July  15^1897. 
JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER 
59 
profitable,  bat  nearly  all  will  lessen  their  area  and  specialise  their 
products. 
The  wiser  residents  regret  to  see  sales  of  colony  lands  at  high  prices 
to  non-residents  for  orchards  which  must  be  planned,  planted,  and  cared 
for  by  agents  or  by  those  who  sold  the  land.  California  offers  many  and 
great  inducements  to  persons  who  are  able  to  buy  land,  live  on  it,  and 
begin  work  there,  supporting  themselves  by  plain,  old-fashioned,  mixed 
farming  until  they  have  learned  how  to  specialise.  And  this  kind  of 
pioneering,  of  growing  up  with  the  country,  appears  needful  to  later 
contentment. 
One  colony  in  this  State  boasts  that  it  has  more  than  a  hundred  non¬ 
resident  investors,  most  of  whom  will  not  see  the  land  they  own  until  it 
is  covered  with  bearing  Vines  and  trees.  For  five  or  six  years  they  have 
paid  for  the  planting  and  care,  hoping  to  find  their  orchards  and  vine¬ 
yards  profitable.  But  such  tracts,  managed  by  syndicates  and  associa¬ 
tions,  have  never  been  satisfactory,  even  from  a  financial  standpoint, 
while  the  poor  instalment-payers  are  without  that  homely  attachment 
to  trees  that  one  has  planted,  and  to  gardens  that  one  has  created,  which 
is  really  the  only  salvation.  Thousands  of  acres  of  these  alien  and  hire¬ 
ling  orchards  are  likely  to  go  back  to  pasture  and  Wheat  fields. — Chas. 
H.  Shine  (in  “  Garden  and  Forest.”) 
LILIUM  CONCOLOR. 
A  GRACEFUL  plant  is  Lilium  concolor  when  flowering  in  gardens 
where  Lilies  are  prized.  The  flowers  are  of  moderate  size,  the  petals 
narrow  and  recurving,  but  the  colour  is  a  peculiarly  bright  orange  red, 
and  the  whole  appearance  is  light  and  elegant.  Variations  from  seed 
are  not  uncommon,  and  they  differ  chiefly  in  the  depth  of  the  colouring 
on  the  prominence  of  the  spots.  One  variety  is  noticeable  for  its  soft  tint, 
all  clearly  defined  spots,  a  flower  of  which  is  reproduced  in  the  accom¬ 
panying  woodcut  (fig.  10).  In  some  old  works  this  Lily  is  referred  to 
as  a  greenhouse  plant,  and  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century  it 
was  so  grown.  Long  since,  however,  it  was  proved  to  be  hardy,  and  is 
now  the  occupant  of  many  borders.  It  succeeds  wherever  the  soil  is 
not  excessively  heavy,  cold,  or  waterlogged,  but  is  also  adapted  for 
culture  in  pots. 
THE  YOUNH  GARDENERS’  DOMAIN. 
Peaches  and  Nectarines. 
{^Continued  from  page  35.) 
When  the  trees  are  in  full  growth  the  leading  shoots  may  be  stopped 
at  the  fourth  large  leaf  if  the  allotted  space  is  covered,  if  not  the 
growths  may  extend  to  their  full  length.  All  sub-laterals  on  established 
trees  should  be  stopped  at  the  first  joint. 
Thinning  the  fruit  is  deferred  too  long  in  many  if  not  most  cases. 
Peaches  and  Nectarines  generally  set  well  if  the  blooms  are  protected  in 
some  way.  As  soon  as  can  be  seen,  deformed  fruits  and  a  number  of 
crowded  fruits  should  at  once  be  removed,  leaving  about  double  the 
quantity  required  for  ripening  till  stoning  commences.  The  crop 
required  to  ripen  must  then  be  decided  upon,  bearing  in  mind  that  large 
fruits  of  good  varieties  are  always  the  best  flavoured.  Watering  the 
trees  must  be  attended  to  if  the  best  results  are  expected,  and  if  the 
borders  are  mulched  early  in  the  summer  with  strawy  manure  a  great 
saving  is  gained.  It  is  best  to  leave  the  soil  loose  around  the  trees 
for  an  inch  deep,  as  the  water  soaks  in  better,  and  prevents  the  soil 
cracking. 
Insects  most  commonly  found  on  Peach  trees  are  aphis  and  red 
spider.  Both  of  these  pests  require  early  attention  to  prevent  their 
increasing,  or  the  result  will  be  disastrous.  Quassia  extract  and  softsoap 
will  destroy  aphis  of  all  kinds  if  applied  in  liquid  form.  As  soon  as  the 
buds  begin  to  swell  or  break  into  growth  is  the  best  time  to  grapple 
with  spider  or  aphis.  Choose  a  warm  day,  and  when  the  sun  is  shining 
«et  the  garden  engine  or  syringe  to  work,  following  it  up  about  three 
times  a  week,  excepting  when  the  trees  are  in  flower,  and  not  much 
trouble  from  these  pests  should  occur.  Syringing  with  clear  water,  late 
in  the  afternoon  of  hot  days,  until  the  fruits  begin  colouring  is  beneficial 
to  the  trees. 
The  following  are  good  varieties  for  succession  :  Peaches. — Waterloo, 
Hale’s  Early,  Rivers’  Early  York,  Crimson  Galande,  Magdala,  Royal 
George,  Dymond,  Bellegarde,  Stirling  Castle,  Goshawk,  Barrington,  and 
Walburton  Admirable.  Nectarines. — Cardinal,  Early  Rivers,  Lord 
Napier,  Stan  wick  Elruge,  Pine  Apple,  Dryden,  Milton,  and  Spencer. 
— J.  L.  G. 
The  Means  and  Modes  of  Propagating  Plants. 
{Continued  from  page  12.) 
Plants  are  broadly  classified  by  the  character  and  permanence  of 
the  stem,  this  being  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial.  Thus  in  the  annual 
the  plant  is  raised  from  seed  in  the  spring  or  the  winter  preceding  the 
spring  in  which  it  appears  above  ground,  the  stem  attaining  its  fullest 
development  in  summer  when  the  blossom  appears,  and  the  seed  is 
subsequently  produced  and  ripened.  When  the  seed  is  ripe  the  functions 
of  the  roots  and  stem  are  performed,  and  the  plant  dies  to  be  reproduced 
from  the  seed  that  it  has  yielded.  The  various  cereals,  many  vegetables, 
and  all  the  flowers  popularly  termed  annuals  may  be  cited  as  examples 
of  this  class. 
A  biennial  lives,  as  the  term  implies,  for  two  years.  The  seed  from 
which  it  is  raised  is  sown  in  the  spring,  and  during  the  first  year  of  its 
existence  the  plant  produces  leaves,  and  in  some  cases  develops  a  fleshy, 
tuberous,  quasi  root.  In  the  second  year,  as  spring  is  ripening  into 
summer,  the  plant  sends  up  a  strong  stout  stalk,  which  blossoms  and 
yields  seed.  As  in  the  annual,  when  the  seed  is  ripe  the  work  of  the 
root  and  stem  is  done,  and  the  plant  perishes.  Parsley,  the  Carrot,  the 
Parsnip,  and  Beetroot  afford  familiar  examples  of  plants  of  this  class. 
Perennials  differ  from  {annuals  or  biennials  in  the  length  of  their 
duration.  They  live  more  than  two  years,  and  in  some  cases  for  hundreds 
of  years.  Among  such  may  be  named  ancient  Oaks  and  forest  trees  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  the  Vine  at  Hampton  Court,  and  the  still 
more  wonderful  Rose  tree  at  Hildersheim  in  Germany.  All  perennials 
are  not  long-lived.  They  last  a  few  years,  some  dying  down  to  the 
ground  and  sending  up  fresh  stems  yearly,  and  others  retaining  their 
Fig.  10.— Lilium  concolor. 
branches  and  shedding  their  leaves  in  the  autumn,  or  from  time  to  time 
gradually  and  almost  imperceptibly,  as  evergreens.  But  many  show 
deterioration  in  every  way  as  they  advance  in  age,  and  ultimately 
perish  or  are  rooted  up  to  make  room  for  plants  of  a  similar  kind  in  full 
strength  and  vigour. 
Advantage  has  been  taken  of  the  varying  character  of  perennial 
plants  to  classify  them  in  accordance  with  their  habit  of  growth  and 
appearance.  Thus  plants  whose  stems  are  soft  and  succulent,  and  contain 
but  little  woody  fibre,  and  die  down  to  the  roots  annually  to  spring  up 
again  next  year  from  buds  formed  at  the  base  of  the  perished  stems,  are 
called  herbaceous  plants.  The  Lychnis,  the  Phloxes,  some  of  the 
Delphiniums  or  Larkspurs,  and  Michaelmas  Daisy  are  examples  of 
herbaceous  plants.  Trees,  on  the  contrary,  whose  stems  are  composed  of 
hard  woody  fibre,  are  classified  as  ligneous  plants.  Shrubs  are  ligneous 
plants  by  reason  of  the  hardness  and  toughness  of  their  stems,  although 
they  differ  widely  in  height  and  dimensions  from  trees  properly  so  called, 
varying  in  altitude  from  about  2  feet  to  20  feet.  The  stems  of  shrubs 
throw  off  an  undergrowth  at  their  base  which  develop  into  new  stems  in 
