June  16,  1898. 
JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
497 
Before  giving  tlie  names  of  the  184  successful  candidates,  with  the 
number  of  marks  obtained  by  each,  it  may  be  well  to  publish  the 
■questions  on  which  the  examination  was  founded.  These  may  form 
useful  studies  for  young  gardeners,  and  answering  them  as  well  as 
they  can,  as  pen  and  mental  exercise,  will  be  instructive  and  good 
preparatory  work  for  future  examinations  in  which  they  may  like  to 
participate. 
QUESTIONS. 
Eight  questions  only  to  be  answered;  four  from  Division  A  and  four  from 
Division  B. 
Division  A. — Elementaey  Peinciples. 
1.  Describe  the  methods  of  propagation  of  different  weeds  ;  explain 
why  Groundsel  and  Chickweed  and  the  large  white-flowered  Convolvulus 
are  particularly  troublesome.  What  are  the  best  means  of  exterminating 
these  plants  ? 
2.  Point  out  the  importance  to  the  plants  of  a  good  circulation  of  air 
in  a  hothouse,  and  the  consequences  of  a  stagnant  condition  of  the 
atmosphere  within  it. 
3.  Describe  the  different  functions  of  leaves,  and  the  best  way  to 
-secure  their  due  performance. 
4.  What  are  the  component  parts  of  a  flower,  and  of  what  use  are 
they  respectively  to  the  plant  ? 
5.  What  external  conditions  are  favourable  for  inducing  variations  to 
appear  in  cultivated  plants  ;  and  how  would  you  proceed  in  order  to  fix 
any  variation  ? 
6.  What  parts  of  the  flower  are  retained  and  altered  in  forming  the 
fruit  of  the  Peach,  Melon,  Mulberry,  Fir-cone,  and  Pine  Apple  ? 
7.  To  what  natural  orders  do  the  following  trees  belong  : — Tulip  Tree, 
Maple,  Apricot,  Ash,  Laburnum,  Guelder  Rose,  Horse  Chestnut,  Horn¬ 
beam,  Thuia,  and  Evergreen  Oak  ?  Which  are  natives  of  this  country  ? 
8.  Describe  the  structure  of  the  bulb  of  the  White  Lily,  the  com  of 
Gladiolus,  the  creeping-stem  of  Couch  Grass,  the  rhizome  of  the  Flag,  and 
the  tuber  of  the  Potato  ;  and  explain  their  uses  to  the  plants. 
Division  B. — Peacticb. 
9.  Describe  landscape  gardening  as  an  art. 
10.  Describe  the  formation  of  a  garden  lawn,  and  the  details  of  the 
work  necessary  to  keep  it  in  condition  during  the  year. 
11.  What  are  the  preliminary  operations  necessary  to  the  laying-out  of 
a  garden  for  fruit  and  vegetable  culture  ?  Describe  the  arrangement  of 
the  fruit  trees,  and  the  method  of  planting  them. 
12.  A  garden  having  four  walls  facing  north,  south,  east,  and  west, 
what  varieties  of  fruit  trees  should  be  planted  on  each  ?  Describe  their 
first  year’s  pruning  and  training. 
13.  Give  full  details  of  the  propagation  and  culture  of  Grape  V'ines 
and  Fig  trees  in  pots. 
14.  Describe  Sthe  culture  of  Seakale,  Asparagus,  and  French  Beans  ; 
nnd  the  best  method  of  forcing  them. 
15.  What  are  the  best  manures  for  kitchen  and  fruit  gardens  ?  How 
ought  they  to  be  applied,  and  when  ? 
16.  Describe  the  propagation  and  culture  of  Roses  and  Carnations 
intended  to  be  cultivated  under  glass. 
As  to  the  questions,  it  may  be  said,  though  differing  every  year, 
they  suggest  that  botanical  and  scientific,  as  well  as  practical  cultural 
knowledge,  is  requisite  for  answering  the  stipulated  number  satisfac¬ 
torily.  Some  of  them  are  intended  to  encourage  study  and  stimulate 
research,  and  may  be  regarded  as  tests  of  the  intellectual  acquirements 
of  students  in  the  directions  indicated.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the 
marks  of  many  industrious  and  culturally  able  gardeners  would  run 
low  in  Division  A,  while  in  this  section  they  would  run  high  (as  they 
ought)  by  students  who  have  the  advantage  of  constant  systematic 
training  in  technical  schools. 
Moreover,  it  may  be  assumed  that  the  majority  of  the  students  in 
«uch  establishments  have  had  a  much  better  general  education  than 
those  youths  who  have  passed  direct  from  elementary  schools  to 
employment  in  gardens,  and  the  former,  in  addition  to  acquiring  special 
knowledge  by  coaching,  are  naturally  better  equipped  than  the  latter 
for  displaying  it  in  the  time  and  the  form  required  in  examinations. 
That  is  a  powerful  factor  in  their  favour.  The  free  and  intelligent  use 
of  the  pen  is,  and  ought  to  be,  an  important  element  in  the  gardener’s 
education.  Gardening,  in  its  highest  aspects,  is  intellectual  work,  and 
gardeners  should  be  intellectual  men,  of  literary  as  well  as  practical 
working  attainments. 
Having  seen  hundreds  of  “  papers  ”  written  in  the  form  of  answers 
to  questions  on  gardening  by  earnest,  worthy,  respectable  men,  we 
well  know  the  disadvantages  under  which  many  of  them  labour  in 
making  clear  on  paper  the  sound  practical  knowdedge  they  undoubtedly 
possess.  The  R.H.S.  examiners  in  their  report  above  note  the 
desirability  of  fuller  minor  details  in  answering  questions  on  practical 
horticulture.  Many  most  capable  workers  nre  intimately  acquainted 
with  the  several  details  on  which  success  hinges,  but  do  not  possess 
the  “  pen  faculty,”  so  to  say,  for  their  representation.  We  have  given 
some  encouragement  to  young  gardeners  to  improve  themselves  in  this 
direction,  and  have  not  a  doubt  that  some  of  these  will  soon  be 
competent  to  pass  with  credit  through  the  ordeal  of  a  R.H.S. 
examination.  One  to  whom  a  gold  pen  was  awarded  is,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  in  the  “  first-class  ”  list  of  the  present  “  exam.” 
SUCCESSFUL 
Fikst 
No.  of  Marks. 
1.  Miss  Olive  M.  Harrisson, 
Swanley  . 285 
2.  Miss  Mary  Banks,  Stafford  ...  280 
2.  0.  H.  Faulkner,  Stafford  ...  '280 
2.  C.  Lawrence,  Stafford  ...  280 
2.  Miss  Ethel  S.  Lutley,  Swanley  2'SO 
2.  C.  Mann,  Stafford  . 280 
2.  M.  Wilson,  Swanley...  ...  280 
8.  F.  A.  Gwilliam,  Palace  Gdns., 
Gloucester . 275 
8.  A.  Tanner,  Cobhara,  Surrey  275 
8.  F.  Ovenden,  Stafford  ...  276 
11.  Miss  Mary  H.  Graves, 
Swanley  . 270 
11.  Miss  Ethel  E.  Rands, 
Swanley  ...  . 270 
13.  Henry  Mitchell,  Stafford  ...  265 
13.  Miss  Jessie  H.  Price,  Swanley  265 
16.  Miss  Lilian  Deane,  Swanley  260 
15.  Herman  Spooner,  Chelmsford  260 
15.  Harry  H.  Thomas,  Kew, 
Surrey  ...  . 260 
15.  Geo.  Underwood,  Leicester  ...  260 
15.  MissEunice Watts, Swanley...  260 
20.  W.  H.  Brownridge,  Stafford  255 
20.  Miss  Ada  C.  Bryson,  Swanley  255 
20.  G.  Mills,  Bayham  Gardens, 
Kent  . 255 
23.  F.  Botterill,  Stafford . 250 
23.  MissEthelEdmunds,  Swanley  250 
23.  Robert  C.  Gaut,  Kew,  Surrey  250 
23.  Jos.  Gillibraud,  Holmes 
Chapel  . 250 
23.  Jos.  Hope,  Elvedon,  Norfolk  250 
23.  Arthur  Jones,  Holmes  Chapel  250 
23.  Harry  Miller.  Chelmsford  ...  250 
30.  F.  E.  Boyes,  Blackpool  ...  245 
30.  E.  T,  Cole,  Chelmsford  ...  246 
30.  J.  K.  Cureton,  Stafford  ...  245 
30.  Geo.  Leadbeater,jun.,  Holmes 
Chapel  . 245 
30.  A.  J.  Morland,  Syon,  Brent¬ 
ford  . 245 
30.  R.  Newman,  Swanley'  ...  245 
30.  W.  B.  Binder,  Stafford  ...  245 
30.  Wm.  Woodward,  Wallingford  245 
38.  Miss  Annie  Ault,  Swanley  ...  240 
38.  Hy.  Broadbent,  Park  Hall, 
Evesham  . 240 
38.  Geo.  Butcher,  Streatham  ...  240 
38.  John  P.  Holt,  Holmes  Chapel  24t) 
38.  F.  Lazenby,  Bot.  Gdns.,  Cam-  240 
bridge  ...  . 240 
38.  C.  E.  Malins,  Swanley  ...  240 
38.  Geo.  Ord,  Neweastle-on-Tyne  '240 
45.'  Isaac  Godber,  Norwich  ...  235 
Second 
1.  Hy.  Brotherston,  Gosford, 
Longniddry  . 195 
1.  J.  Burden,  Crowmarsh,  Wal¬ 
lingford  . 195 
1.  J.  Child,  Stafford  . 195 
1.  A.  H.  Davis,  Sutton,  Surrey  195 
1.  W.  Grantham,  Aughton  ...  195 
1.  W.  Hamnett,  Stone,  Staffs...  195 
1.  R.  Hudson,  Swaffham,  Nor¬ 
folk . 195 
1.  E.  Miller,  Chiswick,  W.  ...  195 
1.  Basil  G.  Stanley,  Tewkesbury  195 
1.  Thos.  H.  Usher,  Woking  ...  195 
11.  A,  J.  Brabner,  Yeovil  ...  ISO 
11.  Thomas  Carr,  Bonchurch  ..  190 
11.  Louis  Hales,  Swanley  ...  190 
11.  C.  T.  Illsley,  Cobham  ...  190 
11.  J.  Jeffery',  Moor  Court,  Stoke- 
on-Trent  . 190 
11.  J.  Jordan,  Stafford . 190 
11.  J.  Lee,  Gosford,  Longniddry  190 
11.  J.  F.  Mitchell,  Swanley  ...  190 
11.  A.  J.  Pye,  Chelmsford  ...  190 
11.  W.  Sproston,  Great  Hay¬ 
wood,  Stafford  . 190 
21.  Chas.  Fogdeu,Hayling,  Hants  185 
21.  H.  R  Judson, AbbottsWorthy, 
Winchester  . 185 
21.  J.  Prescott,  .'lughton  ...  185 
24.  Hy.  Child,  Stafford . 180 
24.  C.  Sellars,  Middlesboro’  ...  180 
26.  E.  Dolman, Wy'chnor,Burton- 
on-Trent  ...  ...  ...  175 
26.  Wm.  Laurence,  Chelmsford...  176 
26.  S.  Lyversage,  Stafford  ...  175 
26.  Wm.  Morris,  Holmes  Chapel  175 
'26.  T.  Ottewell,  Stafford  ...  175 
26.  Geo.  H.  Wicking,  Leicester...  175 
CANDIDATES. 
Class. 
No.  of  Marks. 
45.  W.  J.  Hurford,  Carshalton  ...  225 
47.  Miss  Marion  Hawkes, 
Swanley  . 230 
47.  William  H.  Neild,  Holmes 
Chapel  . 230 
47.  Miss  E.  Morland,  Kew  ...  230 
47.  G.  W.  Pyman,  Chelmsford  ...  230 
51.  John  Benson,  Aughton  ...  225 
51.  H.  F.  Easton,  West  Barnet...  225 
61.  Miss  Katherine  M.  Gervais, 
Swanley  . 225 
51.  E.  F.  Jeffrey,  Swanley  ...  225 
51.  A.  Manson,  Moreton,  Black¬ 
burn  . 225 
56.  Arthur  Cooper,  Wallingford...  220 
56. 'W.  Cranfield,  Bot.  Gdns., 
Cambridge . 220 
56.  F.  J.  Crook,  Winchester  ...  2'20 
56.  F.  H.  Harris,  Chelmsford  ...  220 
56.  Miss  Hilda  Leese,  Crickle- 
wood  ...  ...  ...  220 
66.  A.  D.  Morris,  Barrowmore, 
Chester  . 220 
56.  Arthur  Valentine,  Chelms¬ 
ford  .  . 220 
63.  E.  Banks,  Stafford  . 215 
63.  Thos.  Bell,  Paisley . 215 
63.  W.  Brown,  Cullen,  Banffshire  215 
63.  A.  E.  Burgess,  Chelmsford  ...  215 
63.  Hy.  Davis,  Stafford . 215 
63.  J.  Richards,  Holmes  Chapel...  215 
63.  J.  C.  Tate,  Bulmer,  Yorks  ...  215 
63.  John  S.  Thompson,  Swanley  215 
63.  Miss  Annie  E.  Young, 
Swanley  .  ...  215 
72.  Thomas  Benians,  Swanley  ...  210 
72.  Miss  Ada  M.  Cassidy,  Swanley  210 
72.  Miss  Elsie  G.  Callender, 
Swanley  ...  ...  ...  210 
72.  Miss  Frances  E.  H.  Gervais, 
Swanley  ...  ...  ...  210 
72.  A.  Stirrat,  Bot.  Gdns., 
Glasgow  ...  ...  ...  210 
72.  F.  W.  Pallett,  Chelmsford  ...  210 
78.  C.  Buokland,  Datchet  ...  205 
78.  F.  B.  Davis,  Yeovil . 205 
78.  E.  Walker,  Wales,  Sheffield...  205 
78.  John  T.  Walker,  Cobham  ...  205 
78.  E.  Semper,  Scawby,  Lines  ...  205 
83.  Miss  E.  M.  Brace,  Sloane 
Street,  S.W.  . 200 
83.  Geo.  W.  Brookbank,  Wimble¬ 
don  . 200 
83.  B.  J.  Pitts,  Swanley . 200 
83v  F.  Weiste,  SWanley . 200 
83.  W.  H.  White,  Leicester  ...  200 
Class. 
26.  Edward  Rustige,  Holmes 
Chapel  . .  175 
33.  W.  Burgess,  Tewkesbury  ...  170 
33.  J.  Clark,  Ashbourne . 170 
33.  Miss  C.  F.  Fellows,  Swanley  170 
33.  A.  Morton,  Holmes  Chapel...  170 
33.  M^m.  E.  O’Hara,  Swanley  ...  170 
33.  H.  P.  Appleton,  Leicester  ...  170 
33.  J.  P.  Quinton,  Long  Ditton...  170 
33.  A.  Shaw,  Barnsley . 170 
33.  W.  Smith,  Tewkesbury  ...  170 
33.  W.  C.  Smith,  Bot.  Gdns., 
Glasgow  . 170 
43.  L.  R.  Baker,  Merton  ...  165 
43.  Miss  Gertrudge  Bridger, 
Aughton  . 165 
43.  G.  J.  Goodall,  Streatley, 
Reading  . 165 
43.  W.  Ness,  Aberlady,  Long- 
■niddry  ...  •••  ■•.  165 
43.  E.  Pedley,  Halifax,  Yorks  ..  165 
43.  R.  Sumner,  Aughton  ...  165 
43.  R.  Y.  White,  Cheapside  ...  165 
50.  L.  Davenport,  Holmes  Chapel  160 
50.  Maurice  Field,  Wallingford  160 
50.  E.  Russell,  Leicester . 160 
53.  W.  Galloway,  Gosford,  Long¬ 
niddry  . 155 
53.  J.  Humphreys,  Winchmore 
Hill . 155 
53.  R.  Jones,  Aughton  ...  ...  155 
53.  W.  T.  Smith,  Stafford  ...  155 
53.  P.  H.  Jones,  Stafford  ...  155 
53.  H.  Weddell,  Surbiton  ,  ...  155 
59.  H.  Holmes,  Garvald,  Dol- 
phinton  .  ...  1 50 
59.  B.  Ling.  Chelmsford . 150 
59.  S.  J.  Sayer,  Chelmsford  ...  150 
