-...  January  16,  1902.  JOURNAL  OF  11  OUT ICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDEN EU.  67 
throat  and  chocolate  lines.  It  forms  a  fine  deep  tube,  with  richly 
coloured  edge  (First  Cla«s  Certificate). 
Lcelia  anctps  Hi  liana  liosepeldiense  (de  Barri  Crawshay,  Esq.). — 
White,  with  delicate  mauve-pink  toning ;  medium  size,  yellow  throat, 
with  mauve  tint  at  the  tip  of  the  lip  ;  very  fine  (Award  of  Merit). 
Lielio-Cattleya  O  plums  (.J.  Veitch  &  Sons,  Ltd.). — A  lavely 
hybrid,  with  a  well  expanded  soft  wavy  lip.  deep  primrose  suffusion  in 
the  throat.  Sepals  long  and  narrow',  pink-tainted  ;  pure  white  petals. 
The  parentage  w'as  Ij.  glauca  and  C.  Trianee  alba  (Award  of  Merits 
1‘ear  Winter  Nelis  (J.  Veitch  A'  Sons.  Ltd.). — This  splendiel  late- 
keeping  Pear  received  a  First  Class  Certificate. 
Cardiff  Card  ners’  Association. 
The  opening  meeting  of  the  above  took  place  on  Tuesday, 
January  7,  at  the  Gram!  Hotel,  Mr.  F.  G.  Treseeler,  F.R.H.S., 
in  the  chair^  Mr.  F.  W.  E.  Shrivell,  F.L.S.,  F.R.H.S.,  of 
Thompson’s  Farm,  Tonbridge,  delivereel  an  exhaustive  and  varied 
lecture  upon  chemical  and  organic  manures,  defining  the  proper 
proportions  for  certain  subjects,  and  the  best  times  to  apply  the 
.same.  The  lecturer  pointed  out  that  the  very  best  results  could 
be  obtained  by  applying  chem  cals  methodically  and  carefully 
upon  fruits,  vegetables,  and  herbaceous  borders. 
Printed  sheets  were  used  for  the  use  of  members,  showing 
the  proper  quantities  to  be  mixed  together.  Though  it  was  the 
fourth  time  Mr.  Shrivell  had  lectured  before  the  association,  the 
matter  used  seemed  to  be  all  new,  and  proved  to  be  even  inore 
interesting  than  his  former  lectures.  At  the  close  Mr.  Shrivell 
was  accorded  the  best  thanks  of  the  association  for  his  splendid 
advice,  to  which  he  very  ably  responded. 
Chester  Pax'on  Society. 
The  opening  meeting  for  the  present  session  was  held  in  the 
Grosvenor  Museum  on  Saturday,  when  the  Curator,  Mr.  R.  New- 
stead,  F.E.S.,  delivered  a  lecture  entitled,  “  The  Mammals  of  the 
British  Isles,  Past  and  Present.”  The  chair  was  occupied  by  Mr. 
John  Weaver,  President  of  the  Society,  who  offered  a  few'  words 
of  welcome  to  the  members,  and  briefly  introduced  Mr.  New- 
stead.  In  his  introductory  remarks,  the  lecturer  dealt  with  the 
mammals  inhabiting  the  British  Isles  within  the  historic  period, 
which  amounted  to  forty-seven  terrestrial  species,  including  the 
wolf,  beaver,  brown  bear,  and  wild  boar,  all  of  which  are  now 
extinct.  The  bats  were  afterwards  dealt  with  at  sonie  length, 
interesting  details  being  given  as  to  the  food  and  habits  of  these 
curious  animals.  Proceeding,  Mr.  Newstead  passed  in  review  all 
the  species  which  were  more  familiar  to  the  horticulturist  and 
agriculturist,  including  the  several  kinds  of  rats  and  voles  and 
mice,  as  well  as  the  mole,  squirrel,  Ac.  The  principal  mammalia 
were  shown  on  lantern  slides,  and  these  gave  added  interest  to 
the  lecture,  which  was  closely  followed  by  all  who  w;ere  present. 
Several  que.stions  were  asked,  and  an  interesting  discussion  fol¬ 
lowed,  in  which  Messrs.  G.  P.  Miln,  John  Scott,  Robert  Wake¬ 
field,  and  others  took  part.  The  chairman  proposed,  and  Mr. 
N.  F.  Barnes  seconded,  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  New'stead. 
Chiswick  Gardeners’ 
Owing  to  the  energy  and  ability  of  the  new  secretary  of  this 
mutual  improvement  association,  the  first  meeting  of  the  year, 
held  on  January  9,  is  to  be  recorded  as  an  unqualified  success. 
The  old  Council  Chamber  was  packed  to  overflowing.  Mr.  T.  A. 
Dymes,  of  the  Selborne  Society,  gave  a  lecture  on  “  The  Mutual 
Dependence  of  Animals  and  Plants.”  After  pointing  out  that 
the  life  of  both  is  dependent  upon  satisfying  the  same  require¬ 
ments  of  respiration,  nutrition,  and  reproduction  among  other 
necessities  in  common,  he  drew'  a  sliarp  distinction  between  the 
true  food  taken  into  the  animal  body,  including  our  own,  and 
the  “  food-ingredients  ”  absorbed  by  plants  ;  and  emphasised  the 
fact  that  plants  are  as  incapable  of' digesting  liquid  minerals  and 
gases  as  we  our-selves.  By  a  series  of  lantern  slides  the  path  of 
the  solutions  absorbed  by  the  roots  and  conducted  into  the  leaves 
W'as  explained,  as  well  as  the  admission  of  COj-  first  into  the 
interior  of  the  leaf  and  then  to  the  inside  of  the  cells.  Attention 
was  next  drawn  to  the  chlorophyll  corpuscles,  and  it  was  pointed 
out  that  under  the  influence  of  sunlight  and  an  appropriate  tem¬ 
perature  their  work  is  to  construct  food  from  the  ingredients 
now  contained  with  them  inside  the  cell,  the  first  visible  product 
of  their  labour  being  starch.  Hence  chlorophyll  is  the  great 
manufacturer  of  food  for  the  whole  world,  no  other  source  and  no 
other  means  of  manufacturing  it  being  known.  Reverting  to 
the  absorption  of  CO^  by  the  leaves,  reference  was  made  to  its 
continuous  exhalation  by  animals  and  removal  by  plants,  which, 
in  the  process  of  food  manufactures,  break  it  up  into  its  con¬ 
stituents,  and  return  the  oxygen  to  the  air.  Thus  does  the 
vegetable  world  put  the  animal  into  the  position  of  double  debtor 
for  food  and  breath.  .  ^ 
Turning  to  the  other  side  of  the  account,  in  spite  ot  appear¬ 
ances  every  plant  during  its  life  passes  through  one  locomotive 
epoch,  viz.,  the  seed  or  dispersal  epoch,  locomotion  being  alsoi 
essential  for  the  purpose  of  pollination.  Themselves  deficient  in 
this  respect,  plants  call  to  their  aid  the  locomotive  powers  of 
Nature  and  the  animal  world.  Illustrations  of  .some  thirty 
native  plants  Were  shown  upon  the  screen,  and  their  pollination 
and  dispersal,  either  by  aiiiiiials,  wind,  or  the  plant  it.self,  were 
explained.  In  conclusion,  it  was  contended  that  the  debtor 
balance  was  against  the  animals,  whose  dependence  as  individuals, 
and  as  a  kingdom  is  absolute,  while  on  the  other  hand  there  are 
many  plants  absolutely  independent  of  the  animal  world,  the 
extinction  of  which  would  by  no  means  involve  the  disappearance 
of  the  vegetable,  although  it  would  change  the  whole  face  of  our 
flora  so  profoundly  as  to  suggest  those  remote  geological  times 
when  bright  blossoms  and  the  hum  of  insects  were  .still  buried  in 
the  possibilities  of  the  future,  and  the  earth  was  arrayed  in  a 
sombre  cloak  of  Cryptogams  and  Conifers.  Votes  of  thanks 
were  unaniniously  accorded  to  the  lecturer  and  Mr.  Alan,  who 
kindly  lent  and  worked  his  lantern,  and  were  suitably  responded" 
to.  The  record  attendance  was  a  good  start  for  the  spring, 
season. — E.  H.  Buck,  Hon.  Secretary. 
C’oydoff  Horticultural. 
The  annual  general  meeting  passed  on  Tuesday,  the  7th  inst.. 
The  report  for  the  year,  showing  the  society  to  be  in  a  sound, 
financial  position,  and  gaining  considerable  favour  in  the  district, 
was  received  by  the  members.  The  sum  of  25s.  has  been  gathered 
at  the  meetings,  and  has  been  handed  over  to  the  secretary  of 
the  Royal  Gardeners’  Orphan  Fund.  The  balance-sheet  and 
statement  of  accounts  for  the  year  ended  December  31,  1901, 
showed  that  the  balance  in  hand  at  the  commencement  of  the 
year  was  19s.  4d.,  while  subscriptions,  &c.,  made  the  total  re¬ 
ceipts  up  to  £19  11s.  4d.  The  expenditure  was  such  that  a 
balance  of  £3  6s.  9d.  was  carried  forward.  The  accounts,  pre¬ 
pared  by  Mr.  F.  C.  L.  Wratten,  treasurer,  were  audited  and 
found  correct  by  Messrs.  C.  A.  Blogg  and  W.  Turney.  The 
officers  and  committee  for  the  ensuing  year  were  then  chosen  as, 
appended: — President,  Mr.  Frank  Lloyd:  vice-presidents,  Mr. 
F.  W.  Burbidge,  M.A.,  V.M.H.  (Dublin),  Mr.  F.  English 
(Addington  Park),  Mr.  Wickham  Noakes  (Selsdon  Park),  Mr. 
J.  J.  Reid  (Coombe  Lodge),  Mr.  C.  H.  Walker  (Falkland  Park), 
Mr.  F.  C.  L.  Wratten  (Croydon);  treasurer,  Mr.  Percy  F.  Bun- 
yard;  lion,  secretary,  Mr.  John  Gregory  (60,  Canterbury  Road,. 
Croydon);  chairman,  Mr.  W.  J.  Simpson;  vice-chairman,  Mr. 
M.  E.  Mills;  committee,  Messrs.  C.  A.  Blogg,  W.  Bryant,  H.. 
Boshier,  P.  Bound,  J.  Dingwall,  W.  Harris,  W.  E.  Humphreys,. 
E.  Kromer,  W.  Laing,  W.  H.  Lisle,  A.  Maslen,  A.  H.  Naylor, 
W.  Simpson,  W.  Woodgate,  and  J.  Wright.  Towards  the  close 
of  the  meeting  Mr.  Gregory  was  heartily  thanked  for  his  excel¬ 
lent  services  as  lion,  secretary  during  the  year,  and  he  in  turn, 
mentioned  that  the  second  annual  dinner  and  social  evening  of 
the  society  would  take  place  at  the  Greyhound  Hotel,  Croydon,, 
on  Wednesday,  January  22,  when  Mr.  Frank  Lloyd  (who  was  that 
evening  prevented  from  attending)  had  kindly  consented  to  pre¬ 
side.  A  harmonious  meeting  closed  with  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.. 
Simpson  for  his  conduct  of  the  business. 
Devon  and  Exeter  Gardeners'. 
The  spring  session  (1902)  of  the  above  opened  on  Wednesday; 
January  15,  when  Mr.  F.  W.  E.  Shrivell,  F.L.S.,  lectured  on 
“  Chemical  Manures  and  their  Action  on  Bush  and  other  Fruits^, 
including  Tomatoes,  Grapes,  &c.”  The  other  papers  are  :. 
Wednesday,  January  29,  Mr.  G.  C.  Crabbe,  Pro.spect  Park, 
Exeter,  “The  Chrysanthemum  as  a  Cottager’s  Plant;”  Wed¬ 
nesday,  February  12,  Mr.  E.  A.  Meyer,  Exeter,  “The  Art  oL 
Gardening  in  Germany  as  Compared  with  England  ;  ”  Wednesday, 
February  26,  Mr.  George  Lee,  gardener,  Upton  Leigh,  “  Hybridi— 
-sation  and  its  Bearing  on  Practical  Gardening,  Botany,  and 
Commerce  ;  ”  Wednesday,  March  12,  Mr.  H.  Baker,  assistant  at 
Messrs.  Veitch’s  nurseries,  “  Eccentricities  in  Plant  Life ;  ” 
Wednesday,  March  26,  Mr.  R.  Hodder,  gardener  to  Mrs.  Trevor- 
Barclay,  Ponsonby,  “  A  Stroll  in  the  Garden.”  The  giving  of 
small  prizes  at  the  fortnightly  meetings  of  the  last  two  sessions, 
for  specific  subjects  in  vegetables  or  flowers,  proved  an  attrac¬ 
tion  to  the  members,  and  the  committee  therefore  continue  the 
practice. 
Scottisli  Horticultural  Association. 
The  annual  business  meeting  of  this  association  was  held-  iin 
Dowell’s  Rooms,  Edinburgh,  on  the  evening  of  Tuesday,  the 
14th  inst.  There  was  a  very  large  attendance  of  members,  Mr. 
Comfort,  pre.sident,  in  the  chair.  The  .secretary  read  the  twenty- 
fifth  annual  report  of  the  council,  giving  an  account  of  the  pro¬ 
ceedings  of  the  association  during  the  pa.st  year,  which  .sho-^ved 
that  its  operations  wei'e  in  a  most  active  and  successful  operation. 
There  are  now  over  1,100  members  on  the  roll,  and  the  monthly 
meetings  had  been  very  largely  attended,  and  the  papers  read’ 
