318 
JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
April  12,  1900. 
,,*0  All  correspondence  relating  to  editorial  matters  should  be 
directed  to  “The  Editor,”  12,  Mitre  Court  Cbambers 
Fleet  Street,  I,ondon,  E.C.  It  is  requested  that  no  one 
will  write  privately  to  any  of  our  correspondents,  seeking 
information  on  matters  discussed  in  this  Journal,  as  doing  so 
subjects  them  to  unjustifiable  trouble  and  expense,  and  depart¬ 
mental  writers  are  not  expected  to  answer  any  letters  they 
may  receive  on  Gardening  and  Bee  subjects  through  the  post. 
If  information  be  desired  on  any  particular  subject  from  any 
particular  authority  who  may  be  named,  endeavour  will  be  made 
to  obtain  It  by  the  Editor.  Letters  of  inquiry  must  be  accom¬ 
panied  by  the  names  and  addresses  of  the  writers,  but  these  will 
neither  be  published  nor  disclosed  when  initials  or  noms  de  plume 
are  given  for  the  purpose  of  replies. 
Correspondents  should  not  mix  up  on  the  same  sheet  questions  relating 
to  Gardening  and  those  on  Bee  subjects,  and  it  is  convenient  when 
each  question  is  written  on  a  separate  sheet.  All  articles  intended 
for  insertion  should  be  written  on  one  side  of  the  paper  only  ;  and 
the  name  and  address  of  each  writer  must  be  known  by  the 
Editor,  though  not  necessarily  for  insertion.  We  cannot,  as  a 
rule,  reply  to  questions  through  the  post,  and  we  do  not  under¬ 
take  to  return  communications  which,  for  any  reason,  cannot 
be  inserted. 
Mixing  Paris  Green  with  Liver  of  Sulphur  {W.  H.  Y.). — Paris  green 
will  not  mix  with  liver  of  sulphur,  soap,  or  paraffin  washes,  so  that  you 
will  need  to  apply  the  liver  of  sulphur  solution  separately,  and  also 
that  of  the  Paris  green  mixture.  This  will  occasion  separate  spray¬ 
ings,  but  Paris  green  can  be  mixed  with  Bordeaux  mixture ;  thus 
one  spraying  answers  for  both  fungous  diseases  and  biting  insects, 
or  caterpillars. 
The  Gooseberry  iipple  (J.  TF.). — Your  specimens  are  fine  examples 
of  this  old  variery,  which  is  described  by  Dr.  Hogg  in  the  “  Fruit 
Manual”  as  follows: — Fruit,  abore  medium  size;  roundish,  with 
obtuse  ribs  on  the  sides,  which  extend  to  the  crown,  where  they  form 
ridges.  Skin,  deep  lively  green,  with  a  tinge  of  brownish  red  next  the 
sun.  Bye,  open,  not  deeply  sunk.  Stamens,  median  ;  tube  funnel-shaped. 
Stalk,  short.  Flesh,  greenish  white,  very  tender,  juicy,  and  with  a  fine 
agreeable  and  subdued  acidity.  Cells,  obovate ;  axile,  slit.  A  very 
valuable  late-keeping  culinary  Apple,  which  comes  into  use  in  November 
and  continues  “  till  Apples  come  again.”  It  is  said  that  because  the 
fruit  remained  firm  till  Gooseberries  were  large  enough  for  tarts  that 
the  Apple  received  its  name. 
Gannas  from  Seeds  (R.  M.  D.). — Though  we  have  had  fair  success 
by  soaking  the  seed  for  twenty-four  hours  in  water  at  a  temperature 
of  130  to  140’,  we  find  it  absolutely  necessary  to  insure  germination 
of  every  sound  seed  to  chip  or  file  the  outer  skin  of  Canna  seed  before 
■sowing.  This  is  of  the  utmost  value,  as  the  moisture  from  the  soil 
reaches  the  embryo  or  young  plant,  and  it  must  either  grow  or  rot. 
A  Cucumber  or  other  w’arm  house  is  the  best  place  for  sowing  the  seeds, 
a  mixture  of  sand  and  leaf  mould  being  suitable  for  them.  It  is  a  good 
plan  to  sow  the  seeds  singly  in  small  pots,  covering  IJ  or  2  inches  deep, 
as  this  prevents  any  damage  to  the  roots,  which  are  somewhat  brittle  and 
liable  to  injury  or  check  in  potting  or  dividing  the  plants  out  of  seed 
pans  or  boxes. 
Definition  of  Chrysanthemum  Buds  (Idem).  —  The  buds  are 
1,  ^  First  break.  This  means  the  formation  of  a  flower  bud  in  the 
point  of  the  young  growing  stem,  which  causes  other  branches  to  start 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  below  the  point  where  the  flower  bud 
formed.  This  may  answer  to  what  you  term  the  “  first  crown  bud,”  and 
forms  during  the  early  part  of  May  in  some  varieties  and  others  early 
in  June,  buch  of  the  shoots  as  are  allowed  to  advance  in  growth  in 
time  produce  similar  buds,  known  as  “  second  crowns.”  At  whatever 
time  a  bud  forms  iu  the  point  of  a  shoot,  and  other  growths  start  from 
immediately  below  it,  that  bud  is  a  crown  bud,  and  perishes  if  the 
growths  below  are  not  promptly  removed.  3,  The  name  terminal  bud 
implies  a  bud  formed  at  the  apex  of  growth,  and  no  other  growths 
start  below  it,  but  a  cluster  of  flower  buds  instead.  These  are  not 
appreciated  by  growers  of  plants  for  large  blooms  because  the  flowers 
are  too  small,  as  a  rule,  for  exhibition  stands,  even  if  only  the  central 
bud  is  allowed  to  remain.  The  subject  is  clearly  illustrated  in  Mr. 
Molyneux  s  book  on  Chrysanthemums.  Securing  and  setting  or 
taking  crown  buds  at  the  proper  time  is  an  important  point  with 
exhibitors. 
Potentilla  fruticosa  (F.  J.  B.). — On  page  313  you  will  find  a  descrip¬ 
tion  of  this  perennial,  together  with  an  excellent  illustration,  which 
will,  we  hope,  convey  all  the  information  you  require.  Do  not  hesitate 
to  write  if  you  want  assistance  on  this  or  any  other  horticultural 
matter. 
Cotoneaster  microphylla  Twigs  Infested  with  Scale  {Cymro). — The 
twigs  are  badly  attacked  by  the  Apple  mussel  scale  or  oystershell  bark 
louse,  Aspidiotus  con- 
chiformis  orMytilaspis 
pomorum,  one  of  the 
twigs  being  quite  killed 
by  the  pest.  The  in¬ 
sects  are  now  hyber- 
nating  in  the  egg  state 
beneath  the  parental 
coverings,  which,  like 
single  valves  of  small 
mussel  shells,  adhere 
to  the  twigs.  From 
these  eggs  the  larvse 
hatch  out  about  the 
middle  of  May,  and 
appear  as  mere  specks 
to  the  naked  eye.  The 
eggs  are  magnified 
twenty  times  in  the 
accompanying  illus¬ 
tration,  fig.  87,  F  at  gr ; 
and  the  larva  is  shown 
magnified  with  natural 
size  on  side  at  II.  The 
young  lice  move  about 
over  the  bark  for  a 
few  days,  when  they 
fix  themselves  upon  it, 
inserting  their  tiny 
beaks  far  enough  to 
reach  the  sap.  Here 
they  continue  to  in¬ 
crease  in  size,  and  by 
the  end  of  the  season 
have  secreted  scaly 
coverings  similar  to 
those  shown  in  the 
illustration  at  K.  The 
most  effective  treat¬ 
ment  is  spraying  with 
a  solution  of  caustic 
soda  and  pearlash, 
when,  as  in  the  case 
of  Apple  and  Pear 
trees,  the  plants  are 
quite  dormant ;  but 
Cotoneaster  micro¬ 
phylla  being  an  ever¬ 
green,  your  best  plan 
will  be  to  assail  the 
larvae  as  they  hatch 
out  in  May  and  June 
with  paraffin  emulsion, 
at  the  rate  of  a  gill  of 
paraffin  (quarter  of  a 
pint)  to  5  gallons  of 
IJ  lb.  of  softsoap  in  a 
removal  from  the  fire 
Fig.  87. — Tutg  Infested  by  Musseb  Scale. 
References : — A,  twig,  showing :  year’s  growths  1 — 4; 
a,  fixed  scale ;  6,  place  where  scale  removed ;  c, 
living  buds  ;  d,  dead  spurs.  B,  matured  scale ; 
e,  dust-like  contents.  C,  small  slice  of  bark  with 
scale  enlarged  4  diameters.  D,  under  side  of  a 
scale ;  /,  eggs  (enlarged  4  diameters).  A',  the 
same  magnified  20  times  ;  g,  eggs.  F,  eggs  (en¬ 
larged  100  times),  showing  :  h,  luminous  .spot : 
i,  opaque  (as  seen  illumined)— j,  outside  shell  ; 
fc,  yolk ;  I,  nucleus  =  Mytilapsis  pomorum  in 
embryo.  G,  form  of  egg  before  insect  emerges. 
ff,  larva.  I,  female  or  scale  “fixed.”  J,  pupa 
form  of  insect.  K,  hard  brown  shell  =  scale. 
L,  male=Mytilapsis  pomorum— female  J,  (G—L 
magnified,  natural  size  on  side.) 
water.  It  may  be  made  by  dissolving 
gallon  of  water  by  boiling,  and  after 
adding  half  a  pint  of  paraffin  oil,  stirring  briskly  while  boiling 
until  thoroughly  amalgamated.  When  required  for  use,  dilute  with  hot 
water  to  10  gallons,  applying  when  cool  enough  with  a  spraying 
apparatus.  If  a  syringe  is  used  the  emulsion  should  be  more  diluted, 
say  to  12  gallons.  When  the  insects  are  young  they  are  readily 
destroyed  by  this  mixture.  The  Cotoneasters  should  be  syringed 
twice  a  week  with  the  paraffin  emulsion  solution  from  the  middle  of 
May  to  a  similar  time  in  June.  The  plan  you  have  adopted  of  cutting 
a  portion  of  infested  growth  in  two  previous  springs  is  very 
suggestive  from  a  remedial  point  of  view,  as  by  so  doing  the  eggs 
would  be  removed,  and  this  being  so  there  could  not  be  any  on  the 
young  growths.  It  is  hardly  likely,  however,  that  these  will  continue 
for  long  unattacked,  as  the  thickets  on  each  side  are  full  of  scale. 
Thin-out  these  thickets  without  delay,  and  thus  get  rid  of  as  many 
hybernating  scale  as  possible,  and  also  facilitate  the  destruction  of  the 
larvae  later  on. 
Names  of  Fruits. — Notice. — We  have  pleasure  in  naming  good 
typical  fruits  (when  the  names  are  discoverable)  for  the  convenience 
of  regular  subscribers,  who  are  the  growers  of  such  fruit,  and  not 
collectors  of  specimens  from  non -subscribers.  This  latter  procedure 
is  wholly  irregular,  and  we  trust  that  none  of  our  readers  will  allow 
themselves  to  be  made  the  mediums  in  infringing  our  rules.  Special 
attention  is  directed  to  the  following  decision,  the  object  of  which  is 
