June  15,  1899. 
497 
JO(JRXAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AXD  COTTAGE  GARDEXER. 
a  <loubIe  Corni.  It  was  shown  at  the  Iloyal  Horticultural  Society's 
luoptui"  on  April  ISili,  1899,  and  will,  doubllt'ss,  be  distributed  by  the 
trade  in  due  time.  Its  principal  advantaftes  ought  to  be  a  better  colour, 
and  its  lasting  longer  in  flower,  unless  heavy  rains  lodging  among  the 
petals  discolour  these.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  it  may  prove  as  free- 
flowering  ns  the  type. — Ai.i’ixus. 
(To  be  continued.) 
PLANTIXG  VEGETABLES. 
When*  is  the  best  time  to  plant  the  various  kitchen  garden  crops  that, 
from  time  to  time,  require  removal  from  the  .seeil  beds  to  the  ([uarters 
where  they  are  expecitd  to  remain  for  permanent  use.’  This  is  a 
question  that  has  several  times  been  asked,  utn!  is  one  to  which  anything 
but  a  general  answer  r-an  be  giver.  ;  for,  although  it  is  customary  to  soy 
“plant  out  after  ram, ''  the  many  failures  we  sie  from  so  doing  would 
seem  to  imply  that  the  advice  must  bo  acted  upon  with  caution,  or,  in 
other  words,  it  must  be  qualified  to  suit  the  circumstances  cf  the  case. 
We  have  all  seen  fine  young  stocks  of  Lettuces  planted  out  in  their 
final  quarters  disappear  within  a  very  few  hours  alter,  and  hed.s  of  tender 
annuals  have  sometimes  suffered  a  like  fati',  more  especially  it  they  be 
margined  liy  a  considerabl?  breadth  of  grass,  which  forms  a  lurking 
place  from  which  foraging  parties  of  their  enemies  make  nightly  sallies, 
and  carry  away  all  that  is  most  valuable.  Now,  this  drawback  amounts, 
in  some  instances,  to  the  entire  loss  of  a  crop,  or  several  crops  in  suc¬ 
cession  ;  nor  arc  protective  measures  so  effective  as  could  be  wished  :  it 
therefore  becomes  the  inq.iirlng  mind  to  weigh  well  the  hem  fits  of 
planting  alter  heavy  rains,  and  the  evils  to  which  the  sr  stem  i.s  exposed. 
I  have  been  so  situated  as  to  find  it  almost  impossible  to  save  my 
Brussels  Sprouts  and  (Ireens,  which  it  is  customary  to  plant  out  early  in 
.lune,  I  planted  them  rnit  in  wet  weather,  consequently  I  adopted  the 
other  extreme,  and  planted  them  out  when  the  ground,  ns  well  as  the 
weather  was  very  dry,  and  usually  with  great  success.  The  reason  was 
obvious — a  stiff  retentive  soil  is  the  one  most  favourable  to  the  production 
of  slugs,  the  enemies  of  almost  all  young  and  tender  vegetation  ;  vvhile 
a  soil  of  an  opposite  kimi  is  one  of  tiie  best  antidotes  to  their  increase,  the 
sharp  gritty  pirticles  of  which  a  sandy  soil  is  composed  being  at  variance 
with  the  locomotive  power.s  of  slugs,  and  they  are  less  able  to  crawl  about 
in  search  of  food,  and  do  not  consequently  e.xi>t  in  such  numbers  as  in 
the  more  adhesive  loams,  better  known  in  garden  phraseology  a.s  heavy' 
soils. 
Now,  tis  the  slug  exists  in  the  stiff  soil  to  a  more  dangerous  extent 
than  in  tho  dry  sanrly  one,  we  may  reasonably  infer  that  the  planting 
operation  ought  to  bo  di.ne  on  the  stiff  S'.il  in  dry  weather,  in  order  that 
the  platils  may  escape  the  ravages  they  would  bo  subjected  to  were 
they  planted  out  whilst  it  was  wet,  and  apparently  favourable  to  the 
plants  growing  well.  A  few  dull  days  in  the  iiudstof  dry  weather  are  to 
be  prcfei rod,  and  to  such  plants  as  those  of  the  largo  Cabbage  family, 
which  root  rather  deeply,  there  is  seldom  that  lack  of  moisture  in  such 
soils  as  to  render  more  than  one  wateiing  necessary,  while  on  dry,  sandy, 
or  gravelly  s.dls  of  some  districts  they  would  want  that  assistance  almost 
daily,  in  order  to  s  pport  themselves  against  the  drying  influence  by 
which  they  are  surrounded. 
In  planting  out  crops  on  these  two  soils  it  is  easy'  to  see  that  two 
different  courses  must  lie  adopted  -  tho  stiff  retentive  one  must  be  planted 
in  dull  weather,  and  when  the  surface  of  tho  ground  is  tolerably  dry  ; 
while  tho  sandy  or  grarelly  soil  must  be  planted,  il  possible,  in  n  showery 
season,  in  order  that  the  plants  may  derive  the  full  benefit  of  that  agent, 
on  which  they  must  look  as  affording  them  the  most  important  portion  of 
their  daily  food — ie..  atmospheric  moisture.  Tnese  reasons  being  given, 
it  is  easy  to  see  when  the  best  time  has  arrived  lor  planting  out  the  various 
Cabbageworts  in  Buminer. 
It  IS  next  a  matter  of  inquiry  as  to  their  size,  and  other  particulars, 
and  this  is.  also,  tolerably  easy  to  define  ;  for  a  small,  delicate  plant,  with 
its  leafstalks  elongated,  so  us  to  be  unable  to  support  the  b.-oad  portion 
of  its  leaf,  is  not  at  all  likely  to  withstand  the  sunshine  of  midsummer,  eir 
liie  drying  effects  of  the  dog  days  ;  but  such  a  plant  may  be  able  to  endure 
the  change  w hich  is  rendered  comparatively  easy,  when  performed  at  u 
time  when  both  the  ground  and  the  atmosphere  is  saturated  with  moisture. 
It  then  speedily  accommodates  itself  to  the  altered  circum'taiices  of  its 
jrosition,  and  those  leaves,  w'tiich,  at  planting  out,  were  unable  to  hold  up 
their  proper  side  to  the  sun,  (]uic'kly  recover  strength  to  do  so,  and  ihat 
before  any  serious  harm  takes  place  from  their  reversed  position,  for  the 
latter  was  done  wiiile  the  sun  had  comparatively  little  chance  to  injure 
them,  the  air  being  moist.  L>  t  it  be  observed  that  this  operation  must 
only  be  performeti  on  ground  that  is  tolerably'  tiee  from  such  pests  as 
prey  on  the  young  plants,  otherwise  its  delicate  condition,  when  in  the 
state  we  have  thus  described,  will  speedily  toriipt  them  to  its  destruction. 
There  is  a  class  of  plants  less  robust  than  the  Cabbageworts,  and  equally, 
if  not  more,  agreeable  to  the  stomach  of  the  vorati  ms  slugs  ;  these  must 
be  tiiffeiently  treated,  lor  they  cannot  well  endure  the  scorching''  sunshine 
that  the  others  can,  neither  are  they  so  deep  rooted  as  to  penetrate  t  elow 
its  influer  ce  ;  with  the.-e,  therefore,  some  more  stringent  means  must  be 
adopted  to  drive  out  or  keep  at  bay  those  enemies  that  are  so  likely  to 
sutler  from, 
Lsnully  repeated  workings  of  the  soil  w  ill  effect  that  jiurpose  ;  but 
when  that  has  not  been  aecomplisiicd  the  aduition  of  someitni  g  or  other 
as  a  repellunt  to  them  ;  lor  thi-',  nothing  is  better  than  soot  or  wood  ashes, 
which  besides  are  excellent  manures  ;  but,  iu  addition  to  their  use,  the 
ground  must  be  made  very  fine,  and,  if  it  be  very  dry,  it  ought  not  to  be 
planted  immediately  after  being  watcie.l  ;  hut  after  the  top  has  got  a 
little  dry  again,  and  when  the  plants  arc  [ml  in,  and,  if  nee'ts  be.  watered, 
take  the  precaution  to  scatter  some  dry  ashes  or  other  (  ffensive  substance 
over  the  ground  to  repi  1  the  invasion  of  tho  enemy.  By  this  means  it  is 
likely  the  plants  will  get  hold  enough  with  tho  moisture  which  there 
exists  to  withstand  the  more  trying  part  of  the  season  without  having 
recourse  to  the  watering  po',  wliicli  loo  ollen  invites  the  depredators. 
As  rcuih  of  the  alter  success  of  a  plant  depends  on  its  deriving  all 
the  advantages  it  can  at  planting  tirni',  and  conse<|uently  avoiding  all  tho 
evils.  It  becomes  a  matter  of  importance  to  sr  lect  the  most  fitting  time  on 
which  to  perfornr  these  various  operations  ;  and  not  fnly  that,  but  to 
watch  them  sedulously  afterwards  tor  some  time.  It  is  wor.se  than  useless 
to  say  that  everything  depends  on  the  watering  pot,  for  be  assured  that 
water,  especially  hard,  injudiciously  applied,  is  quite  as  likely  to  do  harm 
as  it  is  good. — N.  J. 
G00SEI5EHRY  CLUSTEH-('UP  FUNGUS. 
.HCIDIUM  GRO?SUr..\RI.E. 
This  parasite  has  Ijeen  known  to  infest  the  (jeoseberry,  and  in  hss 
degree  tfie  Bed  Currar:t  since  lt-29,  but  how  Icug  anterior  to  that  time  it 
was  recognise i  by  botanists  I  do  not  know.  Up  to  the  year  1868  and 
1869  the  parasite  was  seldom  heard  of,  still  it  occasionally  occurred,  and 
in  some  seasons  was  disastrous  to  the  crtqi  in  a  few  localities.  Since  that 
period  the  fungus  has  been  more  recurrent  and  widespread,  hence  a  few' 
remarks  res|iccting  it  may  be  useful.  [hoj,-. 
The  illustration,  fig.  IfO,  shows  the  fungus  as  it  appeared  under  the 
microscope  in  the  form  of  swollen  patches  on  the  leaves  and  fruit,  rcc*  ived 
Fig.  110. — Or.vxge  Fuxgus  ox  (Ioosererrv. 
Eeferences. — A,  spur  in  fruit  (natural  size),  sliuwing  ;  a,  spots  on  uinfer  .‘■iile  "f 
leaves  ;  h,  fruit  infested  on  side  ;  c,  berry  .attacked  at  heel  ;  d,  the  same- 
infested  at  nose.  B,  cluster-cups,  enlarged  10  diameter.s.  a  clustei-cup 
magnified  30  times.  D,  section  througli  peridium,  enlarged  50  diameter.s. 
JA,  spores,  magnitied  2()0  times  ;  e,  spore  geiminating. 
by  the  Editor  from  the  county  of  Meath,  in  Ireland.  It  usuallv'  inO  sts 
the  Gooseberry  during  April,  May,  and  June  first,  so  far  as  I  liave 
observed,  on  the  leaves,  but  sometimes  both  leaves  and  fruit  simullai  eousl}-.. 
Gn  the  leaves  it  occurs  on  the  under  side,  represented  in  A  at  a  natural 
size.  The  affected  parts  at  first  have  a  pale  green  colour,  ihen  yelfijw, 
and  finally  orange-red.  The  patches  on  the  leaves  are'about  ^  inch  ucross. 
considerably  raised  on  the  under  side  and  correspondingly  depressed  on 
the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf.  On  the  fruit  the  fungus  gives  ri.se  to- 
swollen  patches,  and  may  infest  it  at  the  side  h,  the  heel  c.  and  nosec/. 
On  the  affected  parts  are  numeri  us  cluster-cups,  shown  enlarged  ten. 
diameters  at  B,  and  one  magnified  thirty  limes  at  C.  Each  cliisn  r-cup, 
or  peridium,  has  the  sides  formed  of  a  single  layer  of  cells,  the  hollow 
containing  several  erect  branches  springing  from  the  myeeliun',  eroh 
consisting  of  chestnut  brown  rounded  cells  or  spores,  which  are  liiieriited 
by  the  mouth  of  the  cup,  shown,  enlarged  fifty  diame'ers,  at  1>.  'I'lio 
spores,  however,  vary  greatly  in  form  through  compression  in  the  ciipp 
some,  enlarged  2G0  diameters,  being  shown  at  E,  anu  one  germiratiiig,  e.. 
The  fungus  renders  the  fruit  unfit  for  use,  and  when  the  leavt  s  aro 
much  infested  greatly  weakens  the  bushes.  The  affeettd  fruit,  ilu-refore, 
should  be  promptly  removed  and  burned,  and  the  bushes  sprayed  with  a 
solution  of  potassium  sulphide,  1  oz.  to  8  gallon.s  of  water,  directing  the 
spray  upwards  Bo  as  to  reach  the  cluHer  cups  on  the  under  side  of  the; 
leaves. 
As  a  preventive  the  bushes  should  be  sprayed  in  spring  with  the- 
sulphide  of  potash  solution  at  least  once  before  the  expanding  of  ihe 
leaves,  at  the  strength  just  quoted,  then  before  flowering  with  a  solution 
at  a  strength  of  1  oz.  to  10  gallons  of  water,  in  this  case  fni'aying 
