JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER 
550 
Nicotiana"  affinis  ( D .  F.  F.). — Nothing  uncomnnon  in  your  plants 
living  through  the  past  mild  winter  out  of  doors  in  a  sheltered  place. 
Although  treated  as  an  annual,  it  is  really  perennial. 
Tomato  Fruit  Diseased  (F.  W.  C.). — The  fruits  are  affected  by  the 
Tomato  black  rot  fungus,  Macrosporium  tomatum,  which  causes  the 
disease  known  as  “  black  stripe,”  or  blotch  on  the  fruit  and  sometimes 
stems  and  leaves  of  Tomatoes.  (See  full  reply  to  “  F.  N.”  on  page  510 
of  last  week’s  Journal,  June  13th,  1901.) 
Names  of  Plants  (H.,  Guildford). — 1,  Lycaste  aromatica ;  2,  send 
Roses  to  specialists;  3,  Cistus  Jadaniferus.  (F.  P.  B.  O.). — Ornitho- 
galum  nutans.  (J.  A.). — 1,  Asclepias  curassavica ;  2,3,  4,  5,  Irises, 
but  shrivelled  beyond  recognition  ;  6,  Polemonium  ctoruleum  ;  7, 
Geranium  ibericum.  (J.  D.  H.). — 1,  AEthusa  Cynapium,  Fool’s 
Parsley;  2,  Apium  graveolens,  Wild  Celery.  (Novice).  —  1,  Aloe 
frutescens ;  2,  Begonia  natalensis ;  3,  Adiantum  pedatum ;  4,  Sedum 
sarmentosum  variegatum  ;  5,  Pellionia  Daveauana.  (Hill). — Your  No.  4, 
unnamed  last  week,  is  Encaphalartus  sp.  ( - ). — Holboellia  latifolia, 
climbing  plant.  (R.  S.  T.). — 1,  Philadelphns  microphyllus  ;  2,  Lonicera 
Periclymenum.  (./.  Harrison). — Polygonum  saohaliense.  ( J .  F.). — 
1,  Hoya  imperialis ;  2,  Eohium  callithyrsum  ;  3,  Eurya  japonica  varie- 
gata  ;  4,  Exacum  zeylanicum;  5,  Sarraoenia  flava.  (F.  W.). — 1,  Jaca- 
randa  ovalifolia ;  2,  Hakea  crassifolia ;  3,  Oestrum  elegans  ;  4,  Tacsonia 
Buchanani. 
Next  Week’s  Events, 
Friday,  June  2Sth. — Ventnor  (I.  of  W.)  Exhibition. 
Saturday,  June  29th. — Windsor  and  Eton  Rose  Show  in  Eton  College 
grounds  ;  Canterbury  Rose  Exhibition. 
Tuesday,  July  2nd. — R.H.S.  Committees  (Roses)  ;  Southampton  Exhibi¬ 
tion  (two  days) ;  Hereford  Rose  Show. 
Wednesday,  July  3rd. — Hanley  Horticultural  Fete  (two  days)  ;  Croydon 
Horticultural  Society’s  Show  ;  Farningham  Rose  and  Horticultural 
Society’s  Show. 
Thursday,  July  4th. — Temple  Gardens  (N.R.S.) ;  Norwich  Rose  Show. 
Phenological  Observations. 
June 
28th  to  July  4th.  Plants  dedicated  to  each  day. 
28  Fri. 
Wasp  beetle  seen. 
Blue  Cornflower. 
29  Sat. 
Water  Chickweed  flowers. 
Yellow  Rattle. 
30  Sun. 
Great  horsefly  seen. 
Yellow  Cistus. 
1  Mon. 
Blackberry  flowers. 
Agrimony. 
2  Tu. 
Rooks  roost  on  their  nest  trees. 
White  Lily. 
3  Wed. 
Dog  days  begin. 
Wood  Mallow. 
4  Thr. 
Wood  Leopard  moth  seen. 
Copper  Day  Lily. 
Trade  Catalogue  Received. 
Messrs.  Dammann  &  Co.,  Seed  and  Bulb  Growers,  San  Giovanni  a 
Teduccio,  near  Naples,  Italy. — Bulbs,  Roots,  and  Terrestrial  Orchids. 
Laing  &  Mather,  Kelso-on-Tweed. —  Carnations. 
Edinburg,  Glasgow,  and  Adjacent  Parts. 
When  you  can  combine  business  with  amusement,  when  you  can 
learn  valuable  facts  and  see  fair  tracts  of  country,  when  you  meet  old 
friends  and  make  new  ones,  you  cannot  be  said  to  have  spent  your 
time  iu  vain.  We  have  often  referred  to  the  benefit  of  travel,  when 
combined  with  au  observing  mind  and  retentive  memory.  We  have 
read  of  people  posting  through  the  most  beautiful  scenery  of  Europe, 
wholly  engrossed  in  a  yellow-backed  novel ;  we  have  known  people 
whose  sole  recollection  of  their  outing  seems  to  be  of  the  luck  they 
met  with  at  hotels,  of  the  cuisine  different  or  indifferent,  and  ol 
the  various  billiard  tables  on  which  they  played.  Now,  there  are 
among  us  a  certain  set  of  earnest-minded  men  who  annually  (last 
year  was  missed  we  fancy)  take  a  journey,  and  make  a  tour  of  about 
a  week’s  length  into  fresh  districts,  just  to  see  how  the  dairy  interest 
and  farming  generally  flourishes  there.  They  are  men  very  intent  on 
business,  men  very  anxious  to  learn  a  better  way  than  their  own  (if 
there  is  one),  and  men  of  rather  more  than  average  intelligence.  They 
take  in  their  train  scientists  and  propagandists,  and  they  beguile  the 
hours  when  they  are  not  inspecting,  with  lecture  and  debate.  This 
year  tiny  took  a  northerly  route,  and  visited  the  two  cities  named  at 
the  head  of  this  paper,  with  the  adjacent  parts.  These  are  two  great 
cities,  teeming  with  inhabitants — the  one  the  modern  Athens,  famed 
June  27,  1901. 
for  its  beauty  and  the  deep  learning  of  its  citizens,  and  of  those  who 
call  it  their  Alma  Mater  ;  the  other  of  more  mbdern  growth,  and 
wholly  given  up  to  money-making  in  all  its  branches,  always  forging 
ahead,  always  on  the  alert  to  grasp  fresh  opportunities.  Both  towns 
naturally  require  vast  quantities  of  milk,  and  both  are  very  particular 
as  to  the  character  of  the  milk  they  consume,  and  both  differ  radically. 
We  can  put  the  case  in  a  nutshell.  Edinburgh  tikes  its  milk  warm 
from  the  cow  ;  Glasgow  will  have  no  milk  but  that  which  has  been 
pasteurised.  Certainly  there  is  a  great  differenca  Dare  we  say  one 
milk  may  and  can  be  lull  of  germs,  and  the  other  positively  free  ? 
There  has  been  a  great  objection  urged  agaiiist  pasteurised  milk, 
and  that  is  that  the  natural  fresh  taste  is  removed,  and  that  it  has  a 
dull  insipid  cooked  flavour.  It  is  safe  milk  at  ^ny  rate.  Now,  the 
Glasgow  folk  have  got  it  safe,  and  they  have  fnanaged  to  make  it 
safe,  but  not  insipid  ;  at  least,  one  of  these  travellers  tells  us  that  after 
a  careful  sampling  a  party  of  them  were  fain  to  confess  (rather  against 
their  will)  that  the  milk  had  lost  none  of  its  ijatural  flavour.  The 
system  is  this.  The  milk  is  not  allowed  to  cfiol,  but  is  kept  at  a 
temperature  of  160°  Fahr.  for  twenty  minute^,  and  then  cooled  as 
rapidly  as  possible.  The  hot  milk  falls  into  1  in  intermediate  tank, 
and  forms  an  abundant  froth,  which  serves  the'  important  purpose  of 
preventing  the  formation  of  a  skin.  No  wire  or  muslin  strainers  do 
the  work  so  thoroughly  of  removing  sediment  as  does  the  centrifugal 
motion  of  the  separator,  and  through  that  it  is  passed.  One  question 
much  discussed  was  whether  by  any  system  of  pasteurisation  the  milk 
did  not  become  more  or  less  indigestible.  Ndw,  is  it  better  to  have 
milk  a  trifle  indigestible,  or  to  run  the  risk  of  germs  ?  That  is  a 
question  for  us  individually  to  decide.  We  believe  there  is  a  good 
deal  of  nonsense  talked  about  the  dangers  arising  from  impure  milk. 
The  milk  is  not  impure  when  it  reaches  the  ciist  mer.  The  customer 
is  the  person  at  fault;  his  dirty  vessels,  hit  close  larders,  and  his 
general  carelessness  make  the  trouble. 
Now,  Edinburgh  people  will  have  no  pasteurised  milk  ;  it  is  to 
come  to  them  straight  from  the  cow,  and  they  take  the  milk  of 
20,000  cows  daily.  These  cows  practically  live  in  their  stalls,  and 
are  hand-fed;  they  are  fed  up  the  day  they  pome  in,  and  when  about 
dry  are  sold  off  to  the  butcher,  and  their  place  taken  by  a  new  one. 
We  heard  of  one  dairyman  who  milks  100  cows,  selling  off  four  fat 
and  taking  in  four  fresh  cows  every  week.  This  seems  to  us  an  awful 
system  of  waste,  but  the  men  say  they  have  no  accommodation  for 
cows  dry,  and  when  they  have  got  the  beat  of  the  milk  they,  being 
fit  for  the  butcher,  must  go.  Now,  we  have  always  held  that  the  best 
way  to  make  a  dairy  herd  was  to  breed  from  the  best  milker,  and  so 
build  up  a  family.  It  beats  us  to  know  where  the  perennial  supply 
comes  trom.  It  is  impossible  that  they  can  be  picked  cows  ;  it  must 
rather  be  a  cow,  and  nothing  else.  The  Glasgow  milkers  are  Ayrshires; 
Edinburgh  favours  the  Shorthorn  type. 
Work  on  tlie  flome  Farm. 
For  the  makers  of  Clover  hay  it  has  been  a  trying  time ;  the  weather 
has  been  fine  as  a  whole,  with  just  sufficient  heavy  showers  to  undo  all 
the  haymakers’  efforts.  A  good  deal  of  Trifolium  and  Clover  is  down, 
and  has  been  for  ten  days  or  a  fortnight,  but  we  have  not  seen  a  new 
stack  raised  as  yet.  Several  pieces  are  in  cock,  and  they  have  lumped 
up  better  than  they  were  expected  to  do,  but  as  these  early  orops  had 
not  been  grazed,  and  got  well  away  in  spring,  so  suffering  less  from  the 
drought  in  May,  they  must  not  be  taken  as  representative  of  the  general 
aoreage. 
The  showers  had  done  practically  no  good,  and  the  land  was  as  dry 
and  ironbound  as  ever  until  yesterday,  when  we  had  a  really  nice  rain 
of  something  like  0  75  of  an  inch.  This  has  greatly  benefited  both  the 
crops  and  the  working  of  the  land.  With  the  surface  both  warm  and 
moist  the  later  Turnips  will  be  sown  under  most  favourable  conditions; 
certainly  less  seed  may  be  sown  than  would  have  been  advisable  without 
this  rain.  The  air  is  full  of  advice  to  farmers  how  to  prevent  or 
exterminate  the  Turnip  fly.  We  are  still  of  opinion  that  good  tillage 
is  the  only  antidote ;  but  we  have  noticed  that  farmers  who  make  a 
great  noise  about  the  ravages  of  fly  are  identical  with  those  who  scorn 
to  sow  more  than  lb.  of  Swede  or  1  lb.  of  common  Turnip  to  the  acre. 
Flies  never  hurt  a  thick  row,  because  there  are  so  many  more  plants  to 
deal  with,  and  also  because  little  Turnips  grow  much  quioker  when 
they  are  thick  enough  to  keep  each  other  warm. 
Inquiries  made  at  market  as  to  the  Mangold  crop  show  that  its 
very  moderate  condition  is  widespread.  Few  farmers  report  even  a  fair 
plant,  and  none  have  got  the  plants  hoed  yet.  Weeds  have  been 
rampant,  and  almost  smothered  the  young  plants  before  they  could  be 
side-hoed.  The  nitrogen  intended  for  the  slow-germinating  Wurtzels 
acted  marvellously  on  the  noxious  weeds. 
Sheep  pastures  have  gone  off  very  rapidly,  and  markets  are  full  of 
sheep,  quite  overstocked  in  fact,  and  prices  are  very  low.  What  a 
chance  for  a  daring  speculator,  for  there  will  be  a  Turnip  crop  this 
season  without  doubt.  The  trade  for  fat  lamb3  is  affect  d  by  the  low 
price  of  older  sheep,  and  there  should  be  plenty  of  good  lamb  in  the 
shops  at  9d.  or  less. 
Corn  generally  gets  dearer  when  farmers  have  sold  out,  but  trade  is 
^  flat  notwithstanding  a  poor  prospect  for  both  grain  and  straw. 
