1927] ~~ Pilsbry-Bequaert, The Aquatic Mollusks of the Belgian Congo 203 
Viviparus Denys de Montfort! 
Vwiparus Denys DE Montrort, 1810, ‘Conchyl. Systém.,’ II, p. 246. Mono- 
type: Viviparus fluviorum Denys de Montfort = Helix vivipara Linnzus. 
Paludina Lamarck, 1816, ‘Encyclop. Méthod., Vers,’ Pl. cccctviu, figs. la-c, 
with explanation [according to Sherborn and Woodward, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
(7) XVII, p. 581, Livr. 84, containing Pls. cccxcr to ccccLxxxvul with 16 pages of 
explanation written by Lamarck, was issued in 1816]; 1817, in Cuvier, ‘Régne Ani- 
mal,’ II, p. 421; 1822, ‘Hist Nat. Anim. sans Vertébres,’ VI, 2, p. 172. Type: Palu- 
dina achatina Lamarck = Nerita fasciata O. F. Miiller. 
Vwipara J. SowERBY, 1813, ‘Mineral Conch.,’ I, p. 75. Type: Helix vivipara 
Linnzus. 
Vwiparella RAFINESQUE, 1815, ‘Analyse de la Nature,’ p. 144. New name for 
Vwipara. 
Bellamya JOUSSEAUME, 1886, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XI, p. 478. Type by 
original designation and tautonomy: Bellamya bellamya Jousseaume=Vivipara 
duponti de Rochebrune. 
Viviparus subgenus Callina HANNIBAL, 1912, Proc. Malacol. Soc. London, X, p. 
193. Monotype: Paludina intertexta Say. Not Callina Lowe, 1854. 
The shell is of medium size, ovate-conic or globosely conic, with convex or more 
or less carinate whorls, which may be smooth or variously sculptured; olivaceous, 
dark brown, or banded. Aperture very shortly ovate, approaching circular, the 
margins of the lip in a plane. Operculum corneous, shortly ovate, not retracted deeply, 
concentric, the nucleus near the columellar margin. 
This genus is found in all of the continents except South America, 
and on most continental islands. In America it extends southward into 
northern Mexico and also reaches Cuba. The distribution of the genus 
on the African continent (Map 1) is similar to that of Lanistes and Pula. 
In the west it extends to about 18° N. to include the basins of the Senegal, 
Niger, and Lake Chad. In the east it follows the valley of the Nile to 
the Mediterranean. Its southern limits cannot yet be traced with cer- 
tainty. It exists in the basin of the Zambezi and extends along the 
east coast to Lourenzo Marques and Lake Sibayi in Zululand (27° 20’S.). 
In the western half of South Africa V2viparus does not appear to live at 
present south of the estuary of the Congo River, though E. v. Martens 
has described a species found subfossil at the Letter Tree on the Botletle 
River in northern Bechuanaland (in 20° 30’ S., 24° 25’ E.). The genus 
is unknown from South Africa proper, Madagascar,’ the Comoros, and 
a ee ee 
1Germain (1920, ‘Voyage dans l’Afrique Orientale Anglaise (1912-1913) par G. Babault, Moll. 
Terr. Fluv.,’ p. 195, footnote) dates Vinipara from Lamarck, 1809, ‘Philosoph. Zoolog.,’ I, p. 320; but 
in that work the name is only used in the French vernacular “ Vivipare,”’ and has therefore no standing 
in nomenclature. ; i lcereoe poe 
2Kobelt (1909, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., XXXII, p. 91) lists a “‘ Vivipara madagascariensis 
E. A. Smith” from Madagascar. We have been unable to find another reference to that species which is 
not mentioned in Kobelt’s revision of Vivipara in Martini and Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., (1909). 
The reference is probably due to a confusion with Paludina madagascariensis Crosse and Fischer, which 
belongs in the genus Cleopatra, or with Ampullaria madagascariensis E. A. Smith. 
