January  21,  19C4. 
JOURNAL  CF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
49 
check  by  maintaining  sufficient  heat  and  atmospheric  moisture. 
The  foliage  must  be  protected  from  direct  sunlight  throughout 
the  hottest  months  of  the  summer.  At  the  approach 'of  autumn 
water  will  not  be  required  by  the  plants  to  a  great  extent, 
and  as  the  season  of  flowering  advances  it  will  be  nece.ssary  to 
withhold  it  altogether. — F.  W.  Gooch,  Surrey. 
Cattleya  Dowlana. 
Cattleya  Dowiana  is  a  native  of  Costa  Rica,  and  as  such 
needs  an  abundance  of  heat  and  moisture  during  its  growing 
season.  I  grow  this  Cattleya  during'  summer  in  our  Dendrobium 
and  PhalsenO'psis  house,  65deg  at  night.  After  flowering,  which 
occurs  before  the  bulbs  are  fully  matured,  they  are  removed  to 
the  Cattleya  house,  where  they  are  kept  moderately  moist  until 
the  pseudo-bulbs  have  obtained  their  full  maturity.  Then  I 
keep  them  rather  dry  and  cool,  50deg  to  56deg  at  night,  and 
during  January  and  February  as  low  as  45deg  to  48cleg  during 
night.  This  low  temperature  seems  not  to  injure,  but  rather 
tends  to  keep  the  plants  dormant  longer  in  the  spring  and 
counteracts  the  tendencies  to  make  a  second  growth  in  the  fall, 
which  would  otherwise  weaken  the  plants.  A  mixture  of  fern 
roots  and  sphagnum,  .with  a  layer  of  charcoal  and  potsherds 
in  the  bottom  of  the  crates,  suits  them.  Crates  are  better  than 
pots  for  this  variety.  A  little  weak  liquid  manure  during  the 
most  active  stage  of  growth  improves  them  greatly. 
Cultural  Notes  :  Dendrobiums  and  Miltonias, 
The  advice  often  given  to  water  freely  when  growth  is  active 
has  to  be  taken  with  a  little  reserve  on  occasion,  or  it  may 
lead  to  serious  results.  An  instance  occurring  to  mind  is  the 
beautiful  Dendrobium  Dearei,  the  young  growths  on  which  are 
already  several  inches  in  length.  But  the  roots  are  as  yet 
practically  inactive,  this  proving  that  the  growths  so  far  are 
receiving  what  nourishment  they  need  from  the  supply  already 
stored  in  last  season’s  pseudo- 
bulbs.  Beyond  a  sufficient 
suppljq  then,  to  keep  these 
plump,  very  little  water  is 
needed. 
D.  chrysanthum,  on  the  other 
hand,  will  usually  be  in  full 
growth  too,  but  here  roots  will 
have  probably  formed,  and  the 
last  season’s  stems  will  have 
lost  most  of  their  vigour.  In 
this  case  water  in  larger  quan¬ 
tities  is  required,  and  the  roots 
are  put  forth  to  look  for  it. 
D.,  Wardianum  is  rather  peculiar 
in  its  habits.  Often  long  before 
the  flowers  are  open  new  growths 
spring  from  the  base  of  the  old 
stems,  grow  a  feAv  inches,  and 
then  stop,  starting  again  after 
the  flowers  are  past  and  grow¬ 
ing  on  to  maturity.  To  water 
this  species  too  freely  before 
the  floAver  buds  are  distinctly 
formed  Avould  very  probably 
cause  many  of  the  nodes  to 
break  into  groAvth  instead  of 
floAver,  especially  if  accom¬ 
panied  by  much  atmospheric 
moisture. 
In  the  intermediate  house  the 
popular  Miltonia  vexillaria  is 
already  groAving  freely,  and  no 
stint  of  root  moisture  mu.st  be 
alloAA^ed.  Each  plant  must  be 
looked  over  separately,  and 
Avatered  just  as  ofteiA  as  the 
surface  becomes  dry,  forcing  the 
Avater  through  a  rose  syringe  in 
order  that  it  may  reach  every 
part  of  the  compost.  This  fine 
orchid  is  especially  liable  to  the 
attacks  of  thrips,  and  constant 
attention  to  sponging  is  needed 
or  the  plants  Avill  be  overrun. 
Occasionally,  too,  the  young 
leaves  Avill  be  found  adhering  to 
each  other,  and  the  thin  smooth  haft  of  a  budding  knife  should 
be  used  to  separate  them.  Too  little  heat  and  light  cause  this 
affection  more  than  any  other  cultural  defect,  the  leaves  open¬ 
ing  freely  in  a  genial  temperature.  From  a  long  experience 
Avith  this  very  beautiful  orchid,  I  am  quite  convinced  that  a 
narroAv  and  fairly  loAV  span-roofed  house  Avith  side  stages  is  best 
for  it.  The  pots  containing  the  plants  should  be  stood  on 
others  inverted,  the  surface  being  covered  Avith  ashes  kept 
constantly  moist. — H.  R.  R. 
Garden  Cities. 
The  Garden  City  Association  is  adding  to  its  membership  and 
its  strength  each  day.  Five  years  have  passed  since  it  was  first 
instituted,  and  the  fifth  annual  general  meeting,'  which  was  held 
in  Essex  Hall,  Plssex  Street,  London,  on  Thursday  last,  was  A'ery 
largely  attended.  The  speakers  Avere  Sir  John  Gorst,  Mr.  H. 
Rider  Haggard,  Mr.  Malcolm  Morris,  Mr.  R.  Whiteing^  and 
others,  Avho  each  approached  the  .subject  from  a  standpoint  of 
their  oAvn. 
But  first  we  must  again  explain  what  is  meant  by  “  garden 
city.”  What  is  meant  was  Avell  set  forth  by  the  originator  of 
the  AA’hole  rnovement,  Mr.  Ebenezer  Howard,  author  of  the  book, 
“  Garden  Cities  of  To-morroAiq”  v’ho  spoke  last  Saturday  at  the 
Passmore  Settlement  in  Tavistock  Street.  He  propounded  three 
alternative  .solutions  of  the  overcroAvding  problem  in  London. 
They  AA'ere,  he  said,  the  pulling  down  of  large  buildings  and  the 
erection  on  their  sites  of  smaller  dwellings ;  the  removal  of  the 
surplus  population  to  the  suburbs  at  cheap  rates  of  locomotion, 
and  the  transference  of  “  the  crowded-out  ”  back  to  the  land, 
under  circumstances  better  than  those  Avhich  existed  there  now. 
He  advocated  the  third  alternative,  and  cited  the  examples  of 
Port  Sunlight  and  Bournville  as  proving  that  employers  had  come 
to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  best  for  them  and  for  their  employes 
that  they  should  remove  their  AAorks  from  congested  centres,  and 
take  their  servants  with  them,,  to  areas  in  which  they  could  house 
them  comfortably  and  supply  them  with  the  advantages  of  the 
“garden  city.”  Mr.  HoAA'ard  illustrated  his  convincing  discourse 
with  a  series  of  realistic  pictures,  in  Avhich  a  healthy  race  of 
Avorkers  and  their  children  Avere  shown  to  be  enjoying  the  advan¬ 
tages  of  toAvn  and  countiy  life  combined,  breathing  pure  air, 
drinking  pure  Avater,  and  living  cheaply  on  the  purest  of  pure 
diets.  But  ptiblic  interest  and  sympathy  are  Avanted. 
And  it  is  to  establish  “cities” 
in  the  country — that  is  to  say,  to 
weave  a  large  amount  of  country 
life  into  town  life,  by  having 
Avide,  leafy  streets  and  gardens  all 
around  the  hou.ses — that  the  Asso¬ 
ciation  of  which  we  write  exists. 
Sir  John  Gorst  cited  the  case 
of  children  in  the  North  Cannon- 
gate  School,.  Edinburgh,  from 
among  Avhom  Dr.  Mackenzie  has 
selected  three  grades  of  boys  and 
girls,  and  had  discovered  the  re¬ 
markable  fact  that  the  dullest, 
least  controllable,  most  un¬ 
healthy,  were  from  homes  of  Iaa-o- 
roomed  tenements,  croAvded  and 
filthy  flats,  almo.st  devoid  of  sun¬ 
light  .  and  fresh  air.  The  better 
the  homes,  the  roomier  and 
brighter  they  were,  the  finer  Avere 
the  children;  and  Sir  John  there¬ 
fore  impressed  this  case  on  the 
notice  of  his  hearers.  He  thought 
it  a  most  important  thing  that 
just  at  the  moment  Avhen  the 
cities  Avere  spreading  out  in  all 
directions,  forming  neAv  slums  in 
the  suburbs,  that  this  Garden 
City  Association  had  appeared. 
Mr.  Rider  Haggard  spoke  from 
the  agriculturists’  point  of  AueAv. 
He  had  been  asked  to  vieAV  the 
site  of  the  garden  city  to  be  made 
at  Hadley,  in  Hertfordshire. 
This  embraces  3,200  acres,  and  is 
thirty-five  miles  from  London. 
Parts  of  it  are  in  several  parishes. 
He  found  it  to  be  most  excellently 
placed  to  fulfil  the  objects  for 
Avhich  it  Avas  intended.  The  soil 
is  a  loam  over  chalk,  and  the 
loAver  lands  are  .suitable  for 
orchards  and  vegetable  groAving. 
The  ground,  part  of  Avhich  stand.'! 
high,  is  healthy  and  possessed  of 
considerable  surrounding  ameni- 
The  engineers,  he  found,  had  been  able  to  get  a  Avater 
supply,  from  the  artesian  Avells,  of  5,400  gallons  per  hour,  and 
the  price  of  the  whole  estate,  he  also  thought,  was  Amry  reason¬ 
able,  being,  roughly,  £160,000,  or  £40  per  acre.  The  estate  offers 
numerous  good  building  sites  for  persons  of  moderate  or  .small 
means.  He  was  one  of  those  aa’Iio  had  been  sceptical  of  the  prac¬ 
ticability  of  the  moAmment,  but  .since  seeing  the  e.state  and  the 
Avork  being  undertaken,  his  vieAvs  had  undergone  a  very  consider¬ 
able  alteration. 
Cypripedium  x  Godseffianum. 
ties. 
