2i  JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE 
several  compartments  were  planted  with  dwarf  vegetation 
in  bold  and  flowing  lines,  Blond’s  “  Theorie  et  Pratique  du 
Jardinese”  containing  perhaps  the  best  examples  extant 
of  those  artificialities.  The  space  left  unoccupied  by  these 
was  divided  into  beds  filled  with  flowering  plants,  and  the 
divisional  line  betwixt  this  and  the  middle  division  was  a 
raised  terrace,  whence  the  flower  garden  was  overlooked. 
The  middle  division  consisted  of  “■  woods  ”  intersected 
with  walks,  the  river  Nadir  flowing  through  this  portion, 
but  so  sluggishly  that  Evelyn  remarked  on  its  muddiness. 
These  “woods,”  however,  occupied  only  a  portion  of  the 
division,  for  along  each  side,  at  the  greatest  distance  from 
the  main  walk,  was  ranged  a  covered  walk,  not  much  unlike 
the  fruit  -walks  in  vogue  at  present.  These  were  300ft  in 
length.  The  third  division  had  a  beginning  with  two  ponds, 
each  with  its  fountain,  and  grass  beyond,  with  walks  and 
Cherry  trees  ;  while  what  may  be  termed  the  division  proper 
was  largely  occupied  by  a  large  oval  of  grass  and  gravel, 
with  specimen  trees  and  a  large  brazen  statue  in  its  centre. 
To  correspond  with  the  covered  walks  already  described,  on 
each  side  were  three  arbours,  which  were  connected  by 
means  of  twining  galleries.  Statuary  and  fountains  were 
lavishly  employed  throughout.  This  garden  presents  a  very 
curious  medley  of  designing,  most  of  which  is  certainly 
ungardenlike. 
It  does  not  appear  that  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  or 
during  the  Commonwealth  any  gardens  of  importance  were 
made.  On  the  other  hand,  there  is  indisputable  evidence 
to  prove  that  many  of  the  old  gardens  during,  and  following, 
the  Civil  War  were  either  destroyed  or  irretrievably 
damaged  by  the  Parliamentarians.  To  set  against  that  is 
the  irrefragible  fact  that  the  Cromwellians  did  much  to 
extend  the  cultivation  of  fruits,  vegetables,  and  farm 
produce. 
With  the  Restoration,  gardening  entered  into  a  new 
phase.  Charles  II.  seems  to  have  imbibed  a  love  for  the 
magnificent  conceptions  of  Le  Notre  materiaUsed  in 
France,  and  on  setting  the  example  that  monarch  was 
followed  by  many  of  his  nobles,  and  later  by  the  gentry. 
At  the  same  time,  it  is  certain  that  a  less  extensive  and 
a  more  inexpensive  style  was  in  great  repute,  principally 
among  the  smaller  gentry,  who  seemed  to  have  unbounded 
confidence  in  Evelyn  as  a  landscapist  and  garden  designer. 
During  his  protracted  Continental  visits,  Evelyn  became 
embued  with  the  spirit  of  Italian  gardening  with  its 
statuary,  its  trim-cut  vegetation,  and  its  many  hedges. 
French  gardens,  though  he  has  left  many  records  of  their 
beauty,  do  not  seem  to  have  impressed  him  so  much. 
Evelyn  was  the  first  to  introduce  pergolas  into  England, 
though  these  were  by  no  means  the  same  thing  we  now 
understand  as  pergolas.  He  was  fond  of  grass,  and  in  more 
than  one  instance  w^as  the  means  of  having  moats  emptied 
of  water,  and  transformed  into  lawns.  It  is  commonly 
thought  that  the  famous  hedge  of  Holly  he  planted  at  Sayes 
Court,  and  afterwards  extended,  was  the  only  one  he  had 
a  connection  with  ;  but,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  he  advised, 
and  got  his  friends  to  also  plant  hedges  of  Holly.  More¬ 
over,  he  had  original  ideas  as  to  tree  planting,  and  he  was 
responsible  for  furnishing  several  parks  with  clumps  of 
trees. 
But  we  cannot  escape  the  fact  that  on  large  estates  the 
surroundings  were  completely  transformed,  from  bare, 
unkempt  country  into  enormous  policies  extending  to 
hundreds  of  acres.  It  is  impossible  to  say  how  much  Le 
Notre  himself  designed  in  England  ;  but  he  certainly  had 
a  few  pupils — Rose,  for  instance,  gardener  to  Charles  II., 
Cook,  and  later  London  and  Switzer,  all  of  whom  were  apt 
to  follow  the  lead  of  the  master. 
Artificial  water,  called  canals  and  avenues,  sometimes 
parallel  as  at  Chatsworth,  but  more  often  radiating  from 
common  centres  as  at  Badminton,  were  indispensably  con¬ 
stituents  in  these  designs.  Gtirdens  were  extensive,  those 
devoted  to  flowers  lying  in  close  proximity  to  the  house, 
and  the  parterres  largely  a  series  of  embroidery.  Gibson, 
for  instance,  remarks  that  the  parterre  at  Hampton  Court 
resembled  a  set  of  lace  pattern !  The  further  end  of  these 
parterres  sometimes  opened  on  lengthened  canals  bounded 
bv  lines  of  trees  ;  sometimes  on  a  broad  avenue  with  a 
circular  termination  of  trees.  Cashiobury.  the  seat  of  the 
unfortunate  Earl  of  Essex,  was  of  the  latter  kind,  and 
the  trees  were  planted  mostly  in  “  platones,”  a  method 
which  Lord  ^Stair  the  second,  in  the  succeeding  century 
followed  at  Newliston,  on  which  the  country  folks  declared 
AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER.  January  14,  1904; 
they  represented  soldiers  ranged  in  order  of  battle  !  Cooke.,. 
Lord  Essex’s  gardener,  was  famed  as  a  fruit-grower,  and 
wrote  on  forestry. 
Wanstead  House,,  not  far  from  Ilford,  was  one  of  the 
finest  examples  of  purely  formal  design.  There  was  a  great 
extent  of  water,  designed  as  artificially  as  the  woods,  most 
of  which  were  intersected  in  all  directions  Avith  formal 
rides.  The  gardens  here  were  some  little  distance  from 
the  house.  Badminton,  already  mentioned,  had  the  flower- 
garden  Avest  and  south-Avest,  the  house  and  extensive  kitchen 
gardens  and  orchards  just  beyond.  Close  clipped  hedges 
and  espalier  fruit  trees  Avere  largely  einployed.  Beyond 
these,  the  fields  Avere  sub-divided  by  radiating  avenues  of 
great  length.  A  magnificent  approach  Avas  really  an  avenue 
200ft  in  width,  flanked  on  each  side  by  other  avenues  of 
80ft  in  width.  These  avenues  were  several  miles  in  length. 
In  small  estates  where  there  Avas  not  space  for  these 
extensive  operations,  the  designs  Avere  more  severely  gar- 
denesque.  Worlidge  gives  designs  for  the  front  gardens  of  a. 
gentleman’s  house  of  this  reign  Avhich  is  very  simple.  A 
very  charming  gentleman’s  house  of  the  period,  lying  just 
outside  a  village,  has  in  front  a  grass  forecourt  Avith  central 
walk  to  roadAvay  with  parterre  at  one  side,  and  on  the 
garden  side  the  house  formal  designs  in  grass  -with  little 
flower  beds,  and  outside  of  this  the  kitchen  gardens  and 
orchard.  Every  Avalk  is  straight,  and  Avhat  appears  on  the 
one  side  of  a  walk  is  faithfully  repeated  on  the  other. 
When  Dutch  William  came  to  England  towards  the  end 
of  1688  he  brought  Avith  him,  along  Avith  a  measure  of  stolidity 
that  confounded  his  English  subjects,  a  keen  love  of  garden¬ 
ing,  but  which,  like  his  temper,  AA’as  severely  Dutch.  There- 
is  a  very  interesting  book  on  Hampton  Court  that  gives 
many  details  of  the  alterations  he  effected  in  the  gardens 
there,  having  chosen  that  palace  for  his  residence  on  account 
of  its  healthy  situation.  He  spent  enormous  sums  on  build¬ 
ing  and  ground  alterations,  for  Avhich  after  his  death  he  was 
condemned  by  Burnett  as  being  too  extravagant.  A  novel 
introduction  of  this  monarch  Avas  the  iron  fence  instead  of 
a  high  wall,  and  at  that  time  distinguished  by  the  appella¬ 
tion  dair  voyees  on  account  of  its  being  no  obstruction  to  the 
A'iew. 
Switzer  tells  us  how  “  The  great  garden,  that  garden  next 
the  river,  call’d  noAv  the  privy  garden  and  Avilderness,  and 
kitchen  gardens  Avere  made  Avitb  great  dispatch ;  the  only 
fault  was  the  pleasure  gardens  being  stuffed  too  thick  with 
Box,  a  fashion  brought  over  out  of  Holland  by  the  Dutch 
gardeners,  who  used  it  to  a  fault.”  After  the  death  of  his 
consort,  William  made  “  that  great  terrass  next  the  Thames,, 
the  noblest  Avork  of  that  kind  in  Europe.”  Details  and 
cost  of  these  alterations,  &c.,  still  exist,  and  afford  an 
interesting  account  of  gardening  at  this  period.  The  French- 
designs  noAv  superseded,  though  characterised  by  great  for¬ 
mality,  yet  permitted  vegetation  much  material  freedom. 
Now  vegetation  of  all  kinds  Avas  clipped  and  restricted  into 
the  severest  shapes.  Pope  in  a  Avell-knoAvn  essay  mentions 
“Edward  the  Black  Prince  in  Cypress,”  “A  NeAV  Elizabeth 
in  Phillyrea,”  “A  Maid  of  Honour  in  WormAvood,”  A 
Lavender  Pig,”  “St.  George  in  Box,”  “A  Quick-set  Hog, 
&c.  And  this:  — 
Here  intcrwoA’cn  brandies  form  a  wall, 
And  froni-the  living  fence  green  turrets  rise  ; 
There  ships  of  Myrtle  sail  in  seas  of  Box: 
A  green  encampment  yonder  meets  the  eye, 
And  loaded  Citrons  bearing  shields  and  spears. 
This  can  hardly  be  called  a  poetic  fiction,  because  William 
in  making  Kensington  Gardens  found  a  gravel  pit  in  a  field 
somewhat  of  an  eyesore,  and  this  Avas  blinded  by  means  of 
“a  mimic  fortification,  the  bastions,  counterscarps,  &c.,  of 
Avhich  Avere  of  clipped  YeAv  and  variegated  Holly,  which  was 
long  an  object  of  wonder  and  admiration  under  the  name  of 
the  siege  of  Troy.” 
William  has  been  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  make  u^e 
of  vases  in  the  garden,  but  Worlidge  mentions  them  in  1677, 
“  painted  white  and  placed  on  pedestals  either  on  the 
ground  in  a  streight  line  or  the  edges  of  your  AA’alks,  or  on 
your  walls  or  at  the  corners  of  your  squarts.”— B. 
- - 
Flowers  for  Britain.— According  to  a  Sheffield  paper,  it  is 
estimated  that  £1.000,000  is  spent  in  floAvers  every  year  in  Britain. 
Of  this  sum,  £300.000  goes  to  the  Continental  producer. 
