September  14,  1899. 
JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
243 
Marmalade  (  W.  R.  Raillem).  —  The  term  marmalade  is  from  the  Portu¬ 
guese  marmelada  and  that  lrom  marmrlo,  meaning  “Quince,”  is  a  jellied 
or  gelatinous  preparation  made  from  Quinces,  Peaches,  Apricots, 
Oranges,  &c.,  and  portions  of  their  rinds,  with  a  mixture  of  sugar  arid 
spice.  Marmalade  is  made  like  the  ordinary  jams,  poured  out  warm  into 
pots  or  jars,  and  sold  in  commerce  as  a  confection.  Tne  best  kinds  come 
from  Italy,  France,  East  and  West  Indies.  The  common  kind  of  marma¬ 
lade  in  this  country  is  that  made  from  Bitter  or  Seville  Oranges.  The 
term  marmalade  was  unquestionably  first  applied  to  the  jellied  substance 
made  from  Quince*,  but  that  is  no  reason  w  hy  that  made  from  Vegetable 
Marrows  should  be  equally  entitled  to  the  distinctive  name,  hence  our 
definition  would  hold  good  of  that  of  the  Quince. 
Names  of  Fruits.  —  Notice.  —  We  have  pleasure  in  naming  good 
typical  fruits  (when  the  names  are  discoverable)  for  the  convenience  of 
regular  subscribers,  who  are  the  growers  of  such  fruit,  and  not  col¬ 
lectors  of  specimens  from  non-subscribers.  This  latter  procedure  is 
wholly  irregular,  and  we  trust  that  none  of  our  readers  will  allow 
themselves  to  be  made  the  mediums  in  infringing  our  rules.  Special 
attention  is  directed  to  the  following  decision,  the  object  of  which  is 
to  discourage  the  growth  of  inferior  and  promote  the  culture  of  superior 
varieties.  In  consequence  of  the  large  number  of  worthless  Apples  and  Pears 
tent  to  this  office  to  be  named ,  it  has  been  decided  to  name  only  specimens  and 
varieties  of  approved  merit,  and  to  reject  the  inferior,  which  are  not  worth 
sending  or  growing.  The  names  and  addresses  of  senders  of  fruits  or 
flowers  to  be  named  must  in  all  cases  be  enclosed  with  the  specimens, 
whether  letters  referring  to  the  fruit  are  sent  by  post  or  not.  The 
names  are  not  necessarily  required  for  publication,  initials  sufficing  for 
that.  Only  six  specimens  can  be  named  at  once,  and  any  beyond  that 
number  cannot  be  preserved.  They  should  be  sent  on  the  first  indication  of 
change  towards  ripening.  Dessert  Pears  cannot  be  named  in  a  hard  green  state. 
The  practice  of  pinning  numbers  to  the  eyes  of  the  fruits  tends  to  destroy  one 
of  the  most  characteristic  features  and  increases  the  difficulty  of  identifica¬ 
tion.  ( C .  H.  B.). — The  Pears  are  perfectly  green  and  have  the  stalks  broken  ; 
please  read  carefully  the  instructions  above  before  sending  again.  1, 
resembles  Beurr6  d’Aremberg  ;  2,  possibly  Marie  Louise  d’Uccle  ;  4, 
probably  Winter  Nelis  Apples  ;  3,  a  form  of  Blenheim  Pippin,  probably 
Cobham  ;  5,  defective,  no  stalk,  possibly  Cox’s  Pomona  ;  6,  not  known 
and  useless,  probably  a  local  seedling.  (•/.  S.  N.~). — 1,  Irish  Peach  ;  2, 
Yorkshire  Greening  ;  3,  Lord  Suffieid.  ( D .  C.  R.). — 1,  Warner’s  King; 
2,  Reinette  du  Canada  ;  3,  Gloria  Mundi  ;  4,  Alfriston  ;  5,  Cellini  ; 
fi,  Tibbit’s  Incomparable.  (/.  W.  P.). — 1.  Five  crowned  Pippin;  2,  Dr. 
Harvey  ;  3,  M&re  de  Manage  ;  4,  Winter  Hawthornden  ;  5,  Hollandbury  ; 
e».  Tower  of  Glamis.  ( Cedo  Nulli). — 1,  Cox’s  Pomona  ;  2,  Irish  Peach  ; 
3,  King  of  Pippins  ;  4.  Old  Hawthornden  ;  Pear  Souvenir  du  Congtes. 
( L.  J.  P.). —  1,  Manks  Codlin  ;  2,  Calville  St.  Saveur  ;  3,  unrecognisable  ; 
4,  Golden  Noble  ;  5,  Cellini  ;  Plums  cannot  be  named  with  specimens  of 
the  young  wood,  the  fruit  resembles  Orleans.  (T.  C.  i?.). — 1,  Warner’s 
King;  2,  Alfriston  ;  3,  Peasgood’s  Nonesuch  ;  4,  Lane’s  Prince  Albert; 
the  Pears  are  quite  hard  and  green,  and  cannot  possibly  be  identified. 
(T.  LI). —  1,  Mere  de  Menage  ;  2  New  Hawthornden  ;  3,  Calvillo  Rouge 
d’lliver;  4,  Iveddleston  Pippin;  5,  King  of  Pippins;  6,  American 
Mother. 
Names  of  Plants. — We  only  undertake  to  name  species  of  cultivated 
plants,  not  wild  flowers,  or  varieties  that  have  originated  from  seeds  and 
termed  florists’  flowers.  Flowering  specimens  are  necessary  of  fio  tvering 
plants,  and  Fern  fronds  should  bear  spores.  Specimens  should  arrive  in 
a  fresh  state  in  securely  tied  firm  boxes.  Thin  paper  boxes  arrive  in  a 
flattened  state.  Slightly  damp  moss,  soft  green  grass,  or  leaves  form  the 
best  packing,  dry  wool  or  paper  the  worst.  Those  arrive  in  the  best 
condition  that  are  so  closely  or  firmly  packed  in  soft  green  fresh  grass,  as 
10  remain  unmoved  by  shaking.  No  specimens  should  be  sent  to  rest  in 
the  post  office  over  Sunday,  on  which  day  there  is  no  delivery  of  postal 
matter  in  London.  Specimens  in  partially  filled  boxes  are  invariably 
injured  or  spoiled  by  being  dashed  to  and  fro  in  transit.  Not  more  than 
six  specimens  can  be  named  at  once,  and  the  numbers  should  be  visible 
without  untying  the  ligatures,  it  being  often  difficult  to  separate  them 
when  the  paper  is  damp.  (/.  T.).  —  1,  Possibly  a  Pellea  ;  2,  Pteris 
nrgyrea  ;  3,  Woodwardia  radicans  ;  4,  a  Davallia  ;  5  and  6,  quite  useless 
for  purposes  of  identification.  When  sending  again  please  read  the 
rules  above,  and  enclose  your  name  and  address  with  the  specimens. 
( J .  R.  MI). — 1,  Cephalotaxus  pedunculate  ;  2,  Cupressus  Lawsoniana 
glauca  ;  3,  Libocedrus  decurrens  ;  4,  Juniperus  communis  fastigiata  ; 
,5,  J.  sabina  tamariscifolia  ;  6,  Cupressus  Lawsoniana  var. 
COVENT  GARDEN  MARKET— September  13th. 
AVERAGE  WHOLESALE  PRICES. -VEGETABLES. 
s.  d. 
s.  d. 
s 
d. 
s.  d. 
Artichokes,  green,  doz. 
Aubergine,  per  doz.... 
•  •• 
1  0  to  2  0 
Lettuce,  doz.  ...  ...  ... 
1  3  to  2  0 
•  •• 
1  6 
2  0 
Mu-hrooms.  lb . 
0  6 
1  0 
Beans,  h  sieve . 
2  6 
3  6 
Mustard  and  Cress,  punnet 
0  2 
0  0 
,,  Scarlet,  sieve 
•  •  • 
2  6 
3  0 
Onions,  bag,  about  1  cwt. 
4  0 
4  6 
Beet,  Red,  doz . 
•  •• 
0  B 
0  0 
Pan-ley,  doz.  bunches  ... 
2  0 
4  0 
Cabbages,  per  tally  ... 
•  •• 
7  0 
0  0 
Peas,  per  bushel  . 
Potatoes,  cwt . 
Shallots,  lb . 
6  0 
8  0 
Carrots,  per  doz. 
•  •• 
2  0 
3  0 
2  0 
6  0 
Cauliflowers,  doz.  ... 
•  •  • 
2  0 
3  0 
0  3 
0  C 
Celery,  n-w,  per  bundle 
•  •  • 
1  9 
0  0 
Spinach,  per  bushel . 
0  0 
4  0 
Cucumbers,  doz. 
•  •• 
2  0 
4  0 
Tomntoes,  per  doz.  lb*.  ... 
2  0 
3  6 
Endive,  doz . 
1  6 
2  0 
Turnips,  bunch . 
0  3 
n  4 
Herbs,  bunch  . 
Leeks,  bunch  . 
... 
0  3 
0  2 
0  0 
0  0 
Vegetable  Marrows,  doz. 
1  0 
1  6 
AVERAGE  WHOLESALE  PRICES.— FRUIT. 
s.  d. 
s.  d. 
s.  d. 
s.  d. 
Apples,  English,  per  sieve 
Cobnuts  per  100  lb . 
2  0  to  3  0 
Peaches,  per  doz . 
3  0  to  6  0 
70  0 
0  0 
Pears,  Californian,  case... 
3  0 
6  0 
Damsons  . 
4  0 
5  0 
,,  French  Williams’, 
Figs,  green,  per  doz. 
Grapes,  black  . 
Lemons,  case  . 
1  0 
3  0 
36  to  56  in  a  case 
4  0 
5  0 
0  6 
3  0 
Pines,  St.  Michael’s,  each 
Plums,  English,  per  sieve 
1  0 
6  0 
14  0 
20  0 
3  0 
5  0 
Me'ons  . each 
0  6 
1  6 
,,  Californian,  case... 
4  0 
8  0 
,,  Hock  .  „ 
1  9 
2  (! 
Walnuts,  fresh,  bushel  ... 
20  0 
0  0 
Nectarines,  per  doz. 
3  0 
6  0 
AVERAGE  WHOLESALE  PRICES.— CUT  FLOWERS. 
8.  d. 
8.  d. 
s.  d. 
s.  d. 
Arums  . 
3  0  to  4  0 
Maidenhair  Fern,  doz. 
Asparagus,  Fern,  bunch... 
2  0 
2  6 
bnchs . 
4  0  to  6  0 
Carnations,  12  blooms  ... 
1  6 
2  6 
Marguerites,  doz.  bnchs. 
3  0 
4  0 
Cattleyas,  per  doz . 
12  0 
18  0 
Mignonette,  doz.  bunches 
4  0 
6  0 
Chrysanthemums,  white 
Montbretia,  per  bunch  ... 
1  0 
1  6 
doz.  blooms 
6  0 
9  0 
Odontoglossums  . 
5  0 
7  6 
,,  yellow  doz.  blooms 
5  0 
8  0 
Pelargoniums,  dozen 
,,  bunches  var. 
0  3 
0  6 
bunches  . 
4  0 
6  0 
Eucharis,  doz . 
4  0 
6  0 
Roses  (indoor),  doz . 
2  0 
8  0 
Gardenias,  doz . 
1  6 
2  6 
„  Red,  doz . 
1  0 
2  0 
Geranium,  scarlet,  doz. 
„  Tea,  white,  doz.  ... 
1  6 
2  6 
bnchs . 
4  0 
6  0 
,,  Yellow,  doz.  (Perles) 
2  0 
3  0 
Lilium  Harrisi,  12  blooms 
4  6 
5  6 
,,  Safrano,  doz . 
2  0 
2  6 
,,  longiflorum,12  Dooms 
4  0 
6  0 
Smilax,  bunch . 
3  0 
4  0 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  12  sprays 
12  0 
15  0 
PLANTS  IN  POTS. 
s.  d. 
s.  d. 
s.  d. 
8.  d. 
Arbor  Vitae,  var.,  doz.  ... 
6  0to36  0 
Foliage  plants,  var.,  each 
1  0  to  5  0 
Aspidistra,  doz . 
18  0 
36  0 
Fuchsias,  doz . 
4  0 
6  0 
Aspidistra,  specimen 
15  0 
20  0 
Heliotropes,  doz . 
6  0 
9  0 
Chrysanthemums,  per  doz. 
6  0 
8  0 
Hydrangeas  . 
6  0 
10  0 
Crotons,  doz . 
18  0 
30  0 
Lilium  Harrisi,  doz. 
12  0 
18  0 
Dracaena,  var.,  doz . 
12  0 
30  0 
Lilium  lancifolium  album 
30  0 
40  0 
Dracaena  vitidis,  doz. 
9  0 
18  0 
,,  „  rubrum 
30  0 
40  0 
Erica  various,  dez . 
30  0 
60  0 
Lycopodiums,  doz . 
3  0 
4  0 
Euonymus,  var.,  doz. 
6  0 
18  0 
Marguerite  Daisy,  doz.  ... 
6  0 
8  0 
Evergreens,  var.,  doz.  ... 
4  0 
18  0 
Myrtles,  doz . 
6  0 
9  0 
Ferns,  var.,  doz . 
4  0 
18  0 
Palms,  in  var.,  each 
1  0 
15  0 
„  small,  100  . 
4  0 
8  0 
,,  specimens  . 
21  0 
63  0 
Ficus  elastica,  each . 
1  6 
7  6 
Pelargoniums,  scarlet,  doz. 
4  0 
6  0 
Bedding  out  plants  in  variety  from  3s.  doz. 
SECURE. 
Early  though  it  is  in  September,  yet  we  write  this  word,  the 
“  finis, ’’  as  it  were,  to  one  great  portion  of  our  labour.  The  grain 
harvest  is  garnered,  and  garnered  well.  Few  of  us  can  remember  so 
dry  and  withal  so  quick  a  harvest.  As  to  the  ultimate  yield,  it  is  yet 
early  days  to  speak,  and  we  sadly  fear  from  some  accounts  that  have 
come  to  hand  that  the  threshing  machine  will  not  have  a  very  good 
tale  to  tell. 
Town  friends  congratulate  us  on  our  fine  harvest  weather,  and 
they  are  sincere  in  their  good  wishes  ;  but  none  of  them  has  the 
slightest  idea  how  much  we  mean  when  we  tell  of  a  dry,  fine  harvest 
month.  From  the  time  the  precious  seed  is  dropped  into  the  mellow 
brown  earth  in  the  autumn  till  the  thatching  is  done  the  next  autumn, 
the  farmer  rarely  knows  what  it  is  to  he  free  from  an  anxious  care.  He 
can  do  so  little,  is  so  powerless  to  avert  calamity,  or  to  promote 
growth. 
The  birds  of  the  air  are  as  busy  as  in  days  of  old,  and  seem  to 
know  by  instinct  where  the  new  sown  seed  mav  be  found.  Do 
they  understand  rotation  of  crops,  we  wonder  ?  They  might  do,  for 
never  a  Wheat  field  but  they  find.  The  grain  is  so  good,  the  soft  earth 
so  easily  disturbed,  the  tenting  boy  so  harmless,  that  they  get  a  good 
share,  more  than  their  tenth  at  any  rate.  The  laiks  are  the  greatest 
sinners — but  we  forgive  much  to  the  little  brown  bird  that  does  his 
best  during  spring  and  summer  to  raise  our  thoughts  and  hopes 
heavenwards. 
A  wet  autumn  is  very  disastrous,  especially  to  those  who  farm 
strong,  cold  lands.  Moisture  is  necessary,  but  it  is  wonderful  how 
little  will  start  ihe  g  ■  in  into  vigorous  g  owth.  We  have  seen  so 
