August  12,  18&?. 
JOURNAL  OP  HORTICULTURR  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER, 
159  IS 
bUciish  olive  colour,  and  the  whole  fruit,  or  greater  part  of  it,  in  bad 
cases  becomes  involved,  turns  black  inside  and  rotsi  The  disetse  is  due 
solely  to  the  fungus,  but  can  be  avoided  by  cultural  methods.  The  most 
important  points  to  attend  to  are  : — 1,  Practise  thorough  cleanliness  in 
the  house,  removing  from  it  every  particle  of  old  plants  and  vegetable 
matter,  cleaning  the  woodwork  with  petroleum  emulsion  solution,  and 
washing  the  walls  or  boarded  sides  of  the  house  with  hot  limewash,  each 
pailful  having  a  handful  of  flowers  of  sulphur  in  it.  2,  Supply  quick¬ 
lime  to  the  bed  or  border,  1 J  cwt.  per  rod  ;  and,  after  slacking,  dig  iu 
with  a  fork  a  foot  deep,  taking  small  spits,  so  as  to  insure  an  even  distri¬ 
bution  of  the  lime.  3,  After  lying  a  time  ute  thoroughly  decayed 
manure,  if  any,  for  enriching  the  soil,  and  incorporate  well  with  it. 
This  will  also  tend  to  a  better  intermingling  of  the  lime.  4,  Employ 
such  soil  as  that  perfectly  free  from  partially  decayed  or  rough  vegetable 
matter  for  sowing  the  seed.  6,  Give  the  seedlings  plenty  of  light  and 
air  from  their  appearing  above  ground,  it  not  being  possible  to  have 
them  too  sturdy.  6,  Have  the  soil  Arm  for  the  plants,  whether  planted 
out  or  grown  in  pots.  7,  Afford  air  day  and  night  after  the  trusses  of 
bloom  appear,  so  that  the  foliage  and  flowers  and  fruit  may  dry  quickly 
if  syringed,  and  moisture  not  be  deposited.  8,  Fertilise  the  flowers 
carefully,  either  by  rapping  with  the  finger  jerked  on  the  shank,  or 
with  a  camel’s-hair  brush,  9,  Remove  the  corollas  directly  the  fruit 
is  set,  and  they  part  freely  from  the  surface,  not  leaving  them  to 
damp  and  rot.  10,  Rub  the  part  thus  cleared  gently  with  a  moisture  of 
air-slaked  best  chalk  lime  and  flowers  of  sulphur  in  equal  parts  well 
mixed,  or  preferably,  apply  with  a  fine  soft  brush.  11,  Paint  the  hot- 
water  pipes  with  a  cream  formed  of  flowers  of  sulphur  and  skim  milk, 
and  occasionally  heat  theip  to  170°,  so  as  to  give  off  fumes,  never  being 
afraid  to  have  a  little  warmth  in  them  in  dull  weather  or  when  needful 
to  keep  the  air  in  motion.  12,  Avoid  the  use  of  straw  or  partially 
decayed  manure  as  a  mulch.  13,  Feed  by  means  of  “  artificials  ”  washed 
in  or  liquid  manure.  These  points  attended  to,  the  disease  may  be 
greatly  mitigated  if  not  prevented.  It  is  damp  on  the  fruit,  held  by 
the  decaying  calyx,  that  aids  the  fungus  germ  tube  to  enter  from 
the  germinating  sports.  These  come  from  dead  stems  or  parts  of 
plants  that  have  been  affected  by  the  fungus  and  in  which  the 
parasite  mostly  lives  over  the  winter,  again  giving  rise  to  the  malady.  No 
less  than  four  germ-tubes  have  entered  the  fruit  sent  at  its  eye,  and  their 
mycelial  hyph®  are  rampant  in  the  flesh,  destroying  the  tissues  and 
causing  the  fruit  to  become  black  inside.  Do  not  save  seed  from 
affected  fruit.  As  a  further  precaution,  you  may  dust  the  plants  with  a 
fungicide  in  powder  containing  10  per  oent.  of  sulphate  of  copper,  keep¬ 
ing  the  trusses  coated  very  lightly,  applying  with  a  bellows  apparatus. 
The  other  procedure,  however,  has  proved  very  satisfactory. 
names  of  Plants. — (6*.  C.).— Cimicifuga  spicata.  (^F.  M,  L.'). — 
1,  Harpalium  rigidum  ;  2,  Chrysanthemum  maximum  ;  3,  Pyrethrum 
uliginosum  ;  4,  Brigeron  speciosus.  (^Lex). — 1,  Adiantum  grandiceps  ; 
2,  Nephrolepis  davallioides  fnrcans  ;  3,  specimen  insufficient,  possibly 
Kentia  canterburyana  ;  4,  Cocos  WeddelJiana  ;  5,  Maranta  major  ;  6, 
Pteris  cretica.  {Hants), — Rubus  odoratus.  {J.  C.  J,). — 1,  Monarda 
didyma  ;  2,  Catananche  ccerulea  ;  3,  Pentstemon  Wm.  Rollinson  ;  4, 
Cornus  sanguineus  ;  5,  GEnothera  macrocarpa  ;  6,  an  Argemone. 
{M.  II,  8,). — Staphylea  colchica.  {Orchid). — Cattleya  Loddigesi. 
COVENT  GARDEN  MARKET. — August  11th. 
FRUIT. 
s*  d. 
8.  d. 
8.  d. 
s.  d. 
Apples,  ^  sieve . . 
...  1  3to3  0 
Lemons,  case  . 
11  0tol4  0 
Filberts,  100  lbs. 
...  25  0 
30  0 
St.  Michael’s  Pines,  each 
3  0 
8  0 
Grapes,  lb . 
...  0  8 
2  0 
VEGETABLES. 
s.  d. 
s.  d. 
8,  d. 
s.  d. 
Asparagus,  per  lOO  ... 
...  0  0  to  0  0 
Mustard  .and  Cress,  punnet 
0  2  to  0  4 
Beans,  ^  sieve  . 
...  0  0 
0  0 
Onions,  bushel . 
3  () 
4  0 
Beet,  Red,  doz  ...  ... 
...  1  0 
0  0 
Parsley,  doz.  bnchs . 
2  0 
3  0 
Carrots,  bunch . 
...  0  3 
0  4 
Parsnips,  doz  . 
1  0 
0  0 
Cauliflowers,  doz. 
...  2  0 
3  0 
Potatoes,  cwt . 
2  0 
4  0 
Celery,  bundle . 
...  1  0 
0  0 
Salsafy,  bundle . 
1  0 
0  0 
Coleworts,  doz.  bnchs. 
...  2  0 
4  0 
Seakale,  basket . 
1  6 
1  9 
Cucumbers . 
...  0  4 
0  8 
Scorzonera,  bundle . 
1  G 
0  0 
Endive,  doz . 
...  1  3 
1  6 
Shallots,  lb . 
0  3 
0  0 
Herbs,  bunch  . 
...  0  3 
0  0 
Spinach,  pad  . 
0  0 
0  4 
Leeks,  bunch  . 
...  0  2 
0  0 
Sprouts,  J  sieve . . 
1  6 
1  9 
Lettuce,  doz . 
...  1  3 
0  0 
Tomatoes,  lb . 
0  4 
0  0 
Mushrooms,  lb . 
...  0  6 
0  8 
Turnips,  bunch . . 
0  3 
0  0 
PLANTS 
IN  POTS. 
s.  d. 
8.  d. 
B.  d. 
s.  d. 
Arbor  Vitro,  var.  doz. 
...  6  0to36  0 
Fuchsias,  doz . 
4  0  to  6  0 
Aspidistra,  doz . 
...  18  0 
o(5  0 
Heliotropes,  per  doz. 
3  0 
5  0 
Aspidistra,  specimen 
...  5  0 
10  « 
Hydrangeas,  doz . , 
8  0 
10  0 
Calceolarias,  doz.  ... 
...  2  6 
4  0 
Lilium  Harrisi,  doz . 
12  0 
18  0 
Campanula,  per  doz... 
...  4  0 
9  0 
Lobelias,  doz . 
2  6 
4  0 
Cockscombs,  per  doz... 
...  2  0 
4  0 
Lycopodiums,  doz . 
3  0 
4  0 
Coleus,  doz . 
...  2  6 
4  0 
Marguerite  Daisy,  doz.  ... 
4  0 
9  0 
Dracrona,  var.,  doz.  ... 
...  12  0 
30  0 
iliguonette,  doz . 
4  0 
6  0 
Dracrona,  viridis,  doz. 
...  9  0 
18  0 
Myrtles,  doz . 
6  0 
9  0 
Euonymus,  var.,  dozen 
...  6  0 
18  0 
Palms,  in  var.,  each . 
1  0 
15  0 
Evergreens,  var.,  doz. 
...  4  0 
18  0 
,,  specimens  . 
21  0 
63  0 
Ferns,  var.,  doz. 
...  4  0 
18  0 
Pelargoniums,  doz . 
8  0 
12  0 
Ferns,  small,  100  ... 
...  4  0 
6  0 
,,  Scarlet,  dcz. 
2  0 
4  0 
Ficus  elastica,  each  ... 
...  1  0 
7  0 
Rhodanthe,  doz . 
4  0 
6  0 
Foliage  plants,  var.,  each  1  0 
5  0 
AVERAGE  WHOLESALE  PRICES. 
* 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Arum  Lilies,  12  blooms  ... 
2 
0  to4 
0 
Asparagus  Fern,  bunch  ... 
2 
0 
3 
6 
Astei^  (French)  per  buch. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Bouvardias,  bunch  . 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Carnations,  12  blooms 
1 
0 
3 
0 
,,  doz.  bnchs.  ... 
3 
0 
6 
0 
Cornflower,  doz.  bnchs.  ... 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Eucharis,  doz . 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Gardenias,  doz . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Geranium,  scarlet,  doz. 
bnchs . 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Gladioli,  doz.  bnchs. 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Lavender,  doz.  buchs. 
Lilium  longiflorum,  12 
6 
0 
8 
0 
blooms  . 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  12  sprays 
1 
0 
2 
0 
CUT  FLOWERS. — Orchids  in  variety. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Marguerites,  12  bnchs.  ... 
2 
0( 
to  3 
0 
Maidenhair  Fern,  doz. 
bnchs . 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Mignonette,  doz.  bnchs.  ... 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Orchids,  var.  doz.  blooms. 
Pelargoniums,  12  bnchs. ... 
1 
G 
12 
0 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Pyrethrum,  doz.  bnchs  .... 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Roses  (indoor),  doz . 
0 
6 
1 
0 
,,  Tea,  white,  doz. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
„  Yellow,  doz.  (Niels) 
1 
6 
4 
0 
„  Red,  doz.  blooms  ... 
1 
0 
2 
0 
„  Safrano  (English)  doz. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
„  Pink, doz . 
1 
0 
2 
6 
,,  outdoor,  doz.  bnchs. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Smilax,  bunch . 
2 
0 
3 
G 
Tuberoses,  12  blooms 
0 
3 
0 
4 
POULTRY  SCHOOLS  FOR  ENGLAND. 
In  these  days  of  advanced  science,  when  everyone  has  a  chance 
of  learning  how  and  when  he  likes,  and  going  either  deeply  or 
superficially  into  matters  great  and  small,  it  is  almost  a  wonder 
that  more  has  not  been  done  to  encourage  and  foster  aviculture,  or, 
in  other  words  the  science  of  breeding  and  rearing  fowls. 
Early  in  this  decade  steps  were  taken  by  County  Councils  for  the 
development  of  technical  education  in  the  small  villages  as  well 
as  in  the  large  and  busy  centres.  Pupils  have  been  taught  by 
means  of  lectures,  demonstrations  by  teachers,  and  also  by  practical 
work  done  by  the  pupils.  The  subjects  have  been  very  diverse, 
bat  not  more  so  than  the  pupils.  You  will  see  the  grey-headed 
man  and  the  boy  just  out  of  school  eagerly  listening  and  learning 
together  ;  you  will  see  the  mistress  of  a  large  household,  her  young 
daughter,  and  possibly  one,  if  not  more,  of  her  servants  attending 
the  same  class. 
In  the  country  districts  dairy  work,  laundry  work,  and  cooking 
classes  have  filled  the  best,  and,  we  should  add,  health  lectures 
and  nursing  lessons  have  come  in  for  their  full  meed  of  favour. 
We  have  had  veterinary  classes  for  the  men,  and  a  few  poultry 
lectures  for  all.  The  gentlemen  delivering  the  latter  have  made  a 
practice,  as  far  as  time  would  allow,  of  visiting  poultry  yards 
and  giving  the  owners  advice — very  capital  advice  too. 
But  poultry  keeping,  to  make  the  very  best  of  it,  is  not  to  be 
learned  by  attending  a  few  lectures.  No  man,  however  clever,  can 
compress  all  he  wants  to  tell  in  three  or  four  hours  at  most.  That 
there  is  great  need  for  reform  in  this  minor  industry  no  one  for  a 
moment  doubts.  We  all  thought  we  knew  how  to  makp  butter — 
we  certainly  all  did  make  some  substance,  sometimes  good,  some¬ 
times  middling,  sometimes  only  fit  for  cart  grease.  Now  we  find 
that  by  sending  our  daughters  and  dairymaids  to  undergo  a  short 
course  of  systematic  training  our  butter  making  has  become  a 
science  and  art — no  longer  an  unknown  or  doubtful  quantity.  So 
far  so  good  ;  but  till  we  can  manage  to  lessen  the  amount  of  money 
that  goes  out  of  this  country  annually  for  eggs  and  poultry  we 
must,  in  all  fairness,  admit  we  have  much  to  learn  in  poultry 
management.  Our  bill  last  year  came  to  £4,G08,G06,  and  we  do 
think  some  at  least  of  that  might  be  kept  at  home  to  help  line  our 
empty  pockets. 
A  step  in  the  right  direction  has  been  taken  lately,  and  we  hail 
it  with  pleasure,  believing  it  only  to  be  the  forerunner  of  a  great 
movement.  Some  of  our  County  Couccils  have,  and  are,  arranging 
for  classes  for  fifteen  days  or  three  weeks,  practical  classes  where 
the  work  is  entirely  done  by  the  pupils.  Of  course  cavillers  will 
say  three  weeks  is  not  enough  ;  but  we  think  an  intelligent  pupil 
may  iu  that  time  grasp  sufficient  facts  that  will  enable  him  to 
continue  his  own  education.  The  classes  have  been  held  during 
