March  4,  1897. 
JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
193 
Fish  Offal  {Inquirer). — The  best  practice  is  to  dry  and  grind  it, 
forming  "fish  meal” — a  fine  powder  in  excellent  condition  for  age. 
With  an  equal  amount  by  weight  of  kainit  added  to  it,  it  forms  an 
effective  manure,  especially  for  light  soils,  and  one  of  the  best  for  garden 
crops  generally.  As  you  may  not  be  able  to  dry  and  grind  the  fish  offal 
it  may  be  formed  into  a  compost,  preferably  by  adding  as  much  dry  wood 
ashes  to  it  as  its  bulk,  and  covering  with  gypsum  in  an  omthoase,  leaving 
until  decomposed,  dry,  and  crumbling,  then  mix  all  together,  and  use  at 
the  rate  of  about  8  ozs.  per  square  yard;  If  you  cannot  procure  the 
wood  ashes  mix  with  two  parts  soil,  as  much  kainit  as  weight  of  fish 
offal,  and  form  into  a  heap,  with  an  addition  of  half  as  much  gypsum  as 
fish  refuse  placed  outside,  or  cover  with  soil.  When  decayed  it  forms  an 
excellent  manure,  using  about  1J  lb.  per  square  yard.  If  there  be  any 
smell  sprinkle  powdered  sulphate  of  iron  over  the  heap,  not  using  more 
than  1  lb.  to  each  100  lbs.  of  fish  offal.  It  is  better,  however,  to  mix  it 
with  the  compost,  then  cover  with  earth  or  gypsum. 
Narcissi  After  Forcing  (A/.). — The  several  varieties  of  Narcissus 
incomparabilis,  also  double  aDd  Bingle  Daffodils,  are  of  further  use  after 
they  have  been  forced,  provided  the  leaves  are  grown  and  ripened  under 
favourable  conditions,  and  thus  store  matter  in  the  bulbs.  This  may 
be  effected  by  keeping  the  plants  in  a  cool  house,  or  even  pits  or 
frames,  with  protection  in  severe  weather,  so  as  to  inure  them  to  a 
lower  temperature  and  enable  them  to  bear  the  external  air  ;  then  they 
may  be  planted  outdoors,  or  kept  in  the  pots  or  boxeB  until  died  down, 
not  allowing  them  to  suffer  by  lack  of  water,  nor  overdoing  it.  In  July 
the  bulbs  should  be  lifted  or  shaken  out  of  the  pots  or  boxes,  and 
planted  in  beds  of  well-prepared  loamy  soil,  preferably  rather  stroDg, 
planting  in  rows  6  inches  apart,  and  the  bulbs  2  inches  asunder  in  the 
rows,  and  that  depth.  With  a  mulch  of  any  rich  material  in  autumn 
keeping  clear  of  weeds,  and  giving  a  liquid  application  of  manure  about 
the  usual  time  of  flowering  in  spring  the  plants  will  come  round  ifi  two 
or  three  years,  usually  two,  and  then  maybe  forced  again.  They  are 
lifted  in  July,  the  strong  bulbs  kept  for  forcing,  and  the  smaller  planted 
to  maintain  a  supply  for  the  same  purpose. 
Magnolia  Leaves  Browned  ( A .  L.  M.). — We  cannot  detect  any 
fungoid  or  other  organism  likely  to  cause  the  discolouration  in  the 
leaves.  It  has  been  caused  by  a  sudden  check,  such  as  the  arresting  of 
evaporation  from  the  leaves  by  a  thick  covering  of  hay  or  similar 
material,  the  respiration  being  practically  prevented,  and  the  moisture 
in  consequence  remaining  in  the  tissues,  thus  “  sweating  ”  and  the  parts 
dying.  We  find  that  similar  cases  have  occurred  in  young  trees  imported 
from  the  Continent,  through  their  having  been  thickly  wrapped  in  hay 
and  matted  to  safeguard  them  against  injury  in  transit.  The  young 
wood  of  Fig  trees  also  Buffers  in  a  similar  manner  when  very  heavily 
covered  with  hay  or  short  straw,  evaporation  being  prevented  and  the 
moisture  kept  constantly  on  the  tender  young  wood  surface,  hence  the 
destruction  of  the  epidermal  cells,  as  evidenced  by  the  browning.  The 
leaves,  as  shown  by  the  green  parts,  were  quite  healthy  before  being 
deprived  of  evaporative  power  by  the  covering,  and  the  parts  remaining 
green  are  so  because  either  more  developed  towards  maturation  in 
tissue  or  from  the  covering  fitting  less  tightly  over  the  parts.  If  the 
wood  be  browned  as  well  as  the  leaves  it  may  be  advisable  to  remove 
the  tree  and  replace  it  by  a  healthy  one,  or  the  present  tree  might  push 
good  growth  it  cut  back  to  firm  wood.  There  is  no  need  to  cover  this 
very  desirable  wall  tree  very  thickly  to  insure  its  safety  from  frost,  a 
little  loose  material  placed  amongst  the  growths  and  a  covering  of 
mats  to  keep  it  in  place  being  ample.  Then  the  tree  will  receive  plenty 
of  air  and  even  some  light,  retaining  the  foliage  in  a  green  healthy  state. 
Names  of  Fruits. — Notice. — We  have  pleasure  in  naming  good 
typical  fruits  (when  the  names  are  discoverable)  for  the  convenience  of 
regular  subscribers,  who  are  the  growers  of  such  fruit,  and  not  col¬ 
lectors  of  specimens  from  non-subscribers.  This  latter  procedure  is 
wholly  irregular,  and  we  trust  that  none  of  our  readers  will  allow 
themselves  to  be  made  the  mediums  in  infringing  our  rules.  Special 
attention  is  directed  to  the  following  decision,  the  object  of  which  is 
to  discourage  the  growth  of  inferior  and  promote  the  culture  of  superior 
varieties.  In  consequence  of  the  large  number  of  worthless  Apples  and 
Pears  sent  to  this  office  to  be  named ,  it  has  been  decided  to  name  only 
specimens  and  varieties  of  approved  merit ,  and  to  reject  the  inferior , 
which  are  not  worth  sending  or  growing.  The  names  and  addresses  of 
senders  of  fruit  or  flowers  to  be  named  must  in  all  cases  be  enclosed  with 
the  specimens,  whether  letters  referring  to  the  fruit  are  sent  by  post  or 
not.  The  names  are  not  necessarily  required  for  publication,  initials 
sufficing  for  that.  Only  six  specimens  can  be  named  at  once,  and  any 
beyond  that  number  cannot  be  preserved.  They  should  be  sent  on  the 
first  indication  of  change  towards  ripening.  Dessert  Pears  cannot 
be  named  in  a  hard  green  state.  (A.  H.) . — Court  of  Wick.  (./.  S.  U.). — 
The  Pear  resembles-  Figue  de  Naples.  The  Apple  is  not  recognisable, 
but  it  is  not  Cox’s  Orange  Pippin. 
Names  of  Plants. —  We  only  undertake  to  name  species  of  plants, 
not  varieties  that  have  originated  from  ke,  ds  and  termed  florists’  flowers. 
Flowering  specimens  are  necessary  of  flowering  plants,  and  Fern  fronds 
should  bear  spores.  Specimens  should  arrive  in  a  fresh  state  in  firm 
boxes.  Slightly  damp  moss,  soft  green  grass,  or  leaves  form  the  best 
packing,  dry  wool  the  worst.  Not  more  than  six  specimens  can  be  named 
at  once,  and  the  numbers  should  be  visible  without  untying  the  ligatures, 
it  being  often  difficult  to  separate  them  when  the  paper  is  damp. 
{II.  Stapley). — 1,  Acacia  longifolia  ;  2,  Oxalis,  flowers  closed  and 
withered,  perhaps  O.  Bowei  ;  3,  Leschenaultia  biloba ;  4,  Pimelea  spec- 
tabilis  ;  5,  Fuchsia  procumbens.  {young  Hand),—  Cornua  mas. 
OOVENT  GARDEN  MARKET. — March  3rd. 
FRUIT. 
a.  d.  a.  d. 
Apples,  J  sieve . 1  3  to  2  6 
Filberts  smdOobs,  per  1001b.  0  0  0  0 
Grapes,  per  lb .  2  0  3  0 
Lemons,  oase  . 11 
Plums,  j  sieve  . 0 
St.  Michael  Pines,  each  ..  3 
d.  s.  d. 
0  to  14  0 
0  0  0 
0  8  0 
VEGETABLES. 
Asparagus,  per  100  ..  .. 
Beans,  j  sieve  . 
Beet,  Bed,  dozen . 
Garrets,  bunch . 
Cauliflowers,  dozen  ..  .. 
Celery,  bundle  . 
Ooleworts,  dozen  bunohea 
Cucumbers  . 
Endive,  dozen  . 
Herbs,  bunoh  . 
Leeks,  bunch  . 
Lettuce,  dozen . 
Mushrooms,  per  lb . 
s.  d.  s.  d. 
0  0  to  0  0 
0  0  0 
2  0 
0  4 
0  8 
Mustard  and  Cress,  punnet  0 
Onions,  bushel . 3 
Parsley,  dozen  bunches  ..  2 
Parsnips,  dozen . 1 
Potatoes,  per  cwt . 2 
Salsafy,  bundle . 1 
Seakale,  per  basket  ..  ..  1 
Scorzonera,  bundle  ..  ..  1 
Shallots,  per  lb  ..  ..  ..  0 
Spinach,  pad  ..  ..  ..  it 
Sprouts,  half  sieve  ..  ..  1 
Tomatoes,  per  lb . 0 
Turnips,  bunch  .,  ..  0 
d.  s. 
2  to  0 
0  0 
0  0 
4  0 
1  9 
0  0 
0  0 
PLANTS  IN  POTS. 
8. 
d. 
0. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Arbor  Vitas  (various)  per 
Ferns  in  variety,  dozen  .. 
0 
Oto  18 
0 
dozen . . 
6 
0  to  36 
0 
„  (small)  per  hundred 
4 
0 
0 
0 
Aspidistra,  dozen  ..  .. 
18 
0 
36 
0 
Ficus  elastica,  each  .. 
1 
0 
7 
0 
Aspidistra ,  specimen  plant 
6 
0 
10 
6 
Foliage  plants,  var.  each 
1 
0 
5 
0 
Azalea,  per  dozen  ..  .. 
18 
0 
36 
0 
Genista,  per  dozen  . .  . . 
9 
0 
12 
0 
Cinerarias,  per  dozen. .  .. 
8 
0 
10 
0 
Hyacinths,  large,  per  dozen 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Cyclamen,  per  dozen..  .. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  12  pots 
9 
0 
12 
0 
Daffodils,  per  dozen  . . 
6 
0 
8 
0 
„  „  „  in  boxes 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Dracaana,  various,  dozen  .. 
12 
0 
30 
0 
Lycopodiums,  dozen  ..  .. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Dracasna  viridis,  dozen  .. 
9 
0 
18 
0 
Marguerite  Daisy,  dozen.. 
9 
0 
12 
0 
1) 
o 
12 
0 
Myrtles,  dozen  . .  . .  . . 
6 
0 
•9 
0 
„  hyemalis,  per  dozen 
10 
0 
16 
0 
Palms,  in  var..  each  ..  .. 
1 
0 
15 
0 
Euonymus,  var.,  dozen  .. 
6 
0 
18 
0 
,,  (specimens)  ..  .. 
21 
0 
63 
0 
Evergreens,  in  variety 
Tulips,  dozen  pots  . .  . . 
6 
0 
9 
0 
dozen . 
4 
0 
18 
0 
„  in  boxes,  per  dozen 
0 
8 
1 
6 
AVERAGE  WHOLESALE 
PRICES- 
-OUT  FLOWERS. — Orchid  Blooms  In 
variety. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Anemones, dozen  bunches. . 
Arum  Lilies,  12  blooms  .. 
Asparagus  Fern,  per  bunoh 
Azalea,  per  dozen  sprays  .. 
Bouvardias,  bunoh  ..  .. 
Carnations,  12  blooms 
Daffodils,  double,  dozen 
bunches . 
Daffodils,  single,  dozen 
bunches  . 
Eucharis, dozen . 
Gardenias,  dozen  ..  .. 
Geranium,  scarlet,  doz. 
bunches  . 
Hyacinths  (Roman).  12 
sprays,  and  per  bunch  . . 
Lilac,  White  (French),  per 
bunch  . 
Lilium  longiflorum,  12 
blooms  . 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  12sprays, 
per  bunch . 
Marguerites,  12  bunches  . . 
Maidenhair  Fern,  per  dozen 
bunohes  ..  . 
0  to  4 
0  4 
1  6 
1  6 
3  0 
3  6 
4  0 
6  0 
0  6 
8  0 
3  0 
0  6 
2  0 
4  0 
8 
4 
6 
9 
0 
5 
6 
1 
3 
6  0  9  0 
Mignonette,  dozen  bunches 
Mimosa  (French)  per 
bunch . 
Narciss,  White  (French), 
dozen  bunches . 3 
Narciss,  Yellow  (French), 
dozen  bunches 
Orchids,  various,  per  dozen 
blooms  . 
Pelargoniums.  12  bunches 
Pyrethrum,  dozen  uuuches 
Roses  (indoor),  dozen 
,,  Tea,  white,  dozen 
,,  Yellow,  dozen  (Niels) 
„  Red,  dozen  blooms  .. 
„  Safrano  (English), 
dozen . 
,,  Pink,  per  dozen  . .  . . 
Smilax,  per  bunch  ..  .. 
Snowdrops,  dozen  bunches 
Tuberoses.  12  blooms..  .. 
Tulips,  dozen  blooms  .  . . 
Violet  Parme,  per  bunch  .. 
„  per  doz.  bunches  . . 
„  (French),  per  dozen 
bunches  . .  . . 
3  0  to  6  0 
1  0 
1  0 
1  6 
4  6 
2  0 
1 
6 
1 
1 
1 
6 
4 
1 
3 
4 
1 
1 
0 
2 
1 
12 
9 
3 
2 
2  6 
9  0 
6  0 
2  0 
6  0 
6  0 
2  0 
1  6 
1  0 
3  0 
2  6 
10  2  0 
TWO  PARASITES. 
What  is  a  parasite?  Well,  we  all  know  a  parasite  is  more  or 
less  injurious,  but  how  can  we  define  it  accurately  ?  A  parasite  ii 
simply  “  an  organism  which  obtains  food  and  lodging  on  or  in 
another  organism  higher  in  the  scale  of  life  than  itself.’  These 
exist  both  in  the  animal  and  vegetable  world,  and  examples  are  so 
all  around  us  that  everyone  can  suggest  cases  for  himself. 
Curiously  enough  the  living  organism  of  the  animal  kingdom  is 
liable  to  attacks  from  a  vegetable  organism,  and  vice  versa.  Some¬ 
times  these  visitors  do  little  or  no  harm  to  their  hosts  ;  in  other 
cases  they  repay  the  debt  they  owe  with  interest  by  causing  severe 
suffering  and  even  death. 
We  purpose  in  this  article  to  deal  with  two  of  these  pests,  the 
one  more  especially  affecting  the  health  and  well-being  of  calves 
and  yearling  stock,  the  other  attacking  the  mature  cattle. 
We  will  take  first  ringworm,  which  we  find  prevalent  mostly 
in  calves,  horses,  and  man  ;  dog3  also  are  sometimes  affected,  sheep 
and  pigs  rarely.  It  is  curious,  too,  that  this  complaint  should 
prefer  young  stock  ;  seldom,  or  never,  does  a  case  occur  on  stock 
