104 
JOURNAL  OR  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
February  4,  1904. 
roof  is  best,  and  for  late  work  the  hip  roof  structure.  Ventila¬ 
tion  slionld  be  well  arranged  both  top  and  bottom,  and  heating 
ought  to  he  ample,  as  nothing,  in  the  lecturer’s  opinion,  was 
more  disagreeable  than  when  entering  a  vinery  to  smell  the 
fumes  of  dry  heat,  which  often  occurred  in  sharp  weather  wh.en 
the  heating  apparatus  had  been  installed  in  a  niggardly  manner. 
The  amount  of  piping  should  be  I'egnlated  according  to  i-equii'e- 
ments,  and  where  Grapes  are  wanted  early  it  would  be  well  to 
err  on  the  side  of  liberality,  always  avoiding  to  place  the  pipes 
in  near  proximity  to  the  Vine  stems. 
He  next  dealt  with  the  borders,  and  advanced  the  system  of 
having  them  inside  and  outside,  and  brought  fojward  the 
origimxl  idea  of  erecting  a  temporary  framewoi'k  whereon  to 
place  lights,  which  would  protect  the  early  hon.ses  from  heavy 
downfalls  of  snow  and  I'ain  in  winter,  and  also  be  beneficial  in 
the  autumn  in  keeping  the  borders  in  excellent  condition  for 
keeping  late-hanging  Grapes.  Tlie  borders  could  with  advantage 
1  \ 
Beurre  Baltet  Pere. 
he  raised  above  the  ground  level,  and  rest  on  a  concrete  bottom, 
the  raising  of  the  border  giving  facilities  for  feeding.  Regard¬ 
ing  depth  of  borders,  2ft  lOin  is  amply  deep  enough,  and  4in  of 
this  ought  to  be  allowed  for  drainage.  The  composition  of  the.se 
borders  should  comsist  of  sods  from  the  be.st  pa.stnre  available, 
and  to  one  part  of  sod  should  be  added  a  ejuarter  of  lime  rubble, 
ijcwt  of  hones  to  the  load,  and  a  good  sprinkling  of  wood  ashes  ; 
but  in  the  casei  of  shallow-raised  borders  less  lime  rubble  is 
neces.sary.  The  drainage  should  be  covered  with  sod,  grass  side 
downwards,  to  prevent  any  stoppage. 
In  making  the  borders  Mr.  Lambert  coiitended  they  Lshould 
be  made  in  piecemeal  fashion,  and  be  made  very  firm,  as  loose 
borders  encourage  coarse  roots  and  small  bunches.  In  planting 
vines  he  prefers  phints  of  the  current  yeai'’s  growth,  as  very 
little  disturbance  of  their  roots  is  necessary,  and  they  should 
be  planted  in  iMay.  His  objection  to  autumn  and  winter  phuit- 
ing  i.s  the  loss  of  many  of  their  fibiw  roots  and  consecpient  root- 
bairs,  the  latter  very  often  being  completely  destroyed  by  the 
di’ying  off  process  which  fruiting  i.s  fiecjuently  subjected  to. 
The  canes  should  be  planted  4ft  apart,  and  after  planting 
thoroughly  watei'ed  and  mulclied.  When  th.ey  have  attained  a 
length  of  one-third  of  the  space  they  are  intended  to  cover, 
pinch  out  the  point,  which  will  enable  them  to  develop  side 
shoots,  the  leader  being  selected  afterwards,  and  .should  he 
carefully  attended  to  and  encouraged  to  reach  the  top  of  the 
house.  The  following  season  bend  the  young  canes  in  a  hori¬ 
zontal  position,  attend  to  syringing  and  other  details,  and  allow 
them  to  carry  two  or  three  bunches  of  fruit.  The  lectni’er 
contended  that  nothing  was  of  more  impoidance  than  to  get 
vines  into  “good  ways  early.” 
With  regard  to  healthy,  established  vines,  the  main  points 
advanced  were  the  avoidance  of  all  superfluous  growths,  and 
propel-  attention  to  ventilation  (which  .should  be  given  on  all 
po.ssible  occasion.s).  The  practice  of  keeping  the  hou.se  and 
border  dry  during  the  flowering  period  he  considered  unwar¬ 
rantable.  Overcropping  should  also  be  guarded  against,  and 
vines  of  weakly  growth  .should  be  encouraged  by  giving  them  a 
stimulant  in  the  .shape  of  top-dre.ssing ;  also  train  in  young 
growths  from  the  base  of  the  rods,  and  gradually  cut  off  old 
.‘.pill's  until  they  are  finally  replaced  by  the  young  canes. 
Varieties  for  early  work:  Black  Hamburgh,  Madresfield 
Court,  and  Foster’s  Seedling;  for  mid.season.  Black  Hamburgh, 
.Vn.scat  of  Alexandria,  and  Duke  of  Bucclench  ;  and  for  late 
work,  Alicante,  Lady  Downe’s,  and  Gros  Colman.  — J.  S. 
/  X 
Beurre  Baltet  Pere. 
A  November  Pear,  and  one  often  seen  at  exhibition.s.  The 
tree  is  of  moderate  growth,  thrives  on  the  Quince,  and  forms  good 
pyramids,  espaliers,  and  cordons.  The  variety  crops  fairly 
well  in  sheltered  positions,  and  the  fruits  are  large,  brightly 
co'oured,  juicy,  and  rich. 
Royal  Horticultural  Society. 
Scientific  Committee,  Jan.  26. 
Present:  Dr.  M.  ’I.  Masters  F.R.S.  (in  the  eliair)  ;  Messrs.  Gordon, 
Odell.  Shea,  Worsdell,  Saunders,  Michael,  Bowles,  Massee,  Holmes, 
and  Fraser  ;  Dr.  M.  C.  Cooke ;  Revs.  W.  Wilks  and  G.  Henslow, 
bon. sec. 
Codliii  'Mo’h  in  May. — Mr.  Saunders  made  the  following  contribution 
to  this  subject  discussed  at  the  last  meeting : — “  I  cannot  find  that 
more  than  one  brood  has  ever  been  noticed  in  England  of  the  Codlin 
moth,  though  two  broods  are  common  on  the  Continent  and  in  America ; 
and  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic  three  broods  have  been  known. 
In  this  country  the  moth  leaves  the  chrysalis  in  May,  and  lays  her  eggs 
very  soon  afterwards.  The  caterpillars  are  hatched  in  the  course  of 
a  week  or  ten  days,  and  remain  in  the  Apple  three  weeks  or  a  month ; 
being  full  fed,  they  leave  the  fruit  to  fall  to  the  ground,  and  make  their 
way  to  the  nearest  tree  stem,  and  crawl  up  it  until  they  find  a  suitable 
place  to  pupate  in.  1  f  they  cannot  find  a  tree,  a  post  or  paling  or  even 
dead  leaves  will  provide  them  with  a  shelter.  The  object  in  putting 
bands  round  the  trees  is  to  provide  the  caterpillars  with  hiding  places, 
where  they  may  be  found  and  destroyed.  They  are  not  sticky,  but 
made  of  folded  canvas  or  sacking,  or  even  hay  or  straw  bands,  and 
should  be  put  on  as  soon  as  any  ‘  wind-falls  ’  are  found.” 
Maggots  in  moss  litter. — Mrs.  Horseley  sent  samples  with  enquiries. 
Mr.  Saunders  reports  as  follows;  “  The  grubs  found  in  the  moss  litter 
manure  were  those  of  a  fly  belonging  to  the  genus  Bibio.  but  I  cannot 
tell  the  name  of  the  species,  several  of  w-bich  are  very  common  ; 
perhaps  the  one  best  known  is  the  St.  Mark's  fly  (Bibio  Marci).  so 
called  from  its  generally  appearing  about  St.  Mark’s  day  (25th  April). 
These  flies  are  quite  black,  and  are  rather  more  than  half-an-ineh  in 
length;  their  bodies  are  rather  thin,  and  the  wings  are  not  verv 
transparent,  and  measuring  about  IJin  from  tip  to  tip.  They  fly  in  a 
vei-y  clumsy  manner,  and  may  be  found  crawling  over  plants.  &e.,  in 
great  numbers  for  a  day  or  two,  and  then  they  disappear  altogether, 
’ihe  flies  may  be  easily  caught  in  a  butterfly  net.  If  poulti-y  are  kept. 
I  should  spread  the  manure  about  and  let  them  pick  and  scratch  it 
over,  for  they  will  soon  pick  out  the  grubs.  Mixing  nitrate  of  soda 
with  the  manure  might  be  tried,  but  I  am  not  sure  whether  it  would 
have  much  effect  on  the  grubs,  as  I  have  not  heard  of  any  experiments 
having  been  made  on  them.  They  are  undoubtedly  injurious  to  the 
roots  of  plants  at  times.” 
Coloured  photos  of  Orchid. — Mr.  Odell  exhibited  a  colour  photo  of 
Cypripedium  insigne  Sanderje,  executed  by  a  new  method.  The  yellow 
colour  was  very  characteristic.  It  was  received  from  Mr.  A.  S.  Hickley, 
Kelso  House,  near  Southampton. 
Ixia  diseased. — Mr.  Shea  showed  leaves  of  I.  erateroides,  as  being 
the  only  species  with  the  foliage  discoloured.  There  was  no  fungus 
present,  the  appearance  being  thought  to  be  due  to  hereditary  pre¬ 
disposition. 
Eucalyptus  loith  nodules. — IMr.  Saunders  showed  small  plants  with 
nodules  on  the  stem  close  to  the  ground.  Nothing  could  be  found 
inside.  Mr.  Massee  observed  that  ants  can  cause  similar  ones  on 
Roses,  the  formic  acid  acting  as  an  irritant, [and  knots  can  be  produced 
artificially. 
