June  9,  190  k 
JOUBNAL  OF  BORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
505 
ventilators  closed  till  it  is  done.  A  damp,  midrained  bottom  to 
the  house  will  always  keep  mildew  there,  ready  to  start  into 
life  at  any  opportunity.] 
WATER  SUPPLY  (Kittie).— We  shall  reply  next  week. 
DRAWING  RECEIVED  (Dull  and  Sons).— We  beg  to 
acknowledge  the  receipt  of  the  drawing. 
BALLIKINRAIN  ANT  DESTROYER  (.7.  Pitt).— This  is 
obtainable  from  Messrs.  Cross  and  Sons,  19,  Hope  Street, 
Glasgow. 
PEACH  AND  NECTARINE  FRUITS  CRACKING  (Reader 
and  W.  S.). — See  reply  to  “  Riverdale.”  In  your  case, 
“  W.  S.,”  the  cause  was  probably  that  the  lower  i^art  of  the 
border  was  dry,  and  then  received  a  watering,  causing  the 
fruits  to  swell  quickly  and  thus  rupture. 
PEARS  AFFECTED  WITH  MAGGOTS  (F.  H.  K.).— The 
Pears  are  affected  by  the  larva'  or  maggots  of  the  Pear  gall 
gnat  (Diplosis  pyrivora  syn,  D.  nigra,  and  of  older  times  Sciara 
pyri).  The  only  remedy  is  to  destroy  the  affected  Pears  whilst 
the  maggots  are  in  them.  Preventive  measures  are: — (1)  Spray 
the  trees  with  tar  water  just  before  the  blossom  opens,  this  may 
possibly  hinder  the  flies  depositing  eggs  in  the  blossoms ;  (2) 
When  the  larvae  have  left  the  fruit,  which  takes  place  about 
■the  middle  of  June,  later  in  backward  seasons,  supply  a  dressing 
of  kainit,  15  cwt.  per  acre,  lO^lb  per  rod,  or  6oz  per  square  yard, 
just  after  rain.  The  salt  will  be  dissolved  by  the  soil  moisture, 
and  the  solution,  coming  into  contact  with  the  larvae,  destroys 
them.  The  difficulty  is  that  of  attack  from  infested  orchards, 
where  no  repressive  measures  are  taken,  the  steps  not  being 
universal,  hence  fruit  pests  cannot  be  banished  until  neglected 
orchards  and  fruit  plantations  are  taken  in  hand  by  competent 
pathologists.  The  life  history  of  the  Pear  midge,  or  Pear  gall 
gnat,  is  given  in  the  Journal  of  Horticulture,  June  3,  1897, 
page  487,  with  illustrations  of  the  pest  and  its  work,  by  Mr. 
G.  Abbey. 
NAMES  OF  PLANTS.  —  Correspondents  whose  queries  are 
unanswered  in  the  present  issue  are  respectfully  requested  to  consult 
the  following  number.  (H.  K.). — Saxifraga  granulata,  a  native  plant ; 
there  is  also  a  donble  form.  (W.  W.). — 1,  Pentapterygium  serpens  ; 
2,  Prunus  Padus,  the  Bird  Cherry  ;  3,  Kerria  japonica  fl.-pl. ;  4, 
Fraxinus  Ornus,  the  Manna  Ash.  (M.  M.). — This  was  overlooked 
last  week ;  the  plant  was  a  Phaius,  but  we  were  quite  unable  to 
identify  the  species.  (H.  A.). — The  flower  was  an  Ornithogalum, 
and  your  letter  is  interesting. 
Thinning  Tree  and  Shrubbery  Plantations. 
In  growing  plantations  of  trees  and  shrubbery  one  of  the 
most  important  operations  the  thinning  out  of  overcrowding 
individuals.  It  is  well  to  plant  thickly,  for  each  tree  and  shrub 
helps  to  protect  the  other.  Nurse  trees  are  often  introduced 
into  plantations  to  serve  as  temporary  protection  until  the  per¬ 
manent  trees  gain  in  strength.  Too  often,  however,  the  trees 
intended  to  nurse  the  otliers  are  permitted  to  remain  in  the 
plantations  until  they  have  injured  their  nurslings  by  over¬ 
crowding  them. 
A  safe  ruie  for  the  planter  to  follow  in  a  young  plantation 
is :  Never  allow  the  growth  of  one  tree  to  injure  the  growth 
of  another.  By  non-observance  of  this  rule  costly  mistakes  have 
been  made,  and  this  is  nowhere  more  apparent  than  in  our 
public  parks  and  pleasure  grounds.  But  go  where  you  will, 
whether  in  the  streets,  the  public  parks  or  the  private  home 
grounds,  to  a  great  extent,  crowded  and  therefore  damaging 
conditions  prevail  among  trees  and  shrubbery.  The  opposition 
which  the  practical  arboriculturist  or  the  landscape  gardener 
often  has  to  contend  -with  is  the  sentimental  aversion  expressed 
by  well-meaning  against  the  cutting  down  of  trees.  This  feel¬ 
ing  is  born  of  ignorance  of  the  requirements  of  good  tree  cul¬ 
ture,  and,  so  far  as  public  parks  are  concerned,  is  responsible 
for  much  of  the  destruction  or  the  bad  condition  of  their  trees. 
While  the  thinning  out  of  young  plantations  is  a  simple 
matter,  that  of  thinning  a  piece  of  old  woodland  is  much  more 
difficult.  The  young  plantation  is  made  to  conform  or  to  give 
effect  to  a  landscape,  while  the  old  woodland  may  be  the 
dominating  feature,  or  it  may  require  carving  to  bring  it  into 
harmony  with  the  landscape.  Should  the  trees,  although 
standing  thickly  together,  be  fairly  vigorous  and  well  formed, 
a  judicious  thinning  will  improve  their  condition  by  letting 
in  air  and  light,  thus  inducing  a  growth  of  side  branches. 
Should,  however,  the  trees  be  of  spindling  growth  from  over¬ 
crowding,  better  results  may  be  obtained  by  cutting  out  freely 
enough  to  allow  of  new  planting. 
While  in  park  piantation  and  woodlands  trees  should  have 
more  ^  room  for  symmetrical  development  than  obtains  in 
forestry  operations,  yet  it  is  not  necessary  that  each  tree  in  a 
mass  intended  for  sylvan  effect  should  he  a  perfect  specimen 
of  its  kind.  Specimen  growths  should  be  reserved  for  pro¬ 
minent  points  or  open  spaces.  The  selection  of  material  to  be 
thinned  out  .should  be  made  in  the  summer  season  and  marked. 
At  this  time  tlie  condition  of  th.e  trees  and  their  relation  to 
each  other  can  he  the  more  easily  determined,  and  pleasing  com¬ 
binations  can  be  arranged  or  retained. — J.  A.  Pettigrew  (in 
Bulletin  of  New  England  Park  Superintendents.) 
Covent  Garden  Market. — June  8tli, 
Avenag-e  Wholesale  Prices.— Fnuit. 
s. 
d. 
g. 
d 
s.  d. 
8.  cl 
American  Limes,  400-500 
Figs,  per  doz . 
3  0  to  6  0 
in  case  . 
.4.  7 
Oto  9  0 
Lemons,  per  case  . 
8  6 
10  0 
Apples,  Australian, 
in 
Lychees,  box  . 
1  2 
0  0 
cases  7 
(1 
12  0 
Oranges,  per  case . 
8  0 
35  0 
,,  Nova  Scotia,  bark  14 
0 
18 
0 
Peaches,  A.,  per  doz.  ... 
12  0 
18  0 
,,  Tasmanian  ,, 
...  5 
0 
8 
0 
,,  B.,  per  doz.  ... 
3  0 
8  9 
Bananas,  bunch 
...  6  0 
14  0 
Pears,  per  case  . 
7  0 
17  0 
Grapes,  Alicante,  lb. 
...  2 
6 
4  0 
,,  stewing,  ^-sieve  ... 
9  0 
11  0 
,,  in  barrel 
...  12 
0 
18  0 
Pines,  each  . 
2  0 
5  0 
,,  Almeria,  doz. 
...  6 
0 
8 
0 
Strawberries,  A.,  lb. 
2  0 
3  0 
,,  Gros  Colman,A. 
,1b.  3  0 
5  0 
„  B.  ... 
0  9 
1  S 
Average 
Wholesale 
Prices.— Vegetables. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d 
s.  d. 
s.  d 
Artichokes,  Globe,  doz.  2 
6  to  4  0 
Onions,  picklers,  sieve  ... 
3  0  to  5  0 
Asparagus,  Sprue,  bundle  0 
9 
0  0 
„  English,  cwt.  ... 
7  6 
0  0 
,,  English,  bun.  1 
6 
2 
0 
Parsley,  doz.  bnchs. 
1  6 
2  0 
,,  foreign 
...  0 
6 
1 
6 
Parsnips,  per  bag  . 
2  0 
2  6 
Beans,  dwarf,  per  lb. 
...  0 
9 
010 
Peas,  lb . 
0  6 
1  3 
Beetroots,  per  bushel 
...  2 
6 
3 
6 
Potatoes,  per  ton  . 
60  0 
130  0 
Cabbages,  doz. 
...  1 
0 
1 
9 
,,  Frame,  lb.  ... 
0  4i 
0  5 
Carrots,  doz.  bun.  ... 
...  2 
0 
o 
O 
6 
„  New  Teneriffe, 
„  per  bag  ... 
...  2 
6 
4 
0 
per  cwt 
10  0 
12  0 
Cauliflower,  doz.  ... 
...  0 
9 
2 
0 
Radishes,  doz.  bun. 
0  9 
1  0 
Celery,  per  doz.  bun. 
...  8 
0 
9 
0 
Rhubarb,  per  doz . 
0  9 
1  0 
Cress,  per  doz.  pun. 
...  0 
9 
1 
0 
Salad,  small,  pun.,  doz.... 
0  6 
1  0 
Cucumbers,  doz. 
...  2 
0 
3 
0 
Savoys,  tally  . 
3  0 
4  0 
Endive,  per  doz. 
...  1 
3 
1 
6 
Shallots,  per  lb  . 
0  1^ 
0  2 
Garlic,  per  lb.  ...  ... 
...  0 
2 
0 
3 
Spinach,  per  bush...-.  ... 
3  0 
3  6 
Horseradish,  foreign. 
per 
Tomatoes,  Canary 
bundle  . 
...  1 
3 
1 
6 
Deeps,  lb . 
2  6 
3  0 
Leeks,  per  doz.  bun. 
...  1 
0 
1 
3 
Turnips,  doz . 
4  0 
6  0 
Lettuces,  Cabbage,  doz.  .  0 
3 
0 
6 
„  per  bag . 
2  0 
2  6 
Mushrooms,  house,  lb 
...  0 
6 
1 
0 
Watercress,  per  dozen 
Onions,  green,  doz.  bun.  1 
6 
2 
0 
bunches . 
0  4 
0  8 
Average  Wholesale  Prices.— Plants  in  Pots. 
Most  of  the  undermentioned  plants  are  sold  in  48  and  32-sized  pots.- 
Adiantums,  per  doz. 
Aralias,  per  doz . 
Arbor  Vit*,  per  doz. 
Aspidistras,  per  doz.  ... 
Aucubas,  per  doz . 
Azaleas,  each  . 
Begonias,  per  doz . 
Callas,  per  doz . 
Cinerarias,  doz . 
Coleuses,  per  doz . 
Crotons,  per  doz . 
Cyperus,  per  doz . 
Dielytra  speotabilis, 
per  doz. 
Average  W1 
Azaleas,  per  bun . 
Bouvardias,  per  bun.  ... 
Callas,  per  doz . 
Carnations,  per  bun. 
Eucharis,  per  doz . 
Ferns — Asparagus,  bun.  . 
French,  doz.  bunches 
Maidenhair,  doz.  bun. 
Gardenias,  box  of  18-24 
blooms . 
Gladiolus,  per  doz.  bun _ 
Iris,  doz.  bun . 
L  i  1  i  u  m  longiflorum , 
doz.  blooms. 
,,  lancifolium  ., 
,,  auratum  . 
s.  (3. 
s.  d 
8.  d. 
s.  d 
12  OtoSO  0 
Draccenas,  vars.,  doz.  ... 
12  (to48  0 
4  0 
8  0 
Er  cas,  per  doz . 
Fuonymus,  vars.,  doz.  ... 
6  0 
12  () 
4  0 
8  0 
4  0 
6  0 
9  0 
18  0 
Ferns  in  var.,  per  doz.  ... 
Ficus  elastiea,  doz. 
4  0 
30  0 
18  0 
36  0 
9  0 
24  0 
4  0 
8  0 
Lycopodiums,  per  doz.  ... 
Lily  of  tlie  Valley,  doz.... 
3  0 
4  0 
1  6 
3  0 
9  0 
24  0 
4  0 
8  0 
Marguerites,  white,  doz. 
4  0 
8  0 
6  0 
8  0 
Orange  trees,  each 
3  6 
1()  6 
6  6 
24  0 
Palms,  var.,  each  . 
3  0 
20  0 
4  0 
5  0 
Pteris  Iremula,  per  doz.  . 
4  0 
8  0 
12  0 
24  0 
„  Wimsetti  ,, 
4  0 
8  0 
3  0 
4  0 
,,  major  „ 
Spiraeas,  doz . . 
4  0 
6  0 
6  0 
8  0 
12  0 
18  0 
lolesale 
Prices.— Cut  Flowers. 
8.  d. 
s.  d 
s.  d. 
s.'d 
1  Oto 2  0 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  per 
0  4 
0  6 
doz.  bun . . 
2  0  to  6  (> 
1  0 
4  0 
Mimosa  (Acacia)  per  bun. 
0  6 
1  0 
1  0 
3  0 
Marguerites,  yellow,  per 
1  6 
2  6 
doz.  bun . 
1  0 
2  0 
1  0 
2  6 
Orchids,  various,  per  doz. 
3  0 
12  0 
0  4 
0  6 
,,  Odontoglossums  ,, 
2  6 
3  0 
4  0 
6  0 
,,  Cattleyas,  per  doz. 
Pelargoniums,  zonal,  doz. 
10  0 
12  0 
4  0 
5  0 
bun . 
3  0 
6  0 
2  0 
6  0 
Roses,  Mermet,  per  doz. . 
1  6 
2  0 
3  0 
4  0 
,,  Various,  per  bun. 
.0  6 
1  6 
,,  White  ,, 
1  6 
2  0 
1  0 
2  0 
„  Pink 
1  0 
2  0 
1  6 
3  0 
Smilax,  per  doz.  trails  ... 
1  0 
1  6 
2  6 
4  0 
Stocks,  per  doz . 
2  0 
2  6 
Tulips,  per  bunch . 
0  6 
0  9 
Miscellaneous  and  Trade  Notes. 
Mr.  Benj.  E.  Nettleton. 
Mr.  Benjamin  E.  Nettleton,  late  of  Messrs.  T.  S.  Ware,  Ltd., 
Feltham,  and  formerly  of  Messrs.  M’m.  Paul  and  Son’s  Nursery 
at  'Waltham  Cross,  has  purchased  the  business  of  Mr.  James 
Ford,  nurseryman,  flori.st,  and  market  gardener,  ^lyi'ke  Nur- 
.sery,  Datchet  Road,  Upton,  Slough,  which  he  entered  on  Satur¬ 
day  last.  His  specialities  will  be  Roses  (in  the  culture  oi  which 
he  has  had  a  long  experience),  cut  flowers  in  variety.  Grapes, 
Peaches,  Cucumbers,  and  Tomatoes. 
