,.jOctober  8,  1896. 
JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
345 
Hybrid  China. — Charles  Lawaon  (climbing).  Austrian  Briar. — 
Austrian  Copper.  Perpetual  Scotch. — Stanwell  Perpetual.  Hybrid 
Sweet  Briars.  —  Janet’s  Pride,  •Jeannie  Deans,  and  •Lady  Pen- 
*ance.  Ayrshire. — Bennett’s  Seedling  or  Thoresbyana  (climbing). 
Evergreen. — F41icif4  Perpdtu^  (climbing).  Autumn  Flowering. 
— Hybrid  Teas. — Bardou  Job,  Gloire  Lyonnaise,  Gustave  Regis, 
and  •Papa  Gontier.  China. — Old  Blush  or  Common  Monthly, 
and  Laurette  Messimy.  Teas  and  Noisettes. — Gloire  de  Dijon 
(climbing),  W.  A.  Richardson  (climbing),  L’Id<5al,  Reve  d’Or 
(climbing),  •Beante  Inconstante,  and  •Madame  Pierre  Cochet. 
Polyantha.  —  Madame  Anna  Marie  de  Montravel,  Gloire  des 
Polyantha,  Perle  d’Or,  and  *George8  Pernet.  Japanese. — Alba, 
Madame  Georgea  Bruant,  and  •Fimbriata.  Climbing  Polyantha. 
— Claire  Jacquicr,  Grandi  flora,  and  ®  Turner’s  Crimson  Rambler. 
Two  other  new  Climbing  Roses  should  be  also  included,  •Alister 
Stella  Gray  (n.)  and  *Paurs  Carmine  Pillar  (single-flowered). — 
E.  M.,  Berichamsted. 
[An  amateur  has  favoured  us  with  an  analysis  of  his  own 
Roses,  which  will  be  published  next  week.] 
LIME  AND  LIMING. 
Lime  exists  under  many  different  forms  in  the  geological  strata 
of  the  earth.  Apart  from  limestones  proper,  marble,  coral,  chalk, 
marl,  and  shell  sand  must  be  regarded  as  limestones,  and  all  used 
as  manorial  applications.  All  are,  or  have  been,  formed  under 
water.  Chalk,  for  instance,  is  only  an  agglomeration  of  shells  not 
very  compactly  pressed  together,  as  is  the  harder  limestones,  which, 
however,  are  only  harder  ;  and  although  sometimes  formed  of 
compacted  corals,  may  be  seen  in  other  cases  to  be  composed  of 
minute  microscopic  shells  mixed  with  larger  ones.  Marble  is 
only  limestone  vitrified  by  internal  heat.  Marls  are  the  remains 
of  fresh-water  shells  which  have  settled  in  inland  lakes  and  in  time 
become  covered  up  with  silt,  peat,  or  sometimes  only  mould.  Shell 
sands  are  the  wrecked  remains  oE  shells  in  modern  seas  which  are 
cast  up  on  our  shores.  Frequently  corals  are  cast  up  on  our  shore, 
as  in  Bantry  Bay,  and  such  are  found  of  value  as  manure. 
Limestones  are  hardly  ever  pure.  Being  formed  under  water 
they  generally  contain  sand  and  clay.  This  may  vary  from  0  up 
to  30  or  40  per  cent.  When  present,  this  foreign  matter  detracts,  of 
course,  from  the  value  of  the  limestone.  Even  in  chalk  much  clay 
exists,  as  may  be  understood  when  it  is  remembered  that  the  clay 
soils  that  cover  the  chalk  in  many  places  are  but  chalk  remains 
from  which  the  lime  has  been  dissolved  out  and  washed  away  by 
rain  containing  carbonic  dioxide  ;  but  as  limestones  are  the  remains 
of  minute  animals,  they  almost  invariably  contain  both  sulphate 
and  phosphate  of  lime.  In  some  countries  the  sulphate  is  largely 
present,  but  in  this  it  seldom  amounts  to  more  than  four-fifths 
per  cent.,  and  is  generally  less  in  this  country.  In  some  samples, 
as  in  those  from  Carluke  (Lanarkshire),  phosphate  of  lime  is 
present  to  the  extent  of  1;|^  per  cent.,  according  to  Dr.  Johnston. 
This,  in  the  burnt  lime,  is  equal  to  2^  lbs.  in  the  hundred,  and  adds 
considerably  to  the  value  of  the  lime.  In  the  magnesian  lime¬ 
stone  of  Durham  it  seldom  exceeds  0  15  per  cent.,  and  is  generally 
only  0  07.  In  Cumberlandshire  limestone  containing  0’33  per  cent, 
are  found,  but  in  other  cases  only  the  merest  trace.  Some  of  the 
limestones  of  the  great  oolite,  as  well  as  the  Combrash  and  Stone- 
field  slate,  contain  about  1  per  cent,  of  phosphate. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia  is  almost  always  present.  In  even  the 
purest  limestone  it  amounts  to  1  or  2  per  cent.,  and  in  impure 
varieties  from  40  to  50,  Many  of  the  beds  in  the  old  red  sand¬ 
stone  contain  much  magnetia.  Mountain  limestone,  otherwise 
known  as  dolomite,  contain,  when  tolerably  free  from  clay  or  sand, 
as  much  as  from  40  to  45  per  cent. 
Lime  containing  much  magnesia  possesses  burning  or  scorching 
qualities ;  indeed,  magnesia  in  whatever  combination  has  this 
quality.  Yet  there  may  be  instances  when  it  may  be  wanting  in 
the  soil,  and  such  lime  made  from  magnesian  limestone  may  be 
peculiarly  valuable.  Such  lime  is  preferred  on  the  hill  pastures 
of  the  highlands  of  Galloway,  but  on  ordinary  soil  it  is  well  not  to 
apply  such  either  liberally  or  extensively.  A  portion  sparingly 
dressed  will  tell  in  a  year  or  two  whether  magnesia  may  then  be 
given  with  advantage.  If  not,  it  will  be  better  to  procure  the 
purest  lime  possible,  for  magnesian  lime  cannot  be  applied  with 
safety  in  quantities  sufficient  to  such  soils  as  most  need  liming. 
Lime  is  applied  burnt  and  nnburnt.  Marls  and  chalk,  shell 
sand  and  corals,  are  generally  applied  unburnt,  as  their  mechanical 
condition  admits  of  their  easy  pnlverisation  and  distribution,  but 
hard  limestones  are  generally  barnt.  Marls  often  contain  as  much 
as  95°  per  cent,  of  clay  of  other  admixture.  Such  are  hardly 
worth  digging  and  applying,  except  to  light  soils,  when  the  land 
gets  a  liming  and  is  made  heavier  at  one  operation .  This  often 
benefits  peaty  land  considerably.  When  applied  to  heavy  land 
they  often  do  mischief.  Instead  of  opening,  as  liming  is  intended 
to  do,  they  tave  quite  an  opposite  effect,  because  of  the  clay  they 
contain,  and  the  lime  given  is  too  trifling  to  be  of  any  consequence. 
Marl  often  contains,  however,  as  much  as  90“  per  cent,  of  carbonate 
of  lime  (calcic-carbonate),  and  such  are  very  different  from  those 
of  the  other  extreme.  Gardeners— strangers  in  the  locality — had 
better  ask  neighbouring  farmers  what  the  traditional  value  of  this 
or  that  marl  is  before  incurring  expense  in  its  use.  Tradition  in 
these  things  forms  a  very  good  guide. 
Chalk  is  of  a  much  more  constant  nature  than  marl,  not  often 
containing  more  than  20“  per  cent,  of  foreign  matter,  and  seldom 
that.  Oftener  it  does  not  amount  to  more  than  1  or  2  percent. 
Chalk  and  marl  owe  their  efficacy  to  the  presence  of  carbonate  of 
lime.  Carbonate  of  lime  contains  carbonic  dioxide  or  anhydride 
and  calcic  oxide  in  unequal  proportions. 
When  limestones  are  placed  in  a  kiln  along  with  fuel  and  burnt, 
the  carbonic  dioxide  is  driven  into  the  air,  and  only  the  calcic 
FIG.  64. — APPLE  NEWTON  WONDER.  {See  page  367.) 
oxide— or  calcined  lime — remains  behind.  This  has  a  great 
chemical  affinity  for  water.  When  water  is  poured  on  lime  shells, 
as  the  burnt  lumps  are  termed,  a  violent  action  takes  place  strong 
heat  is  evolved,  and  the  calcic  oxide  becomes  calcic  hydroxide, 
which  is  not  a  mixture  of  water  and  lime,  but  a  new  compound 
made  up  of  water  and  (quick)  lime  chemically  combined.  The 
new  combination  contains  76“  per  cent,  of  lime  (nearly)  24  of 
water.  Were  it  only  a  mixture  instead  of  a  combination,  the  mass 
would  be  wet,  but  it  remains  quite  as  dry  as  before.  When  this 
compound  is  exposed  to  the  air  it  combines  with  the  carbonic 
dioxide  ever  present  in  the  atmosphere,  and  in  time  assumes  its 
original  chemical  condition  by  becoming  calcic  carbonate  (carbonate 
of  lime).  This  is  perfectly  insoluble  in  water,  calcic  hydroxide 
being  soluble  in  732  times  its  own  weight  of  cold  water.^  This 
solution  is  known  as  lime  water.  When  a  stream  of  carbonic  acid 
ia  passed  through  this  solution  the  lime  is  at  once  precipitated — it 
haa  become  the  insoluble  carbonate.  The  easiest  way  is^  to  pass 
one’s  breath  through  it  by  means  of  a  straw  or  pipe-stem. 
Chemists  generally  pass  the  gas  derived  from  the  calcic  carbonate 
by  simply  pouring  acetic  acid  on  chalk  or  limestone.  This  drives 
off  the  carbonic  dioxide,  which  is  conveyed  by  a  simple  apparatus 
through  the  lime  water. 
Newly  slaked  lime  (calcic  hydroxide)  acts  much  more  energeti¬ 
cally  when  applied  to  land  than  either  chalk,  marl,  or  mild  lime, 
as  burnt  lime  is  termed  after  having  again  assumed  the  form  of 
the  carbonate.  But  burnt  lime  after  slaking  becomes  an  exceed¬ 
ingly  fine  impalpable  powder,  and  for  this  reason  it  is^  better  than 
either  chalk  or  marl,  because  of  its  being  easier  dis^ibuted  even 
after  it  has  taken  its  original  chemical  form.  Chemically  the 
same  as  when  unburnt  it  is  mechanically  very  different,  hence  the 
