1 Jory, 1901.] QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. 77 
I find wherever I have applied the manure from the animals eating that cake 
I have better crops than from places where manure from animals that fed on 
the natural grasses was applied, although these grasses were of good quality. 
Looking at the crops side by side, you can easily see the difference of effect in 
the two manures. With regard to the export of bonedust and meatworks 
refuse, I may say that some time ago I tried to get bonedust from one of the 
meatworks, and had to wait three months for it. Another place told me that 
they had orders booked for the next three years. In this case it was going to 
Japan. We are allowing our own birthright to pass away, and I think it would 
be very wise to advise the Government to put an export duty on these things. 
There are a number of fertilisers that come into the State, but I think that 
many of them are of very little value. As an outcome of a discussion at a 
meeting of our farmers’ association, we recommended the Department of 
Agriculture to take steps for the analysing of all fertilisers that came into the 
State, and if this was done it would be a source of protection to the farmer. I 
find that in the use of nitrate of soda we can get an increase in a crop, but if 
you fail to back that up with other manures you will impoverish your land. 
ultimately. It is like using lime by itself. Manures of various kinds and 
intelligently applied are amongst the very best investments a farmer can make. 
At The Island, Maryborough, we are conducting a series of manurial experi- 
ments, and J think every association in the State could do the same with profit 
to all concerned. 
Mr. E. Swayne (Mackay): This question of manures is one of the greatest 
interest to the district I come from, and we have found there that the purchase 
of fertilisers affords great scope for co-operative enterprise among farmers. 
With regard to commercial manures, we want an Act on lines similar to the one 
in force in South Australia. In South Australia vendors are required to give 
a guarantee with delivery. If the fertiliser does not come up to this guarantee, 
a penalty is incurred. As Mr. Briinnich, of the Agricultural Department, is 
in the hall, I think we could not do better than ask him for some information 
on the subject. 
Mr. G. Szarte (Toowoomba): Manuring is a subject all farmers must, at 
some time or another, face. Although I come from a district where the soil is 
considered fit to cultivate for twenty years without manuring, there are those 
who recognise, and benefit by so doing, the value of manures even on the very 
heavy strong lands of the Downs. One gentleman said an analysis of a soil 
gaye little information to the farmer, but I can hardly agree with him. 
Although an analysis does not convey the information sometimes that he 
would like, it is simply because he is not acquainted with the constituents 
which each particular crop takes out of the ground. It is well known that 
volcanic soils are more benefited by the application of farmyard manure than 
are heavier soils without drainage. Heavy soils require a great amount of 
humus. They have the plant food locked up, and it needs the application of 
lime to bring those constituents into a solvent condition. Green manuring is 
very beneficial to light soils. There are farmyard manures and farmyard 
manures. In the opinion of many people, farmyard manure is an accumula- 
tion of manure. This is allowed to gradually get rotten, and eventually it is 
applied to the soil. This, as a rule, is not a manure at all, but simply a 
vegetable humus. It does not contain the constituents of real farmyard 
-manure. If you want good farmyard manure, you must look after it, allow it 
to ferment and gradually develop. If you turn over a well-prepared farmyard 
manure heap, you will find there is a large amount of ammonia escaping, and 
the way to fix that ammonia is to sprinkle it with salt water. You will find one 
ton of properly manipulated farmyard manure equal in value to five or six tons 
of stuff that has been left to look after itself. 
Mr. J.C. Bruynicu (Chemist to the Department of Agriculture): The 
question of manuring is undoubtedly a very important one, and I hardly know 
how to do it justice in the short time allotted. ‘There seems to be a great deal 
of uncertainty as to the value of soil analysis amongst our delegates. I may 
