it can be hardened or cemented into a road-bed. 
The drift deposits on the northern sides of valleys and slopes have long 
