August  13,  1S03. 
JOURNAL  OF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDENER. 
161 
BOTTLING  PEAS  (W.  H.  Cook).— We  shall  reply  fully  in  our 
next. 
MANAGING  AN  ESTATE  (F.  L.  S.).— You  would  find  con¬ 
siderable  help  from  a  perusal  of  the  book  entitled  “  How  I 
Managed  and  Improved  My  Estate,”  published  in  1886  by  Geo. 
Bell  and  Sons,  of  Covent  Garden,  London.  This  deals  with  the 
choice  of  an  estate,  with  underwoods,  timber,  building  and 
quarrying,  making  grounds,  farming  and  shooting,  fish  ponds  and 
aviaries,  as  recorded  from  Sussex.  The  work  is  certainly  uselul 
and  interesting,  though  not  necessarily  a  guide  book. 
MILDEW  ON  ONIONS  (0.  S.). — Onions  are  occasionally 
attacked  with  a  form  of  mildew  peculiar  to  the  crop  and  it  is 
A’ery  destructive.  We  should  try  the  effect  of  syringing  them  with 
a  solution  of  softsoap  and  sulphur,  dissolving  the  soap  at  the 
rate  of  2oz  to  a  gallon  of  water,  then  heat  some  sulphur  into  a 
paste  and  mix  it  in  the  solution  till  of  the  consistency  of  thin 
cream,  yet  not  so  thick  that  it  cannot  pass  readily  through  the 
nozzle  of  a  syringe.  If  that  does  not  check  the  mildew  and  the 
tops  wither  the  bulbs  had  better  be  pulled  up,  dried,  and  stored, 
burning  the  tops.  It  will  be  advisable  to  have  your  Onion  bed 
in  another  part  of  the  garden  next  year. 
POISONING  SQFIRRELS  (A.  T.).— An  American  friend  re¬ 
ports  being  very  successful  in  killing  the  squirrels  on  3,500 
acres  of  land  by  thoi'ough  and  systematic  poisoning.  He  be¬ 
lieves  his  method  not  only  more  effective,  but  quicker  than  the 
use  of  bisulphide  of  carbon.  The  poisoning  should  be  done  now, 
and  his  way  of  preparing  it  is  to  mix  one  ounce  of  .strychnine, 
one  half  ouncse  cyanide  of  potassium,  and  two  pounds  of  sugar, 
well  dissolved  in  water,  to  one  gallon  of  wheat  ;  the  whole  to  be 
stirred  until  thoroughly  mixed,  and  let.  .stand  overnight  to  allow 
the  wheat  to  absorb  some  of  the  poison  ingredients.  The 
ground  is  gone  over  throe  times  each  year,  the  quantity  of 
strychnine  being  reduced  after  the  first  time. 
INSECT  THAT  DEPOSITED  EGGS  ON  GARDEN  NET¬ 
TING  FIXED  ROUND  TENNIS  COURT  (J.  F.  C.).— The  eggs 
on  some  of  the  specimens  had  hatched  out,  the  larvae  or  cater¬ 
pillars  being  very  lively  and  very  hairy,  swarming  on  opening  the 
small  box,  and  with  their  large  heads  evidently  bent  on  foraging. 
The  eggs,  and  of  course  larvae  or  caterpillars,  are  those  of  one  of 
the  Tiger  moths,  w’e  think  the  cream-spottecl  Tiger  moth  (Arctia 
villica)  •,  but  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  tell  definitely  from  the 
eggs  and  newly  hatched  larvae,  for  the  latter  are  very  small  and 
much  alike  when  very  young;  indeed,  those  of  the  common 
Tiger  moth  (Arctia  caja)  are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  cream- 
spotted  Tiger  moth.  The  caterpillars  feed  for  a  time  on  low 
plants,  not  very  particular  as  to  what,  but  as  a  rule  prefer  wild 
to  cultivated  plants,  having  a  penchant  for  Docks,  Plantains, 
and  other  weeds,  and  hibernate  early  in  autumn.  In  spring  they 
feed  up,  and  when  full  grown  spin  slight  cocoons  on  the  food 
plants,  or  among  dead  leaves  and  surface  rubbish,  and  in  them 
become  pupae,  from  which  the  moths  emerge  in  two  or  three 
weeks.  The  moths  usually  appear  about  July.  The  species  of 
the  most  common  occurrence  in  gardens  are  the  Common  Tiger 
and  the  Ruby  Tiger  (Phragmatobia  fuliginosa). 
NAMES  OF  PLANTS. — Correspondents  whose  queries  are  un¬ 
answered  in  the  present  issue  are  resjpectfully  requested  to  consult  the 
following  number,  ("W.  W.). — 1.  Heracleum  sphondylium  ;  2,  Epi- 
lobium  montanum.  (B.  B.). — Nigritella  angustifolia.  (C.  S.). — 
Echinops,  we  .cannot  readily  name  the  species  without  foliage. 
(A.  T.). — 1,  Acacia  mimosaefolia  ;  2,  Platycodon  grandiflorum  Mariesi ; 
3,  Campanula  maerostigma.  (L.). — 1,  Salix  alba,  the  Huntingdon  or 
White  Willow  ;  2,  Salix  fragilis.  the  Crack  Willow ;  3,  Salix  daffnoides  ; 
4,  Salix  Caprea  pendula,  the  Kilmarnock  Weeping  \Villow  ;  there  are 
some  eighteen  British  species  of  Willows.  (J.  T.  M.). — 1,  Vitis 
Coignitise  ;  2,  Vitis  (or  Ampelopsis)  inconstans. 
Coient  Garden  Market.— August  12th. 
Averagre  Wholesale 
s.  d. 
s.  d 
Artichokes,  green,  doz. 
2  0  toO  0 
,,  Jerusalem,  sieve 
1  6 
0  0 
Batavia,  doz . 
2  0 
0  0 
Beet,  red,  doz . 
0  6 
1  0 
Cabbages,  Spring,  tally 
2  0 
3  0 
Carrots,  bunch  . 
0  2 
0  0 
,,  new,  bnch.  ... 
0  6 
0  8 
Cauliflowers,  doz. 
4  0 
5  0 
Corn  Salad,  strike 
1  0 
1  3 
Cos  Lettuce,  doz . 
1  0 
0  0 
Cucumbers  doz . 
3  0 
4  0 
Endive,  doz . 
1  6 
0  0 
Herbs,  bunch  . 
0  2 
0  0 
Horseradish,  bunch  ... 
1  3 
1  6 
Prices.— Vegetables. 
s.  d.  s.  d 
Leeks,  bunch  .  0  2to0  2^ 
Lettuce,  Cabbage,  doz.  10  0  0 
Mushrooms,  forced,  lb.  10  0  0 
Mustard  &  Cress,  doz. 
punnets .  16  0  0 
Onions,  bushel  .  3  0  0  0 
Parsley,  doz.  bnchs.  ...  2  0  0  0 
Potatoes,  cwt .  6  0  8  0 
,,  Jersej',  nerv,  cwt.  14  0  15  0 
Radishes,  doz .  0  9  10 
Spinach,  bush .  2  0  0  0 
Tomatoes,  English,  lb.  0  6  0  7 
Turnips,  bnch .  0  0  0  2 
new,  bnch.  ...  0  5  0  6 
Average  Wholesale  Prices.— Fruit. 
s.  d.  s.  d  I  p-  d-  P-  d 
Apples,  Italian,  per  pad  6  0  to  7  0  |  Oranges,  case  . 10  Cto20  0 
Bananas .  10  0  15  0  i  Pines,  St.  Michael’s  3  6  5  0 
Cherries,  ^-sieves .  15  0  20  0  i  Strawberries,  South  - 
Grapes,  Hamburgh  ...  10  1  6  j  ampton,  per  bskt.  0  0  0  0 
Lemons,  Messina,  case  10  0  15  0 
Average  Wholesale  Prices.— Plants  In  Pots 
Most  of  the  undermentioned  plants  are 
s.  d.  s.  d 
Aralias,  doz .  5  0tol2  0 
Araucaria,  doz .  12  0  30  0 
Aspidistra,  doz .  18  0  36  0  | 
Crotons,  doz .  18  0  30  0  | 
Cyperus  alternifolius 
doz .  4  0  5  0 
Dracaena,  var.,  doz.  ...  12  0  30  0 
,,  viridis,  doz..  9  0  18  0 
Ferns,  var.,  doz .  4  0  18  0 
small,  100 .  10  0  16  0 
Ficus  elastica,  doz.  ...  9  0  12  0 
Foliage  plants,  var,  each  10  5  0 
Geraniums,  doz.  ..  ...  4  0  6  0 
,,  Ivy,  doz. ...  6  0  8  0 
sold  in  48  and  32-sizcd  pot 
s.  d.  s.  d 
Grevilleas,  48’s,  doz.  ...  5  0  to  0  0 
Heliotrope  .  6  0  8  0 
Hydrangeas,  pink  ...  10  0  12  0 
,,  white  ...  10  0  12  0 
Lycopodiums,  doz.  ...  3  0  0  0 
!  Marguerite  Daisy,  doz.  6  0  9  0 
Myrtles,  doz .  6  0  9  6 
Palms,  in  var.,  doz.  ...  15  0  30  0 
,,  specimens  ...  21  0  63  0 
Pandanus  Yeitchi,  48’s, 
doz .  24  0  30  0 
Pelargoniums  .  6  6  0  0 
Shrubs,  in  pots  .  4  0  6  0 
Average  Wholesale  Prices.— Cut  Blowers 
s.  d. 
s.  d 
Arums,  doz . 
1  0  to  2  0 
Asparagus,  Fern,  bnch. 
1  0 
2  0 
Carnations,  12  blooms 
0  6 
1  0 
Cattleyas,  doz . 
10  0 
12  0 
Croton  foliage,  bun.  ... 
0  9 
1  0 
Cycas  leaves,  each 
0  9 
1  6 
Eucharis,  doz . 
1  0 
1  6 
Gardenias,  doz . 
1  0 
0  0 
Geranium,  scarlet,  doz. 
bnchs . _  ... 
3  0 
4  0 
Gladiolus,  The  Bride, 
doz.  bun . 
4  0 
0  0 
Ivy  leaves,  doz.  bun. ... 
1  6 
0  0 
Lilium  Harris!  . 
1  6 
2  0 
Lily  of  Valley,  12  bnchs 
9  0 
12  0 
s.  d.  s.  d 
Maidenhair  Fern,  doz. 
bnchs.  ...  ...  ...  3  0  to  4  0 
Marguerites,  white, 
doz.  bnchs .  10  2  0 
,,  yellow,  doz.  bnchs.  10  0  0 
Myrtle,  English,  bunch  0  6  0  0 
Odontoglossums .  4  0  5  0 
Orange  blossom,  bunch  2  0  0  0 
Roses,  Niphetos,  white, 
doz .  10  0  0 
,,  pink,  doz .  2  0  0  0 
,,  yellow, doz.(Perles)  16  2  0 
,,  Liberty,  doz .  2  0  4  0 
,,  Generals .  16  0  0 
Smilax,  bunch  .  3  0  0  0 
Stephanotis,  doz.  ...  2  0  0  0 
Liver  Rot  Aiuougst  Sheep. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  destructive  enemies  of  the  farmer, 
and  many  a  one  has  been  half  ruined  by  a  serious  attack 
of  it,  for  it  does  not  merely  decimate  but  annihilate  it  it 
is  not  discovered  in  time.  Fortunately,  the  life  history  o 
the  liver  fluke,  the  parasite  which  can  work  such  wholesale 
destruction,  is  well  known  to  agricultural  scientists,  and  to 
the  majority  of  farmers,  and  damage  from  it  may  be  tully 
guarded  against.  Low  lying  grass  land  is  especially  liable 
to  be  infested  with  liver  fluke,  and  a  farmer  moving  from 
a  high  to  a  lowland  district  may  easily  suffer  a  great  loss 
through  having  had  no  previous  acquaintance  with  the 
fluke.  Without  a  stagnant  ditch,  pond,  or  swampy  ground 
in  it,  a  field  cannot  be  liable  to  be  infested  with  liver  fluke, 
and  the  reason  for  this  can  be  clearly  understood  if  w,e 
briefly  study  the  history  of  the  parasite.  The  eggs  of  the 
liver  fluke  are  laid  in  the  livers  of  sheep,  from  whence  they 
pass  away  in  the  dung;  but  they,  do  not  hatch  until  they 
reach  water,  and  may  remain  dormant  for  a  considerable 
period  under  dry  conditions.  Having  been  hatched  in 
water,  they  swim  about  until  they  come  across  a  particidar 
species  of  snail  to  which  they  attach  themselves.  Ihey 
afterwards  enter  its  body,  where  they  grow,  and  m  course 
of  time  emit  other  organisms  which  enter  and  live  upon 
the  liver  of  the  snail;  these  again  produce  further 
organisms,  similar  to  the  original  fluke  ;  they  pass  out  of 
the  snail  and  swim  about  until  they  attach  themselves  to  a 
blade  of  grass  and  wait  there  until  with  the  grass  they  are 
swallowed  by  a  sheep,  whose  liver  they  at  once  proceed  to 
occupy. 
