112 
^OUnnAL  OF  FORflGtTLTtJRE  AKt)  GOfTAGF  GARDENER. 
July  29,  189?, 
Presidents  of  the  Danish  R.A.S. ;  the  British  Minister,  Sir  Charles 
Scott ;  Herr  Faber,  Danish  Dairy  Commissioner,  and  others  met 
the  party  with  hearty  welcome.  The  Count’s  estate  extends  over 
fifty-four  square  miles.  The  home  farm  (820  acres)  is  managed  on 
a  nine-course  system  ;  300  head  of  cattle  are  kept,  190  of  them 
being  cows,  all  are  of  the  red  Danish  breed.  Now  science  steps 
in.  Half  these  cows  are  subjected  twice  a  year  to  the  tuberculin 
test  (we  have  not  arrived  at  that  in  England  yet). 
Twenty-four  breeding  sows  are  kept,  and  about  300  fat  pigs  are 
turned  out  annually.  The  horses  number  about  twenty-five.  The 
cows  appear  the  main  feature  on  this  farm,  and  are  most  carefully 
selected  in  their  butter  and  milk  qualifications  ;  500  gallons  of  milk 
per  annum  is  the  minimum  production  of  any  one  cow,  giving  less 
than  that  her  fate  is  sealed.  Close  attention,  too,  is  paid  to  the 
bulls,  only  those  the  offspring  of  grand  milkers  being  admitted 
into  the  stud  book. 
Now  hard-worked  English  dairymaids,  note  this — each  woman 
milks  twenty  cows  twic6  a-day  beside  doing  her  other  work.  Most 
of  these  cows  calve  in  the  autumn,  are  kept  up  till  the  beginning 
of  May,  are  then  turned  out  till  the  end  of  June,  spending  July 
indoors.  Now  here  we  may  note  a  point.  Our  cows  invariably 
run  off  in  this  month,  yet  we  look  upon  it  as  a  necessity  ;  it  has 
hence  occurred  to  us  they  would  do  better  up  in  cool  cowhouses, 
with  plenty  of  green  food  supplied  them  in  hot,  scanty  pastures* 
We,  too,  except  in  a  few  isolated  cases,  have  no  Mangolds  left, 
neither  do  we  ever  use  Sunflower  cake.  In  the  dairy  all  the  milk 
is  Separated,  and  then  the  cream  is  artificially  ripened. 
A  handsome  entertainment  followed  this  instructive  inspection, 
and  after  hearty  good  wishes,  exchanged  and  received,  our  party 
left  for  Copenhagen.  Monday  morning  early  found  ns  at  the 
Copenhagen  Milk  Supply  Co.  premises.  Here  5000  gallons  of 
milk  are  received  and  distributed  daily.  The  milk  is  first  filtered 
through  coarse,  fine  sand,  and  a  certain  quantity  is  pasteurised, 
after  which  it  will  keep  for  three  or  four  weeks.  Then  the  babies 
are  not  forgotten  ;  specially  prepared  milk  is  got  ready  for  them, 
bottled  and  sealed.  By  the  aid  of  ice  and  pasteurisation  the 
company  is  enabled  to  deliver  milk  only  once  a  day — this  must  be 
an  immense  saving  in  labour.  Butter  and  four  kinds  of  cheese 
are  also  produced  at  this  establishment. 
For  those  interested  the  cream  separator  factory  of  Messrs. 
Burmeister  &  Wain  was  on  view,  as  was  also  the  Scandinavian 
Preserved  Butter  Company’s  factory  and  the  public  abattoir. 
Very  properly  Government  is  exceedingly  strict  in  its  rules  as  to 
the  selling  of  any  doubtful  meat.  The  blood  from  the  abattoir  is 
converted  into  food  for  pigs  and  poultry  by  being  mixed  with 
molasses  and  meal. 
On  Tuesday  a  visit  was  paid  to  the  Agri.  College  at  Lyngby, 
where  are  from  eighty  to  100  pupils,  male  and  female,  mostly  the 
children  of  small  farmers.  The  course  of  education  is  purely 
theoretical,  and  the  full  term  of  work  is  about  nine  months. 
At  Mellose  is  a  co-operative  dairy  dealing  with  milk  of  900  to 
1000  cows.  This  factory  is  supplied  from  164  farms,  all  small 
ones,  and  the  farmers  are  the  managers.  Such  a  factory  is  found 
in  almost  every  parish. 
At  Lund  is  another  factory,  owned  by  170  members.  The 
price  paid  for  milk  is  3^d.  to  4d.  per  gallon.  Any  farmer  requiring 
separated  milk  can  have  it  at  about  0|^d.  per  gallon.  The  town 
price  is  l^d.  per  gallon. 
Then,  Ho  for  Sweden  !  The  College  and  Dairy  School  are  at 
Alnarp.  This  is  a  most  comprehensive  school,  being  divided  thus  : — 
1,  Higher  agri.  coll.  ;  2,  lower  agri.  coll. ;  3,  higher  dairy  coll.  ; 
4,  lower  dairy  for  men  ;  5,  lower  dairy  for  women  ;  6,  a  gardening 
college  ;  7,  a  farmery  school. 
Is  anything  left  out,  or  any  class  of  student  unprovided  for  ? 
In  the  higher  schools  the  fees  are  by  no  means  heavy  ;  in  the 
lower  schools  part,  if  not  all,  the  fees  are  remitted. 
A  visit  was  paid  to  the  factory  of  the  Stockholm  Milk  Supply 
Company,  also  the  Alpha  Laval  Separation  Works  was  seen.  Here 
a  man  may,  by  piecework,  earn  403.  per  week — not  a  bad  living 
wage. 
Here  in  England  dairy  work  and  management  has  been  left  to 
the  women  ;  other  industries,  deemed  more  important,  occupying 
the  energies  of  the  farmer.  We  have  made  a  mistake.  No 
industry  is  too  trivial,  and  no  industry  should  be  relegated  to  a 
“  back  seat,”  so  to  speak.  Please  do  not  think  we  disparage  our 
dairymaids,  not  for  a  moment,  What  we  say  is  this,  they  have 
had  to  work  on  bad  material  without  any  scientific  training* 
Neither  in  the  selection  of  the  cows,  their  feeding,  nor  in  the 
housing  of  the  milk  have  sufficient  pains  been  taken  ;  too  much 
has  been  left  to  chance.  Hence  it  is  that  little  Denmark,  where 
dairy  work  and  management  receive  the  first  and  best  attention, 
the  dairy  outcome  is  so  magnificent.  All  we  can  say  is  shortly 
summed  up  in  a  few  words.  Do  not  be  too  proud  to  learn,  and  be 
grateful  to  your  instructors. 
WOEK  ON  THE  HOME  FAEM. 
We  have  got  our  hay  crop  well  and  just  in  time,  for  rain  has  again 
begun  to  fall.  St.  S  within  this  year  was  dry,  but  barely  a  week  elapsed 
before  there  were  signs  of  a  break  in  the  weather.  The  rain  is  very 
welcome,  as  pastures  were  going  off  very  rapidly,  and  Tarnips,  especially 
the  early  ones,  wanted  moisture  very  much  ;  the  Potatoes,  too,  early  as 
well  as  late,  were  inclined  to  stop  the  growth  of  haulm,  and  it  remains  to 
be  seen  whether  there  has  been  sufficient  prematsre  ripening  to  cause 
second  growth  and  loss  of  shape  and  quality.  On  warm  soils,  it  is  to  be 
feared,  that  such  has  been  the  case. 
Though  grain  crops  as  a  rule  do  not  require  rain,  and  in  fact  would 
be  damaged  by  it  if  at  all  heavy,  still  a  thoroughly  good  soaking  now 
would  greatly  benefit  the  average  farmer.  The  meadows  and  clover 
stubbles  are  very  bare  aad  brown,  and  there  will  be  very  little  aftermath 
without  a  thorough  watering. 
Corn  is  changing  rapidly,  and  reapers  are  being  looked  over  and  pre¬ 
pared  for  work.  It  is  advisable  to  have  at  least  two  spare  connecting 
rods  for  each  machine,  for  when  one  breaks  it  is  often  a  case  of  misfor¬ 
tunes  not  coming  singly,  and  a  third  to  fall  back  on,  eats  nothing  whilst 
awaiting  its  turn. 
Every  effort  should  be  made  to  finish  Turnip  cleaning,  but  if  the 
most  has  been  made  of  recent  opportunities  there  should  be  little  left 
to  do. 
Coal  leading,  repairs  to  private  roads  and  gateways,  and  the  trim¬ 
ming  of  hedges  around  the  premises  are  items  of  work  to  occupy  any 
time  there  may  be  to  spare  from  the  thatching  of  the  haystacks,  which 
must  be  completed  at  once.  We  are  in  the  unfortunate  plight  of  being 
without  thatch,  and  have  cut  all  the  grass  on  hedge  sides  by  cart  roads 
and  ditches,  and  topped  up  the  stacks  with  the  mixture  ;  well  raked 
down  it  will  turn  a  good  deal  of  rain,  and  at  any  rate  be  a  protection  to 
the  more  valuable  fodder  beneath. 
Lambs  are  doing  well,  though  the  rain  with  its  starting  pf  new 
growth  in  the  pastures  may  cause  trouble.  Change  of  pasture  with  any 
dry  food  that  the  animals  can  be  induced  to  eat  is  the  best  preventive. 
Watery,  washy  food  of  any  kind  is  bad  for  lambs  at  this  period. 
MBTKOBOLOGICAL  OB8BBVATIONS. 
OAMDBN  SqUABB,  LOBUON. 
Lat.  81°  19' 40"  N. ;  Long.  0°  8/  0"  W.;  Altitude  111  teet. 
Datb. 
9  A.M. 
In  thb  Dat. 
Rain. 
1897. 
July. 
Barometer  i 
at  32°,  and 
j  Sea  Level,  j 
Hygrometer. 
Direc¬ 
tion  of 
Wind. 
Temp, 
of  soil 
at 
1  loot. 
Shade  Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature 
Dry. 
Wet. 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
Sun. 
On 
G-rasa. 
Inohs. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg 
deg. 
deg. 
Inohs 
Sunday  .....  18 
30*0«4 
67-7 
58-9 
N.E. 
67-0 
81*4 
56-2 
118-8 
49-4 
— 
Monday  ....  19 
29-802 
69-0 
59-4 
N.B. 
67-6 
79*8 
56-4 
1150 
49-2 
0-383 
Tuesday  ....  20 
29-607 
64-9 
61-0 
S.W. 
66-9 
77-4 
68*0 
122-1 
66-8 
— 
Wednesday  21 
29-700 
61-8 
68-9 
S.W. 
66-0 
73-2 
56-2 
108-1 
506 
0-012 
Thursday  ..  29 
*9-938 
63-4 
69-9 
N.W. 
65-0 
76-1 
67'7 
118-9 
51-5 
0-081 
Friday  ....  23 
30-143 
64-8 
57-9 
N.W. 
65-0 
79-5 
61-1 
129-0 
451 
Saturday  ..  24 
30-123 
72-1 
65-9 
S. 
66-6 
83-6 
60-0 
1263 
53-1 
— 
29-911 
66-2 
60-3 
66-3 
78'7 
66-6 
119-7 
50-8 
0-425 
EE  MARKS. 
18tb. — Generally  sunny,  but  base  or  tbin  cloud  at  times. 
19tb.— Sun  visible  most  of  day,  but  little  bright  sunshine.  Thunder,  lightning,  and 
heavy  rain  from  7.45  p.m.  to  9.30  P.M. 
20th.— Overcast  early,  frequently  sunny  after  9.80  A.M. ;  thunder  at  2.30  P.M., 
followed  by  spots  of  rain,  and  generally  cloudy  after. 
2  Ist.— Overcast  day:  much  thunder,  a  dozen  flashes  of  Ughtning,  and  spots  of  rain 
between  1.30  and  3.80  P.M. 
22nd.— Overcast  till  about  11  A.M.,  sunny  at  times  after. 
23rd. — A  little  cloud  early  ;  hot  sun  all  day. 
24th.— Bright  sun  almost  throughout,  with  pleasant  breeze. 
A  fine  hot  week.  The  thunderstorm  in  N.  London,  which  gave  from  2  to  2i  inches 
of  rain  at  some  places,  only  gave  0*01  inch  here.— G,  J.  Symobs. 
