PIANOFORTE 61 
ee 
C2 CZ 
Fig. 1. Sketch of English square pianoforte action, Broadwood, 1815. (After Closson 
1974:133). 
1. Key. 2. Escapement (“hopper”). 3. Regulating screw. 4. Underhammer. 5. Hammer. 
6. String. 7. Damper crank. 8. Damper. 
felt 
leather 
dark wood 
wood 
Fig. 2. Sketch (actual size) of key shaft 37 (f') with hopper device, square pianoforte by 
Broadwood, Auckland Institute and Museum. 
