382 
JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
May  5, 1904. 
remarks  on  the  value  or  uses  of  the  variety  j  notes  vith  respect 
to  its  origin,  introduction,  or  history. 
Tliese  matters  will  give  some  idea  as  to  the  scope  ol  the 
work  and  the  thoroughness  induced  in  respect  of  every  fi’uit 
described,  each  description  being  authenticated  by  the  name  of 
the  describer  and  that  of  the  grower,  together  with  the  loca¬ 
tion  of  production.  Such  details  mean  a  system,  no  haphazard 
work,  and  to  clench  everything  a’  good  drawing  or  photograph 
of  the  specimen  made,  even  water-colour  paintings ;  and  models 
in  plaster  of  Paris  or  wax  being  regarded  as  improvements, 
and  with  a  good  written  description  form  a  complete  record. 
The  book  is  replete  with  illustrations  elucidative  of  the 
several  forms  on  which  the  classification  is  based,  and  treats 
of  Apples  or  Pome  fruits.  Plums  or  Drupe  fruits,  of  Straw¬ 
berries,  Kaspberries,  and  Blackberries,  Currants,  and  Ciroose- 
berries,  and  Grapes,  in  a  very  concise  manner. 
Under  the  head  of  “Classification  of  Fruits  in  General,” 
Prof.  Waugh  alludes  to  the  difficulty  of  defining  a  fruit  in 
exact  terms,  that  of  the  botanist  and  the  horticulturist  not 
being  just  the  same,  the  latter’s  notion  being  that  a  “  fruit  is  an 
edible,  more  or  less  fleshy  portion  of  a  plant,  in  its  development 
intimately  connected  with  the  seed.  Sometimes  it  is  the  seed 
itself,  as  in  the  Walnut;  sorfietimes  it  is  the  swollen  ovary,  as 
in  the  Plum;  sometimes  it  is  the  fleshy  calyx  adhering  to  the 
ovary,  as  in  the  Apple.”  Reference  is  also  made  to  the 
difficulty  of  classifying  hybrids,  as  clearly  the  resultant  fruits 
may  be  called  by  either  name  of  the  parents. 
“Recently,”  he  says,  “the  Plum  has  been  successfully 
hybridised  with  the  Apricot  and  with  the  Cherry.-;  The  re¬ 
sultant  fruit  is  half  Plum  and  half  Apricot,  and  cannot  be  con¬ 
veniently  classed  with  either.  Mr.  Burbank  has  called  it  a 
lumcot.  The  cross  between  the  Plum  and  Cherry  has  not 
een  named.” 
Prof.  Waugh,  also  says  he  “has  several  times  seen  fruits 
which  were  thought  to  be  hybrids  between  the  Apple  and  the 
Pear.  They  partook  of  the  characters  of  both  fruits.  Whether  . 
such  specimens  could  be  called  Pears  or  Apples  .  would  be  a 
knotty  question.  About  tfte  best  thing  that  can  be  done  is 
to  rely  on  the '  arbitrary  definitions  of  our  common  language.” 
In  the  general  classification,  Prof.  Waugh  adheres  to  that 
given  in  Baily’s  “  Principles  of  Fruit  Growing.” 
Class  I. — Tree  fruits.  -  Sub-class  1:  Pomaceous  fruits,  which 
include  Crabs,  Apples, '  Pears,  Quinces,  Medlars,  and  Loquat. 
Sub-class  2. — Drupaceous  or  stone  fruits,  embracing  Cherry, 
Plum,  Apricot,  Peach,  and  Nectarine. 
Sub-class  3. — Citrus  fruits,  including  the  Orange,  Lime,  and 
Lemon.  Sub-class  4. — Moraceous  fruits,  comprising  the  Fig 
and  Mulberry.  Class  5.— Anonacepus  fruits,  containing 
the  Cherimoya,  Sour-apple,  and  northern  Papaw. 
Sub-class  6. — Myrtaceous  fruits,  embracing  Guava  and  the 
Eugenias.  Sub-class  7. — Sapotaceous  fruits,  such  as  the  Star- 
apple  and  others.  Sub-class  8. — Anacardiaceous  fruits,  as  the 
Mango. 
Sub-class  9. — Ebenaceous  fruits,  Kaki  and  Persimmon.  Sub- 
cla.ss  10. — Leguminous  fruits.  Tamarind  and  Carob.  Sub¬ 
class  11. — Nut  fruits,  Walnuts,  Chestnut,  Filbert,  Almond, 
Ac.  Sub-class  12. — Palmaceous  fruits,  as  the  Cocoa-nut  and 
Date.  Sub-class  13. — Miscellaneous  tree  fruits,  including  the 
Olive,  Pomegranate,  Alligator  Pear,  Strawberry  tree,  &c. 
Class  II. — Vine  fruit.  Sub-class  1,  Viticulture,  comprising 
the  Grapes.  Sub-class  2,  Passifloraceous  fruits,  such  as  the 
Granadilla. 
Class  III. — Small  fruit.  Sub-class  1,  Bush  fruits.  Group  a, 
Rubaceous  fruits — Raspberry,  Blackberry,  and  Dewberry. 
Group  b7  Ribaceous  fruits — Currants  and  Gooseberries. 
Group  c.  Miscellaneous  bush  fruits — Juneberry  and  Buffalo- 
berry.  Sub-class  2,  Strawberry— -Garden,  Hautbois,  and 
Alpine.  Sub-class  3,  Cranberry — Common  Cranberry. 
Class  IV. — Non-woody  or  Herb-like  fruits.  Sub-class  1, 
Musaceous  fruits — Banana  and  Plantain.  Sub-class  2,  Pine¬ 
apple — Common  Pineapple.  Sub-class  3,  Cactaceous  fruits — 
Prickly  Pear,  Indian  h'lg,  Barbadoes  Gooseberry.  Sub-class  4, 
Miscellaneous  herb-like  fruits — the  Ceriman  (Monstera 
deliciosa). 
After  the  general  classification  follow  chapters  on  the  classi¬ 
fication  of  Apples,  divided  into  fifteen  classes ;  on  Pears,  also 
consisting  of  fifteen  classes ;  on  Peaches,  on  Plums  and  Dam¬ 
sons,  on  Cherries,  and  miscellaneous  fruits.  There  is  also  a 
chapter  on  the  “  Relation  to  the  practice  of  fruit  growing,”  in 
which  Prof.  Waugh  says,  “Aside  from  the  executive  ability 
of  the  fruit  grower  himseif,  no  other  one  factor  has  a  greater 
’n^uenc?.  cn  the  success  of  the  business  of  fruit  growing  than 
i,ie  selection  of  varieties.  The  improvement  of  our  horticul¬ 
ture  depends,  first  of  all,  on  the  introduction  of  better  fruits, 
on  their  effective  dissemination,  and  on  the  adaptation  of  .  par¬ 
ticular  varieties  to  special  soils,  climates,  markets  and  personal 
needs. 
“  There  are  men,  of  course,  who  grow  Apples  successfully, 
and  who  sell  them  at  a  profit,  without  knowing  any  other 
variety  than  Ben  Davis'  or  Baldwin.  But  you,  my  amiable 
reader,  are  not  that  kind  of  man.  Ignorance  is  no  part  of 
your  capital ;  for  your  success  is  conditional  on  knowledge. 
The  better  you  understand  your  business  the  better  it  will  pay 
Also,  the  better  you  understand  it  the  more  you  will  enjoy  it. 
“  Both  these  things  are  important.  Fruit  growing  must  pay 
some  dividend  in  the  first  place,  and  in  the  second  place,  you 
must  take  some  interest,  some  pride,  and  .some  pleasure  in  it.” 
How  true  is  tiiis  of  British  pomology ;  and  I  entirely  endorse 
the  professor’s  dictum.  “  Now,  the  man  who  enjoys  fruit 
growing,  and  expects  to  make  a  success  of  it,  must  study 
varieties.  He  ought  to  study  them  thoroughly  and 
systematically.”  And  the  study  of  varieties  of  fruits  is 
systematic  pomology,  and  its  elucidation  by  Prof.  Waugh  I 
heartily  commend  to  readers  of  the  Journal  of  Horticulture, 
the  work  containing  chapters  “for  the  teachers  and  student,” 
on  “laboratory  work.”,  and  on  “judging  fruits,”  with,  not 
least,  a  glossary  of  terms. — G.  Abbey. 
- - ^ 1  »  - 
Old-time  Gardening, 
(  Continued  from  page  256.) 
Plants  Introduced  in  Seventeenth  Century. 
Abrus  precatorius  (Glycine  Abrus). — Introduced  from  West 
Indies  in  1680.  On  account  of  the  leaves  possessing  a  flavour  of 
liquorice,  it  was  known  as  Wild  Liquorice.  Its  specific  name  is 
derived  from  the  berries  having  been  used  as  rosaries,  and  they  were 
sold  also  as  Jumble  Beads.  In  India  the  seeds  are  used  as  weights, 
called  ‘rati,’  whence  it  is  said  Carat  is  derived.  Lately  the  plant 
has  been  brought  into  prominence  by  Professor  Nowack  as  a  weather 
plant.  ^ 
Acanthus  spinosissimus.  —  Johnstone  states  having  seen  this 
plant  in  Parkinson’s  private  garden. 
Acer  platanoides  (The  Norway  Maple). — First  mentioned  in 
1683.  For  long  a  rare  tree.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its 
tender  greenish  yellow  foliage  and  flowers  in  early  summer,  and  has 
lately  been  recommended  as  a  forest  tree  by  Mr.  Simpson  (“The 
New  Forestry”).  Cut  and  variegated-leaved  forms  are  also  cultivated. 
Acer  rubrum. — Seeds  of  this  tree  were  introduced  by  Tradescant 
from  America,  hence  called  V'irginia,  and  on  account  of  its  red 
flowers.  Red  Maple. 
Achillea  .sgtptica,  1640.  —  Still  cultivated  in  borders.  A. 
Clarenn.®  1656  :  An  indispensable  rockery  plant.  A.  herba-rota, 
1640 :  Like  some  others,  the  leaves  of  this  species  when  bruised  are 
fragrant.  A.  nobilis,  1640;  called  Sweet  Sneezewort,  the  bruised 
foliage  emitting  a  sweet  scent.  A.  serrata,  1686:  Dwarf  and 
pretty  species,  still  cultivated. 
Acis  AUTUMNALis  (Leucojum  autumnale),  1629. — The'  best  of 
the  genus  ;  figured  by  Parkinson. 
Actinomeris  squarrosa,  1640. — A  common  American  weed,  met 
with  long  ago  as  Chrysanthemum  virginicum ;  Coreopsis  alternifolius 
and  Verbesina  Coreopsis  are  later  synonyms. 
Adenocarpus  (Cttisus)  foliolosus,  1629. 
Adiantum  pedatum,  1640. — The  well  known  hardy  Canadian 
Maidenhair,  A.  reniforme,  1699. 
Adonis  .estivalis,  1629. — At  one  time  a  popular  garden  plant,' 
the  yellow  form  being  that  commonly  cultivated.  It  is  sometimes, 
but  erroneously,  called  Pheasant’s-eye. 
A.  vERNALis. — Botanists  give  date  of  introduction  as  1629,  but  as 
it  is  included  in  Gerarde’s  Herbal  and  Catalogue,  and  also  by  Lyte 
(“Nievwe  Herball,  1578),  who  says,  “In  this  country  the  herboristes 
do  plant  it  in  their  gardens,”  the  plant  is  really  a  sixteenth 
century  introduction.  Lyte  called  it  “  Oxe-eye,”  and  Gerarde  also, 
while  Parkinson  thought  it  was  a  kind  of  yellow  Anemone. 
AiJrua  (Celosia)  LANATA,  1691. — A  “  Weed.” 
A3sculus  Hippocastanum,  1629. — First  cultivated  by  Tradescant 
in  his  garden  at  South  Lambeth. 
Agapanthus  umbellatus,-  1692 ;  the  well-known  African  Lily. — ■ 
In  its  earlier  days  in  this  country  it  masqueraded  under  such  desig¬ 
nations  as  Crinum  africanum,  Hyacinthus  africanus  tuberosus,  and 
Asphodel  Lily. 
Agave  Americana  and  A.  a.  variegata,  1640. — Usually  described 
as  Aloe  americana,  and  still  retains  the  name  of  American  Aloe. 
Agrimonia  odorata,  1640. — The  leaves  are  fragrant.  Long  ago 
they  were  infused  and  the  tea  given  to  persons  in  fever.  Till  quite 
a  recent  period  Agrimony  tea  was  used  as  a  febrifuge  in  the  Border 
districts,  common  Agrimony  being  substituted. 
Ajuga  genevensis,  1656. — This  still  indispensable  plant  was 
usually  called  Bugula  genevensis.  Allium  fistulosum,  1629. 
Althaia  acaulis,  1680. 
Amaryllis  (Sprekelia)  formosissima,  1658. — This  brilliant 
bulbous  flower  had  been  a  long  time  in  cultivation  ere  it  obtained  a 
name  conformable  to  its  appearance.  Some  of  its  earlier  designa¬ 
tions  are :  Narcissus  indicus,  N.  i.  ruber,  N.  i.  Jacobsea,  and  Inlio- 
Narcissus  Jacobiea;  everyday  names  being  Indian  Narcissus  and 
Indian  Lily.  How  it  came  to  be  called  the  Jacobsea  Lily  is  said  by 
an  old  Avriter  toJiave  been  on  account  of  the  flowers  resembling  the 
■  ‘‘  pictured  swords  on  habits  of  the  Jacobsean  Knights.” 
