September  li,  1902.  JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
251 
Blue. 
2G  Navy  Blue 
24  Countess  Cadogan 
22  Captain  of  the  Blues 
Emily  Eckford 
Baden  Powell 
Imperial  Blue 
Grand  Blue 
Madame  Carnot 
Mauve. 
17  Dorothy  Tennant 
10  Admiration 
6  Fascination 
Violet  Queen 
The  Queen 
Violet  and  Purple. 
15  Duke  of  Westminster 
12  Duke  of  Sutherland. 
11  Duke  of  Clarence 
Monarch 
Indigo  King 
Purple  Prince 
Waver  ley 
Black  Purple 
Fancies  (those  with  more  than 
two  distinct  shades. 
6  Lottie  Hutchins 
4  Stella  Morse 
3  Coquette 
Duchess  of  Westminster 
Duchess  of  Yoik 
Gracie  Greenwood 
Mrs.  Fitzgerald 
Dolly  Varden 
Magenta. 
7  George  Gordon 
7  Captivation 
6  Calypso 
Marone  and  Bronze. 
24  Othello 
23  Black  Knight 
22  Stanley 
Shahzada 
Boreatton 
Lavender. 
25  Lady  Grisel  Hamilton 
22*Countess  of  Radnor 
19  Lady  Nina  Balfour 
*  New  Countess 
Princess  May 
Celestial 
Creole 
*  For  the  purposes  of  this  classifi¬ 
cation  and  for  exhibition  these  varieties 
are  considered  synonymous. 
White. 
27  Blanche  Burpee 
26  Sadie  Burpee 
21  Emily  Henderson 
Dorothy  Eckford 
Mont  Blanc 
Mrs.  Sankey 
Queen  of  England 
Alba  magnifies 
White 
White  Eagle 
Fancies  ( continued ). 
Ramona 
Alice  Eckford 
Captain  Clark 
Carmen  Sylva 
Etna 
Rising  Sun 
Vesuvius 
Crown  Jewel 
Emily  Lynch 
Cerise. 
9  Coccinea 
The  total  number  of  growers  whose  ideas  are  embodied  in 
these  tables  is  twenty-seven.  Other  classification  papers  were 
received  subsequently  to  the  abstracts  being  made,  but  though 
these  could  not  be  included,  a  glance  through  them  proved  that 
in  all  the  main  features  they  were  confirmatory  of  the  results 
already  attained. — Horace  J.  Wright,  Hon.  Gen.  Sec.,*  32, 
Dault  Road,  Wandsworth. 
Hardy  Fruit  in  Yorkshire. 
A  lecture  was  delivered  on  September  2  by  Mr.  Alfred  Gaut, 
of  Yorkshire  College,  Leeds,  before  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society,  upon  the  growth  of  “  Hardy  Fruits,”  in  which  he  said 
Yorkshire,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  subject  to  much  variation  in 
climate  and  temperature.  The  physical  configuration  of  the 
county  has  a  great  bearing  upon  its  hardy  fruit  culture.  High, 
barren  mountains  and  hills,  with  their  sides  sloping  to  all  parts 
of  the  compass,  numerous  sheltered  vales,  and  flat  open  country, 
in  places  near  the  sea  level,  are  its  main  features.  Bounded  on 
the  east  and  north-east  by  the  German  Ocean,  it  is  much  sub¬ 
jected  to  cold  winds  and  fogs  coming  off  the  sea,  and  fruit  trees, 
especially  when  in  flower,  suffer  much  from  these  causes.  Where 
the  coast  is  low  and  bleak,  these  influences  are  felt  for  some 
distance  inland,  while  in  the  more  sheltered  vales,  especially 
when  well  wooded,  the  fruit  crops  do  not  suffer  so  much.  On 
the  west  the  Pennine  Chain  runs  the  whole  length  of  the  county, 
and  the  westerly  w7inds,  sweeping  down  from  these  high  altitudes, 
are  rather  cold,  and  this  naturally  has  a  retarding  influence 
upon  the  hardy  fruits  in  the  vales.  Towards  the  north  the 
country  is  open  and  exposed,  and,  from  this  quarter  the  winds 
sweep  down  the  vale  of  York.  This  shows  what  an  important 
factor  good  shelter  is  to  successful  fruit  culture  in  Yorkshire. 
The  geological  character  of  the  surface  soils  and  subsoils  is 
as  strongly  marked  as  its  main  physical  features.  Anyone  well 
acquainted  with  the  county  can  easily  trace  out  the  main  lines 
of  the  chief  hardy  fruit  growing  districts.  These  extend  from  tire 
north,  down  the  great  central  vale  of  York,  sweeping  round  by 
the  vale  of  Pickering,  following  the  Ouse  valley  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Humber,  and  over  the  flat  alluvial  plains  by  Thorne  and 
Doncaster,  and  also  along  the  main  courses  of  the  rivers.  Con¬ 
tinuing  liis  remarks,  the  lecturer  spoke  of  the  large  Pear  trees 
between  Thirsk  and  Gilling,  one.  as  measured,  being  46ft  high, 
and  large  in  proportion;  the  fruit  industry  and  the  soils  in  the 
Pickering  valley,  a  large  Strawberry  farm  at  Sutton-on-Hull,  and 
samples  of  fine  Apples,  as  grown  near  York,  Selby,  Thorne,  and 
Barnsley ;  the  noted  Yorkshire  Winesour  Plum  and  the  Whixley 
Cherries,  and  the  effects  of  smoke  from  the  chimneys  of  the  col¬ 
lieries  and  factories  u.pon  the  trees.  All  the  various  lists  of  hardy 
fruits  were  arranged  under  tables  by  the  lecturer,  and  classified 
according  to  the  character  of  the  soils,  giving  the  results  of  the 
different  varieties  from  each  centre.  Other  hardy  fruits  were 
classified  in  the  same  way,  and  the  effect  of  the  different 
characters  of  soils  upon  Strawberries  were  most  strongly  marked, 
as  shown  by  the  reports. 
In  conclusion,  the  lecturer  said  the  hardy  fruit  industry  in 
Yorkshire  might  become  a  more  important  one  than  it  is  at  the 
present  time.  There  is  much  land  in  various  parts  of  the  county 
well  suited  to  their  growth.  In  private  gardens,  good  hardv  fruits 
are  often  grown  under  the  most  difficult  conditions,  but 
only  under  exceptional  cultivation,  the  cost  of  labour 
and  material  being  only  secondary  considerations.  When  plant¬ 
ing  for  market  purposes  in  a  county  like  Yorkshire,  special  atten¬ 
tion  should  be  given  in  the  choice  of  suitable  soils,  sheltered 
positions,  and  in  the  selection  of  those  varieties  of  fruits  suit¬ 
able  to  the  climatic  conditions,  as  mistakes  were  easily  made,  with 
the  result  that  the  profit  and  loss  account  afterwards  would  pos¬ 
sibly  be  represented  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  balance-sheet. 
Tomatoes  for  Early  Fruiting. 
In  many  establishments  there  is  no  convenience  for  raising 
sturdy  Tomato  plants  for  early  fruiting,  the  house  in  some  cases 
being  too  lofty,  and  others  too  dark.  To  overcome  this  difficulty 
seeds  should  be  sown  early  in  September  and  allowed  to  germi¬ 
nate  under  cool,  airy  conditions.  When  a  few  leaves  are 
formed  pot  them  into  3in  pots,  placing  two  plants  at  the  sides  of 
each  pot  opposite  each  other.  So  soon  as  the  plants  have  taken 
to  the  soil  let  them  be  fully  exposed  to  the  light  in  a  cool,  well 
ventilated  house  in  order  to  secure  sturdy,  short-jointed  plants. 
They  must  not  be  exposed  to  cold  draughts,  or  allowed  to  become 
stunted  for  want  of  root  room. 
To  prevent  the  latter,  pot  the  plants  into  well-drained  5in 
pots  as  soon  as  the  3ini  pots  are  full  of  roots,  and  everything 
should  be  done  to  secure  the  happy  medium  between  a  sappy, 
lanky  growth  and  a  thin,  starved,  sickly  plant.  The  compost 
should  consist  of  four  parts  medium  fibry  loam,  and  one  part 
either  mortar  scraps  or  charcoal,  ranging  from  powder  to  portions 
the  size  of  horse  beans.  With  attention  to  other  details,  which 
will  readily  suggest  themselves  to  the  observant  cultivator,  we 
shall  have  sturdy  plants  ready  either  to  pot  into  fruiting  pots, 
or  to  plant  in  a  narrow  shallow  border  by  the  first  week  in 
January.  As  most  of  the  plants  will  be  showing  one  or  more 
bunches  of  blossom,  and  in  some  cases  have  fruit  set,  with 
a  suitable  house  and  good  management  fruit  will  be  ready  for  use 
early  in  April — a  season  of  the  year  at  which  every  addition  to 
the  vegetable  list  is  exceedingly  useful  and  highly  appreciated. 
Moreover,  armed  with  a  batch  of  plants  of  this  description, 
the  cultivator  is  under  no  necessity  of  trying  to  raise  substantial 
plants  at  a  season  when  the  days  are  short,  and  dark,  conditions 
which  often  render  his  best  efforts  futile. 
There  are  so  many  good  varieties  of  Tomatoes  now  on  the 
market,  that  it  is  difficult  to  mention  any  one  as  the  best  for 
general  cultivation.  For  late  winter  and  early  spring  fruiting 
we  have  found  none  to  equal  Sutton’s  Winter  Beauty.  The 
fruits  are  a  little  rough,  especially  the  earlier  ones,  but  with  due 
care  it  sets  freely  and  produces  very  heavy  crops.  A  hint  may  be 
here  given  regarding  the  pollination  of  Tomatoes  in  winter,  as 
owing  to  the  prevailing  dull,  damp  weather,  the  best  varieties 
may  fail  to  set  a  full  crop  without  extra  trouble  on  the  part  of  the 
attendant.  Brushing  the  blooms  with  a  camel’s-hair  brush  is 
not  always  reliable,  simply  because  the  dehiscence  of  the  anthers 
is  “  porous,”  and  hence  the  pollen  can  only  escape  through  small 
openings  at  their  apex. 
Pollination  of  the  Tomato 
would  be  far  more  effective  at  any  season  of  the  year  were  the 
dehiscence  of  the  anthers  longitudinal,  As  is  the  case  with  the 
Amaryllis,  Liliums,  and  indeed  the  majority  of  flowers ;  and  this 
is  a  structural  defect  which  raisers  of  new  varieties  should 
endeavour  to  breed  out.  The  present  dull,  wet  season  has 
some  testimony  to  the  urgent  need  of  a  race  of  Tomatoes  whose 
pollen  grains  may  be  more  readily  dispersed,  as  on  all  hands 
complaints  are  being  made  that  the  plants  have  not  set  good 
crops,  especially  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  season.  When 
-he  weather  is  bright,  and  the  air  in  the  house  dry  and  buoyant, 
3-ently  tapping  the  plants  is  more  effectual  than  brushing,  but 
R*e  so  seldom  get  these  conditions  during  the  first  two  months  of 
the  year,  that  it  is  best  to  resort  to  more  certain  methods,  as 
:o  lose  the  first  bunches  of  fruit  would  largely  nullify  our 
previous  efforts.  ,  ,  ,  .  .,  .  ,  , 
In  the  late  and  early  months  of  the  year  we  take  it  for  granted 
that  neither  brushing  the  blooms  nor  tapping  the  plants  are 
reliable  The  safer  plan  is  to  remove  the  anthers  entirely  soon 
after  the  flowers  are  fully  opened.  This  is  best  done  by  using 
i  pair  of  fine-pointed  forceps,  care  being  taken  not  to  injure 
any  part  of  the  gyncecium— that  is,  the  stigma  and  ovary. 
'The  anthers  should  be  placed  on  paper  in  a  warm  dry  position, 
rwenty-four  hours  will  generally  suffice  to  dry  up  the  moisture 
