374 
JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
April  23,  1904. 
*^*A11  correspondence  relating  to  editorial  matters  should  be 
directed  to  “The  Editor,”  12,  Mitre  Court  Chambers, 
Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C.  It  is  requested  that  no  one 
will  write  privately  to  any  of  our  correspondents,  seeking 
information  on  matters  discussed  in  this  Journal,  as  doing 
so  subjects  them  to  unjustihahle  trouble  and  expense.  In 
naming  plants  we  only  undertake  to  name  species,  or  well- 
marked  varieties,  and  only  six  on  any  one  occasion.  Florists’ 
flowers  we  do  not  name. 
BOOK  (W.  H.). — In  order  to  draw  the  plan  of  a  garden  or 
landscape  to  .scale  it  is  nece.ssary  to  have  at  lea.st  a  slight  know¬ 
ledge  of  the  principles  of  geometry,  acquired  through  the  aid  of 
a  textbook,  or  from  a  teacher.  We  would  therefore  commend 
you  to  the  hook  entitled  “  The  Elements  of  Geometrical 
Drawing,”  by  H.  J.  Spooner.  London:  Longmans,  Green,  and 
Co.,  price  3s.  6d. 
WHAT  ARE  THE  COMMONER  GARDEN  WORMS? 
(Naturalist). — The  commonest  is  the  earthworm  (Lumhricus 
teri'estris),  though  other  species  are  not  uncommon,  the  red 
worm  (L.  rubellum)  being  very  partial  to  heavily  manured 
ground  or  that  containing  much  decaying  vegetable  matter  and 
manure.  The  purple  worm  and  brandling  are  also  common  in 
gardens  and  on  lawns. 
GRASS  LAND  “  FOGGED  ”  (G.).-I  have  about  two  acres 
sandy  soil.  For  the  last  two  years  I  cut  hay  from  it.  What 
would  he  a  good  dressing  for  it,  as  it  has  become  fogged  and 
short  of  Clover?  I  am  giving  it  a  little  cowdung.  Would  lime 
suit  ? — [The  best  plan  to  adopt  in  such  a  case  is  to  give  the  land 
a  dressing  of  5  cwt  per  acre  of  ground  lime  or  of  basic  slag  and 
1  cwt  sulphate  of  potash,  as  lime  and  potash  are  the  dominant 
manures  for  Clover.  A  single  turn  of  a  harrow  over  the  fogged 
land  at  the  time  of  applying  the  manures  is  also  to  he  recom¬ 
mended.] 
WHAT  IS  THE  COST  OF  TANNED  GARDEN  NETTING 
AND  OTHER  PROTECTIVE  MATERIAL  FOR  FRUIT 
BLOSSOMS  (R.  S.). — Ordinary  tanned,  usually  termed  fish, 
netting,  ranges  about  Id.  per  square  yard,  but  is  usually  sold  in 
widths  of  2  yards  wide  at  2d.  per  running  yard,  and  4  yards 
wide  at  4d.  per  running  yard,  this  being  diamond  mesh.  A 
third  more  should  always  be  allowed  than  the  surface  measure¬ 
ment.  Canvas,  brown  He.ssian,  is  54in  wide,  price  8d.  per 
yard ;  scrim,  54in  wide,  8d.  per  yard  ;  frigi  domo,  2,  3,  and  4 
yards  wide.  Is.  per  square  yard ;  woollen  netting,  ^in  mesli, 
about  Is.  2d.  per  square  yard. 
NARCISSUS  PROPAGATION  BY  OFFSETS  (T.  R.  M.).— 
This  simply  consists  in  separating  the  small  bulbs  that  issue 
from  the  base  of  the  parent  ones,  and  planting  them  out 
separately  for  a  year  in  order  that  they  may  grow  sufficiently 
large  for  flowering.  The  majority  of  the  species  increase  some¬ 
what  freely  by  this  method,  and  permanent  clumps  or  collections 
may  be  lifted  during  the  months  of  July  and  August,  when  they 
are  usually  dormant  and  quite  free  from  roots,  the  offsets 
removed  and  planted  without  delay.  This  is  a  good  plan  to 
adopt  where  tliere  is  likely  to  be  a  danger  of  injury  caused  by 
the  flowering  bulbs  being  overcrowded,  arising  from  their 
multiplying. 
COLLECTION  OF  CUT  FLOWERS  (W.  E.  A.).— You  have 
our  sympathy,  and  the  judges  ought,  we  think,  to  have  taken 
precedent  into  consideration  in  bestowing  their  awards.  You 
say  you  have  always  shown  the  same  flowers  as  distinct  kinds 
before,  but  do  not  say  whether  you  hitherto  obtained  prizes, 
because  if  you  did  not,  the  disqualification  question  would  not 
then  be  raised.  We  think  that  Azalea  mollis  and  A.  indica  are 
not  “  distinct  kinds,”  as  meant  in  the  terms  of  competition, 
though  of  course  they  are  distinct  species.  The  matter  resolves 
itself  into  one  of  loose  phraseology,  a  fault  too  common  in 
flower  show  schedides  and  in  the  stipulations  for  competitions. 
If  gardeners  as  a  body  knew  a  little  elementary  botany  (which 
so  many  regard  as  useless),  they  would  place  a  better  value  on 
nomenclature,  and  instead  of  talking  of  “  kinds,”  they  would 
say  genera,  or  species,  or  varieties,  as  the  case  may  he. 
Under  the  circumstances,  your  wisest  course  will  be  to  get  the 
word  “kinds”  deleted,  and  the  word  “genera”  substituted. 
OUR  DATE  OF  PUBLICATION  (H.  S.  C.).— The  Journal 
of  Horticulture  is  issued  about  three  o’clock  on  Thursday  morn¬ 
ings  to  the  G.P.O.,  whose  collecting  vans  call  a*-  the  printing 
office.  Please  note  our  correct  address. 
SPRAYING  FRUIT  TREES  (L.  N.). -.Spraying  .should  be 
commenced  at  once  for  all  general  lines  of  nur.sery  stock.  The 
lime,  salt,  and  sulphur  preparation  should  be  applied  before  the 
buds  open,  and  the  same  is  true  of  all  .strong  sprays.  Arsenate 
of  lead  and  Bordeaux  should  be  applied  as  .soon  as  the  blossoms 
fall,  and  again  as  may  be  necessary  to  keep  the  foliage  wel[ 
covered,  until  the  fruit  is  nearly  grown — say,  four  times  in  the 
season. 
WHAT  SHOULD  BE  THE  AMOUNT  OF  LABOUR  PER 
1,000  SQUARE  FEET  OF  GLASS  IN  PRIVATE  GARDENS? 
(P.  T.). — This  entirely  depends  upon  the  character  of  the  struc¬ 
tures,  but  for  mixed  houses,  say  a  green^iouse,  stove,  vineries, 
and  Peach  houses,  one  man,  a  journeyman,  is  a  fair  average 
allowment,  though  in  most  cases  the  work  is  varied,  spare  time 
being  filled  up  in  other  departments  and  at  other  times  assist¬ 
ance  given,  as  in  the  case  of  Grape-thinning,  &c.,  from  pre¬ 
viously  or  otherwise  assisted  parts  of  the  establishment.  Indeed, 
no  conect  estimate  can  be  given  without  stating  nature  of 
charge. 
PIPING  FOR  GREENHOUSE  (Florist).— We  desire  to  heat 
a  small  house  Ibft  by  40ft,  with  hot  water,  using  2in  flow  pipe, 
the  heater  to  be  below  floor  of  the  shed.  What  is  the  best  way 
to  pipe  it,  and  how  many  flows  and  returns  are  needed  if  retuims 
are  Ijin  and  bring  the  temperature  to  GOdeg?  Outside  tem¬ 
perature  is  sometimes  20deg  below. — [To  heat  the  house  pro¬ 
perly,  about  300  square  feet  of  radiation  will  be  required,  and 
this  is  too  much  for  one  2in  flow.  By  using  two  flows,  and 
placing  one  upon  each  side  wall  or  upon  the  purlin  posts,  if 
there  are  any  in  the  house,  and  then  using  about  twelve  liin 
returns,  the  temperature  desired  can  be  obtained.  The  returns 
can  be  divided  between  the  two  walls,  or  if  there  is  a  middle 
bench  v  here  bottom  heat  is  desired  some  of  them  may  be  placed 
there.  In  case  the  end  of  the  house  is  exposed  it  will  be  well 
to  cairy  the  coils  partly  across  the  end.  If  there  is  no  door  in 
the  end  of  the  house  farthest  fioni  the  heater,  a  very  simple 
method  of  piping  the  house  will  be  to  luin  a  coil  of  five  2in  pipes 
clear  around  the  house.] 
MARKETING  BUNCH  OF  RHUBARB,  ONIONS,  TUR¬ 
NIPS,  Ac.  (J.  J.).  — A  bundle  of  Rhubarb  comprises  20  to  30 
stems,  according  to  size,  and  the  small  retail  bundle  consists  of 
three  stems  when  of  good  length,  as  in  forced,  or  more  in  case 
of  the  smaller  sorts.  A  bunch  of  young  Onions  is  as  many  as 
a  man  can  hold  in  his  hand  arranged  in  fan-shape,  the  nnm- 
her  varying  according  to  the  size  of  the  plants.  A  bunch  of 
Turnips  is  20  to  2-5,  though  they  are  usually  made  up  smaller 
for  retail  purposes.  A  bunch  of  Carrots  is  3G  to  40,  these,  as  in 
the  ca.se  of  Turnips,  being  often  smaller  to  meet  retail  require¬ 
ments.  A  hunch  of  Radishes,  termed  a  hand,  contains  from  12 
to  30  or  more  according  to  the  season.  A  bundle  of  Aspai'agus 
contains  100  to  12-5  heads,  but  large  heads  are  made  up  in 
bundles  of  25,  50,  or  100,  so  as  to  meet  all  reqtiirements.  Sea- 
kale  may  consist  of  12  to  18  heads  to  the  bundle,  though  6  well 
grown  heads  will  fill  a  punnet,  and  be  as  much  in  meat  as  twice 
01'  thrice  the  number  of  heads  of  lesser  size.  A  bundle  of  Celery 
contains  from  G  to  20  heads,  but  the  former  is  most  in  repute 
.for  large  heads. 
LAND  FOR  AGRICULTURE  AND  FOR  MARKET  GAR¬ 
DEN  PURPOSES  (Old  Reader).— The  difference  between  taking 
land  for  agricultural  and  taking  land  for  market  garden  pur¬ 
poses  is  that  by  the  former  the  land  may  only  be  u.sed  for  agri¬ 
cultural  crops,  or  such  crops  as  come  under  the  definition  of  vege¬ 
tables,  and  in  that  case  the  outgoing  tenant  can  only  claim  for 
unexhausted  improvements  at  expiration  of  tenancy,  and  in 
many  cases  not  that,  as  the  landlord  very  often  nullifies  the 
Act  of  Parliament  (Agricultural,  Holdings)  by  inserting  a  clause 
in  the  agreement  to  that  effect.  In  the  case  of  land  for  market 
garden  purposes  tlie  tenant  may  not  remove  anything  of  a  per¬ 
manent  nature,  such  as  fruit  trees,  and  though  he  may  erect 
glass  houses,  and  even  remove  them  before  the  expiration  of  the 
tenancy,  he  cannot,  taking  the  land  for  agricultural  purposes, 
claim  compensation  for  such  improvements  as  he  may  have 
made  in  a  market  garden  direction,  such  as  fruit  trees,  nor  take 
away  any  part  of  them  that  will  prejudice  the  landlord’s 
interest  in  reletting  the  land.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  ownei- 
lets  the  land  to  he  used  as  a  market  garden,  compensation 
may  he  claimed  by  the  tenant  for  unexhausted  improvements, 
in  which  case  the  rent  wiH  be  double  or  more  than  if  it  were  to 
be  used  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  come  under  a  different 
category.  As  the  proprietor  mentioned  putting  a  lot  of  trees 
there,  it  is  clear  he  does  not  intend  to  let  the  land  to  be  used 
as  a  fruit  garden,  but  only  for  agricultural  purposes,  though  we 
do  not  see  how  objection  could  be  taken  to  vegetable  crops. 
