July  i,  189? 
Journal  of  tioRTicvLTURE  And  cottage  GAkDENEti 
15 
or  vegetable  matter  in  manure.  At  any  rate,  the  fruits  are  infested  with 
the  mycelial  hypbas  of  that  fungus,  and  its  resting  spores  will  go  over 
with  some  of  seeds,  and  the  plants  from  them  will  have  “  drooping," 
"sleepy,”  or  "sudden  collapse”  disease,  which  ascends,  but  in  your 
case  the  fungal  hypbm  passes  from  the  eye  into  the  fruit.  It  is  difficult 
to  account  for  fungi  not  appearing  for  years  and  then  becoming 
malignant.  The  only  thing  we  can  advise  is  the  use  of  basic  slag  phos¬ 
phate,  with  some  mineral  lupjrphospbate — say  2  ozs.  per  square  yard, 
so  as  to  act  quickly,  getting  more  lime  and  phosphoric  acid  into  the 
plant  and  fruit,  together  with  side  ventilation  as  well  as  top,  it  not  being 
sufficient  to  have  one  without  the  other.  If  you  were  to  apply  a  light 
dressing  of  some  anti-fungoid  preparation  in  powder  it  would  be  an 
advantage,  using  a  bellows  apparatus.  We  sincerely  sympathise  with 
you,  and  very  much  regret  not  being  able  to  give  better  advice. 
Hop  Xeaves  Browned  (^W.  P). — The  leaves  are  in  bad  condition 
from  the  attacks  of  something,  but  we  were  unable  to  discover  any 
insect  or  remains  of  any,  otherwise  the  appearance  resembles  that  result¬ 
ing  from  an  attack  of  the  hop  cuckoo  fly,  frog  fly  or  jumper  (Euacan- 
thuB  interruptus.)  Equally  unfruitful  of  result  was  an  examination  for 
fungoid  affection.  We  consider  the  mischief  had  been  caused  by  the 
"jumpers,”  which  have  departed  on  your  applying  the  insecticide 
Indeed,  they  are  not  easy  to  catch  at  work,  but  they  are  now  plentiful 
on  Elm  trees,  and  their  sucking  must  be  highly  injurious,  as  wherever 
they  punctuie  a  leaf  the  spot  spreads  considerably.  The  "  cuckoos  ” 
deposit  their  eggs  on  the  rootstock,  and  the  young  "jumpers”  com¬ 
mence  feeding  on  leaves  nearest  the  ground  upwards  and  follow  on  from 
the  beginning  of  May,  the  older  leaves  appearing  the  worst,  but  that  is 
because  they  show  the  full  effects  of  the  attacks.  We  found  the  best 
thing  to  prevent  attack  was  lightly  spraying  over  the  crowns  or  stocks 
with  soluble  petroleum  when  growth  commenced  in  the  spring,  follow¬ 
ing  it  up  at  about  fortnightly  intervals. 
Apple  Trees  wltb  Stralgbt  Down  Rootstocks  (J.  B.).  —  It 
is  diffii  ult  to  deal  with  trees  that  have  the  stems  deeply  buried  and  the 
roots  practically  beyond  the  reach  of  control.  We  have  sot  carried  out 
the  system  you  propose  on  fruit  trees,  not  having  the  misfortune  to  come 
across  any  in  such  case  as  you  describe  ;  but  we  have  Had  youn<  forest 
trees  similar  to  deal  with,  and  found  ringing  the  stem  about  6  inches 
below  the  then  surface  answer  perfectly,  the  descending  current  causing 
a  callus  to  form  from  the  upper  edge  of  the  bark,  and  roots  to  be 
emitted  plentifully.  Thus  in  the  course  of  two  or  three  years  the  sickly 
trees  recovered,  and  had  abundance  of  roots  near  the  surface.  We 
should  not  hesitate  to  act  in  a  similar  manner  with  your  trees.  We 
should  not  make  the  ring  more  than  6  inches  from  the  surface,  and  not 
more  than  three  parts  round  the  stem  in  the  first  instance ;  but  tbs 
other  p»rt  you  may  notch — straight  cut  on  the  upper  side,  and  sloping 
one  upwards  to  it,  so  as  to  arrest  the  downward  current  to  a  great  extent 
without  actually  preventing  the  ascent  of  the  sap  by  ringing  all  round 
at  once.  If  the  ringing  were  earned  out  now  in  a  careful  manner  it  is 
likely  that  you  would  not  only  secure  a  callus  and  some  new  roots  by 
autumn,  but  also  so  arrest  the  sap  in  its  downward  course  as  to  con¬ 
centrate  the  assimilated  matter  on  the  buds,  and  induce  the  formation 
of  blossoming  ones.  Thus  you  maybe  able  to  secure  some  fruit  next 
year,  at  least  the  chances  lie  in  that  direction,  nothing  bringing  over- 
luxuriant  trees  into  a  state  of  fertility  sooner  than  the  concentrstiou  of 
the  juices  on  the  buds,  as  is  the  case  in  ringing  judiciously  performed. 
Haineu  of  Plants. —  We  only  undertake  to  name  species  of  plants, 
not  varieties  that  have  originated  from  seeds  and  termed  florists’  flowers. 
Flowering  specimens  are  necessary  of  flowering  plants,  and  Fern  fronds 
should  bear  spores.  Specimens  should  arrive  in  a  fresh  state  in  firm 
boxes.  Slightly  damp  moss,  soft  green  grass,  or  leaves  form  the  best 
packing,  dry  wool  the  worst.  Not  more  than  six  specimens  can  be  named 
at  once,  and  the  numbers  should  be  visible  without  untying  the  ligatures, 
it  being  often  difficult  to  separate  them  when  the  paper  is  damp. 
{Bt.  IF  ). — The  correct  name  of  the  Orchid  you  send  is  Laelia  lobata. 
(O.  P,  N.).— 1,  Polysfchum  aculeatum  ;  2,  Mlcrolepia  hiria  cristata  ; 
3,  Nephrodium  setigerum.  (<7,  F.  A.). — Euphorbia  Lathyrus,  the  Caper 
Spurge.  (^A.  A,  B  ). — 1,  L  mnanthes  Duuglasi ;  2,  Lychnis  corouaria  ; 
3,  Linaria  reticulata  var.  ;  4,  Olaothera  Lamaickiana ;  5,  Lychnis 
chalcedonica. 
COVENT  GARDEN  MARKET.— June  30th. 
Apples,  I  sieve'..,  . 
Filberts  and  Cobs,  100  lbs. 
Grapes,  lb . 
Asparagus,  jjer  100  ... 
Beans,  ^ ‘sieve  . 
Beet,  Ked,  doz  . 
Carrots,  bunch . 
Cauliflowers,  doz. 
Celery,  bundle . 
Coleworts,  doz.  bnchs. 
Cucumbers . 
Endive,  doz.  •••  •••  ••• 
Herbs,  bunch  . 
Leeks,  bunch  . 
Lettuce,  doz . 
Mushrooms,  lb . 
FRUIT. 
e.  d.  8.  d. 
0  OtoO  0 
Lemons,  case  . 
8.  d.  8.  d. 
11  OtoH  0 
0  0 
0  0 
St.  Michael’s  Pines, 
each 
3  0 
8  0 
1  G 
2  6 
Strawberries,  per  lb.... 
... 
0  3 
1  0 
VEGETABLES. 
8.  d. 
s.  d. 
1 
8.  d. 
s.d. 
0  OtoO.O 
Mustard  and  Cress,  punnet 
0  2  to  0  4 
0  0 
0  0 
Onions,  bushel . 
•  •  • 
3  C 
4  0 
1  0 
0  0 
Parsley,  doz.  bnch»  ... 
2  0 
3  0 
0  3 
0  4 
Parsnips,  doz  . 
1  0 
0  0 
2  0 
3  0 
Potatoes,  cwt . 
•  •• 
2  0 
4  0 
1  0 
a  0 
Salsafy,  bundle . 
1  0 
0  0 
2  0 
4  0 
Seakale,  basket . 
1  6 
1  9 
0  4 
0  8 
Scorzonera,  bundle  ... 
1  6 
0  0 
1  3 
1  6 
Shallots,  lb . 
0  3 
0  0 
0  3 
0  0 
Spinach,  pad  . 
0  0 
0  4 
0  2 
0  0 
Sprouts,  1  sieve . 
1  6 
1  9 
1  3 
0  0 
Tomatoes,  lb . 
•  •• 
0  4 
0  0 
0  6 
0  8 
Turnips,  bunch . 
«*• 
0  3 
0  0 
PLANTS  IN  POTS. 
Arbor  Vitm,  var.  doz. 
Aspidistra,  doz . 
Aspidistra,  specimen 
Calceolarias,  doz . 
Coleus,  doz . 
Dracsena,  var.,  doz . 
Dracaena,  viridis,  doz. 
Erica,  var.,  doz . 
Euonymus,  var.,  dozen  .. 
Evergreens,  var.,  doz. 
Ferns,  var.,  doz . 
Ferns,  small,  100  . 
Ficus  elastica,  each . 
Foliage  plants,  var.,  each 
8.  d.  s.  d. 
6  0to36  0 
Fuchsias,  doz . 
8.  d.  8.  d. 
4  0  to  8  0 
18  0 
.-G  0 
Hydrangeas,  doz . 
8  0 
10  0 
5  0 
10  G 
Lilium  Harrisi,  doz . 
12  0 
18  0 
3  0 
6  0 
Lobelias,  doz . 
3  0 
5  0 
4  0 
6  0 
Lycopodiums,  doz . 
3  0 
4  0 
12  0 
30  0 
Marguerite  Daisy,  doz.  ... 
6  0 
9  0 
9  0 
18  0 
Mignonette,  doz . 
4  0 
6  0 
9  0 
18  0 
Myrtles,  doz . 
6  0 
9  0 
6  0 
18  0 
Palms,  in  var.,  each . 
1  0 
15  0 
4  0 
18  0 
,,  specimens  . 
21  0 
63  0 
4  0 
18  0 
Pelargoniums,  doz . 
,,  Scarlet,  doz. 
8  0 
12  0 
5  0 
8  0 
3  0 
5  0 
1  0 
7  0 
Rhodanthe,  doz . 
4  0 
6  0 
1  0 
5  0 
Spirma,  doz . 
G  0 
9  0 
ts  for  the  garden  in  boxes,  and  in  great  variety. 
AVERAGE  WHOLESALE  PRICES.— CUT  FLOWERS.— Orchid  Blooms  m 
variety. 
8. 
d- 
8. 
d. 
Anemones,  doz.  bnchs.  ... 
1 
6  to  3 
0 
Arum  Lilies,  12  blooms  ... 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Asparagus  Fern,  bunch  ... 
2 
0 
3 
G 
Bouvardias,  bunch  . 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Carnations,  12  blooms 
1 
0 
3 
0 
Cornflower,  doz.  bnchs.  ... 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Eucharis,  doz . 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Gardenias,  doz . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Geranium,  scarlet,  doz. 
bnchs.  ...  ...  ...  ... 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Gladioli,  doz.  bnchs. 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Iris  (var.),  doz.  bnchs.  ... 
4 
0 
0 
0 
Lilac,  White  (French), 
bunch  . 
3 
6 
4 
0 
Lilium  longiflorum,  12 
blooms  . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  12  sprays 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Maidenhair  Fern,  doz. 
bnchs . 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Marguerites,  12  bnchs.  ... 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Mignonette,  doz.  bnchs.  ... 
2 
0 
4 
0 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Myosotis,  doz.  bunches  ... 
1 
6  to  2 
0 
Narciss  (var.).  doz.  bnchs. 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Orchids,  var.  doz.  blooms. 
1 
6 
12 
0 
Pffiony  (English),  Pink, 
0 
9 
0 
doz.  bnchs . 
6 
Pmony  (English),  Red, 
0 
doz.  bnchs . 
4 
0 
5 
Peeony  (French),  bunch... 
0 
6 
0 
9 
Pelargoniums,  12  bnchs. ... 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Pinks,  doz.  bnchs . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Pyrethrum,  doz.  bnchs  .... 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Rosea  (indoor),  doz . 
0 
6 
1 
0 
,,  Tea,  white,  doz. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
„  Yellow,  doz.  (Niels) 
1 
6 
4 
0 
„  Red,  doz.  blooms  ... 
1 
0 
3 
0 
„  Safrano  (English)  doz. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
„  Pink,  doz . 
3 
0 
5 
0 
,,  outdoor,  doz.  bnchs. 
4 
0 
9 
0 
Smilax,  bunch . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Tuberoses,  12  blooms 
1 
0 
1 
6 
THE  DIFFICULTIES  OF  DAIRY  FARMING. 
The  British  dairy  farmer  is  constantly  being  taunted  with  the 
fact  that  he  is  allowing  foreign  countries  to  drive  him  out  of  the 
market  by  supplying  a  better  article  at  a  lower  price.  That 
the  B.D  F.  is  in  fault  it  would  be  foolish  to  deny,  bat  the  question 
is  then  raised  as  to  whether  he  is  so  much  to  blame  as  his  manifold 
advisers  think.  Any  of  us  who  know  the  British  farmer  in  his 
home  see  plainly  enough  that  he  is  a  man  of  great  suspicion, 
and  rather  obstinate.  Taken  as  a  body,  there  is  no  spirit  of 
co-operation  existing.  He  looks  askance  at  his  neighbonr,  doubts 
his  ways  and  methods,  and  above  all,  be  sincerely  hates  any  scheme 
which  would  allow  of  outsiders  getting  any  data  to  go  upon  as  to 
his  financial  standing — indeed,  in  many  cases  he  would  rather 
come  to  grief,  relying  on  his  own  resourcfs,  thin  by  the  help  of 
co-operation  stem  the  fiowing  tide. 
Farmers  are  too  self-contained  ;  their  habits,  manner  of  life, 
and  old  customs  stick  to  them  so  tenaciously  that  it  will  take 
more  than  a  generation  to  broaden  their  views  and  enlarge  their 
sympathies.  A  great  deal  of  this  spirit  has  arisen  from  diversity 
of  holdings,  landlords’  restrictions,  and  the  severe  competition  in 
better  days  for  every  bit  of  land  worth  having,  and  the  plethora 
of  farm  pupils  (save  the  mark),  who,  incapable  of  taking  up  any 
other  decent  bniinfss,  have  been  pitchforked  into  farming,  with 
little  or  no  knowledge  and  a  fair  amount  of  capital,  which  they 
Boop  dissipate. 
In  the  dairy  trade  the  milk-selling  branch  would  be  much 
benefited  by  co-operation.  Lirge  customers  can  dictate  to  the 
railway  companies  with  more  chance  of  attention  than  single 
individuals.  Putting  aside  the  question  of  adulteration  as  beneath 
our  notice,  it  is  a  known  fact  that  milk  supplied  by  two  or  three 
farms  is  not  of  uniform  character.  In  the  first  place,  the  feeding 
