i Nov., 1902.] QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. 841 
minute. They can be worked by any power that may be available, but 
the most suitable for the purpose I am dealing with are windmills and steam 
boilers. The former is probably the cheapest way of raising water for the 
small fruit-grower and gardener where a good supply of wind can be depended. 
upon, and where only a moderate amount of water is required. The quantity 
-of water raised by means of a windmill working a combined liftand force pump 
depends, of course, primarily on the amount of wind, but given a fair wind it 
depends on the size of the mill and the height the water has to be raised. 
When the total lift does not exceed 50 feet, a 12-foot steel mill of any of the 
improved makes should, given a fair supply of wind, be able to raise enough water 
to irrigate 10 acres of fruit trees or 5 or 6 acres of vegetables, provided that there 
is @ reservoir to contain a supply of water during such time as there is a failure 
of the wind. Such a mill will raise water much more than 50 feet, but the 
quantity of water raised will decrease in proportion to the height it is to be 
forced—in other words, the area capable of being irrigated decreases with the 
height the water has to be raised. 
Windmills and windmill pumps of all kinds and suitable to every class of 
work can be obtained from any machinery agents, who will give full particulars 
regarding them; and the price complete, including tower, pump, piping, &c., 
will vary, according to the size of the mill, height of tower, type of pump 
required, and height the water has to be raised at the mill itself, from £20 to 
£50; though these prices can be reduced if suitable timber for the tower can 
be obtained on the spot at a small cost. Home-made windmills can also be 
constructed at a cheap rate ; and though, as a rule, they are not capable of doing 
so much work as those of the latest improved type, they are often very useful, 
especially where the lift is small and cost is a consideration. When a large 
quantity of water is required, steam pumps of various makes, such as the 
Worthington, Deane, Marsh, &c., are to be preferred. The two first of these 
are double acting—viz., have duplex cylinders; but the Marsh is a single acting 
pump. ‘They are made in all sizes and will force water to any desired height, 
the quantity raised depending on the capacity of the pump and the height to 
which the water has to be raised. 
All steam pumps are direct acting—that is to say, the steam from the boiler 
is conveyed direct to the steam cylinder of the pump, no engine being required. 
The pumps mentioned are the best of this type, are simple in their action, and 
not liable to get out of order if used with ordinary intelligence. The price is 
not excessive, as a plant capable of forcing, say, 3,000 or 4,000 gallons of water 
per hour to a height of 100 feet should not exceed £100. This, of course, 
does not take into consideration the cost of the piping from the pump to the 
point of distribution, as that is a question of distance. 
There is one type of pump that I find I have omitted, and that is the 
Abyssinian or drive pump, which is valuable for obtaining water from shallow 
depths such as river sand or the water strata of valleys adjoining rivers. The 
digging of a well is not necessary, as the bottom of the pipe through which 
the water is pumped is fitted with a specially-made hardened steel point 
somewhat larger than the pipe immediately above it, which is perforated and 
lined with strong gauze. This is driven down till the water level is reached, when 
a common suction pump is attached to the top of the pipe at or slightly above 
the surface of the ground, and this can be worked either by hand, windmill, or 
other power. The total lift of the water should not exceed 25 feet. I now 
come to the last question that I will deal with in these notes—viz., when water 
has to be raised trom a bore that does not flow. This requires a special type 
of pump known as a deep well pump, which consists of a plain cylinder which 
is placed in the bore either in the water or close to it. This cylinder can suck 
water 25 feet and lift to any height, but will not force unless connected with a 
special pump head. Itismost valuable for irrigation, as it will raise a large 
body of water at a small expenditure of power to the surface, and can be 
worked by either windmill or steam power, a special type of steam pump being 
made for this purpose. 
