October  15,  1903.  JO  URN AL'  OF ,  HORTICULTURE  AND  COTTAGE  GARDEN ERl^  365 
***  All  correspondence  relating  to  editorial  matters  should  be  directed 
to  “The  Editor,”  12,  Mitre  Cox’rt  Chambers,  FLtfET  Street, 
London,.  E.C.  It  i.s  requested  that  no  one  will  write  privately 
to  any  of  our  correspondents,  seeking  information  on  matters 
discussed  in  this  Journal,  as  doing  so  subjects  them  to  unjust iti- 
able  trouble  and  expense.  In  naming  plants  we  only  undertake 
to  name  species,  or  well-marked  varieties,  and  only  six  on  any 
one  occasion.  Florists’  flowers  we  do  not  name. 
STORING  GlaRANIUM  ROOTS  (C.  A.  S.).— The  plan 
adopted  by  gardeners  is  to  lift  the  plants  at  this  time  of  year  ; 
trim  off  some  of  the  sappy  growths,  and  a  few  of  the  rcots;  : 
“  box  ”  them  off  ;•  that  i.s,  plant  them  in  wooden  boxes  of  4in 
to  oin  depth,  and  well  drained,  boards  being  nailed  transversely 
across  the  bottom  of  the  boxes  to  keep  them  above  the  ground. 
The  soil  used  is  of  a  light,  fibrous  character,  having  50  percent, 
of  sand  and  leaf  mould,  the  rest  any  light  soil  niixecl  with 
some  turfy  loam.  Water  the  roots  when  they  ai’e  set  in,  but 
after  they  show  signs  of  having  become  established  in  the 
boxes  keep  them  almost  dry  through  the  winter.  They  like  a 
light,  cool,  dry  frame  or  house.  Wc  have  seen  pot  plants  kept 
in  cupboards  without  a  drop  of  water  for  some  months,  and 
they  break  away  when  repotted  in  .'spring,  but  have  not 
attempted  this  with  freshh'-lifted  plants.  It  is  remarkable, 
however,  to  note  the  persistence  of  life  in  the  shrivelled  stems 
of  Geraniums  that  are  buirched  and  hung  up  to  dry. 
TREATMENT  OF  CRIMSON  RAiVIBLER  ROSE  (T.  Q.). 
— This  Rose,  like  most  of  the  climbing  Roses,  is  best 
treated  on  the  biennial  system,  namely,  taking  young 
shoots  each  year  from  the  base  of  the  plairt,  or  that  of  the 
forking  of  the  main  branches,  and  when  the  flowering  is  over, 
or  not  later  than  the  falling  of  the  leaves  in  autumn,  cutting 
away  the  flowered  branches  in  favour  cf  the  shoots  produced 
during  the  summer.  Thus,  the  shoots  producrd  one- year  flower 
in  the  following  summer,  on  growths  produced  from  them 
laterally,  other  growths  to  take  their  places  are  retained,  and 
the  two  years  old  is  cut  out  at  the  winter  pruning,  and  the 
young,  strong,  well-matured  growths  trained  in  their  place, 
only  the  immature  points  of  the  shoots  being  shortened  to 
thoroughly  ripened  wood.  You  will,  therefore,  cut  out  the 
branches  that  have  flowered  wonderfully  during  the  past 
.summer  to  long  and  vigorous  growths  of  the'  current  year,  and 
train  them  in  place  of  those  cut  out  at  about  1ft  distance 
apart  on  the  wall  space,  shortening  those  retained  at  the  limit 
or  a  few  inches  .shorter,  that  is,  at  the  top  of  the  wall.  Thi.s 
is  simply  the  proegdure  adopted  with  Raspberries,  and  modified 
so  as  to  keep  the  wall  or  other  surface  duly  furnished  with 
bearing  or  floweriirg  growths  year  by  year. 
CRACKING  OF  FRUITS  OF  WALTHAM  ABBEY  SEED¬ 
LING  APPLE  (A.  W.  H.). — The  specimeir  is  affected  by  Apple 
scale  (Fusicladium  dendriticum),  the  most  injuriou.s  of"  fungus 
ixarasites  attacking  the  Apple,  in  many  instances  ruinino;  half 
or  more  of  the  entire  crop,  and  also  injuring  the  growth  of 
the  tree,  as  it  attacks  the'  leaves  and  shoots  as  well  as  the 
fruit.  The  fungus,  as  a  ride,  first  appears  on  the  leaves  under 
the  form  of  small,  roundish  dark  spots,  mostly  on  the  upper 
.surface.  These  spots  rapidly  increase  in  size.  e.specially  during 
wet,  cold  weather,  run  into  each  other  and  form  large, 
irregular-shaped  blackish  blotches.  In  .some  cases  the  young 
shoots  are  affected  and  more  or  less  injured.  The  fungus  passes 
from  the  leaves  to  the  fruit,  or  both  may  be  affected  simulta¬ 
neously,  the  dark-coloured  mycelium  spreading  on  the  leaf  or 
fruit  between  the  cuticle  and  epidermis,  and  the  cuticle  is 
eventually  ruptured,  and  short  hranches  protrude,  each  bear¬ 
ing  a  conidium  or  spore  at  its  tip.  The  disease  is  extended 
through  the  season  by  means  of  these  conidia  or  spores.  The 
disease  is  carried  over  the  winter  by  means  of  the  myce'lium 
present  in  fallen  leaves  or  fruit,  ancl,  according  to  Goethe,  an 
ascigerous  form  of  fruit  is  produced  on  the  diseased  patches, 
especially  of  young  wood,  which  matures  in  spring.  The  pre¬ 
ventive  means  are: — Spray  with  Bordeaux  mixture;  first,  just 
as  the  flower-buds  begin  to  open  :  second,  when  the  petals  of 
the  flowers  are  falling:  and  third,  when  the  fruit  is  the  size 
of  Peas  or  .slightly  larger.  If  the  .season  be  rainy  a  fourth  treat¬ 
ment  should  be  given  a  fortnight  after  the  third.  Bordeaux 
mixture  at  ordinary  strength,  however,  is  apt  to  scorch  the 
foliage,  especially  when  young,  hence  it  is  advisable  to  use  a 
dilute  mixture,  say,  loz  of  copper  sulphate  and  loz.  of  quick¬ 
lime  to  each  gallon  of  water.  It  is  excellent  pra.ctiee  to  spray 
in  late  winter  or  very  early  spring,,  before^  the  buds  begin  to 
swell,  with  a  simple'  .solution  of  topper'  sulphate,  loz  to'  l-j- 
gallon  of  water,  and  afterwards  follow  as  before  advised  with 
dilute  Bordeaux  mixture,  ascertaining  a  safe  strength  befciro 
applying  generally,  sc  as  not  to  scorch  or  injure  the  foliage. 
TINES  NOT  RIPENING  THE  WOOD  (J.  T.).— Any  that 
are  not  yet  brown  and  hard  in  the  wood  should  have  a  tem¬ 
perature  of  GCtdfg  to  bodeg'  by  artificial  fneaiis,  with  a  litth' 
air  constantly.  The  heat  from  sun  influence  may  run  up  to 
85deg  or  90deg,  only  let  there  be  enough  air  to  insure  a  circu¬ 
lation.  The  laterals  should  be  reduced  by  degrees,  bringing 
them  down  to  the  pruning  buds,  and  when  there  is  no  danger 
of  starting  these,  the  shoots  may  be  shortened  to  about  two 
leaves  above  the  pruning  buds.  This  will  cause  the  latter  to 
plump,  and  by  keeping  the  house  rather  warm  by  day.  with 
ventilation,  and  turning  off  the  heat  at  night,  \yith  free  venti¬ 
lation,  the  Vines  will  go  to  rest.  j 
IRIS  LEAVES  GOING  OFF  (S.P.) _ Yes,  .the  Iris  leaves  are 
affected  by  a  black  mould  closely  allied  to  the-fair.y  ring  of  Car¬ 
nations,  and  often  disfigures  and  destroy,s.thc  leaves  of  cultivated 
Iris,  Hemerocalli.s,  Ac.  The  mycelium  is  localised,  but  as  the 
diseased  spots  are  often  abundant,  and  also  large,  attacked  leaves 
soon  die.  The  spots,  at  first  pale,  elliptical,  brown  with  a  darker 
margin,  eventuall.v  become  stuclcled  with  minute  olive-brown 
tufts  of  conidiophores,  bearing  fhei  large  ivarted  conidia  of  spores 
at  their  tip.  This  is  the  fruitng  stage  of  the'  fungus  (Hetero- 
.sporium  gracile,  and  later  on  minute  sclerotia  are  formed  in  the 
dying  leaves,  tliD  parts  having  a  dark  or  black  mouldy  appear¬ 
ance.  It  is  important,  therefore,  to  collect  and  burn  all  the 
diseaseel  leaves',  and  this  being  done  the  disease  does  not  spread 
and  the  danger  of  its  occurrence-  the  following  season  is  much 
diminished.  Spraying  with  ammonical  carbonate  of  copper 
solution  has  been  found  to  check  the  disease,  and  probably  this 
would  be  desirable, in  your  case,  so  as  to  prevent  the  germination 
,  of  an.v  spores  or  conidia  that  may  be  disper.sed  in  removing  this 
affected  leaves.  Clearing  away  diseased  leaves  and  burning  them 
is  the  chief  thing  to  be  attended  to  now.  Probably  the  wet 
weather  has  severely  weakened  the  plants  and  rendered  them 
more  susceptible  to  disease.  We  have  found  dusting  with  newly- 
.slaked  lime  useful,-  and  this  we  should  do  after  well  trimming 
the  plants  from  all  disea.sed  parts. 
SPOTS  ON  GRAPES  (H.  J.  M.). — The  Muscat  of  Alex¬ 
andria  Grapes  are  affected  by  what  is  known  as  “  spot,”  and 
caused  b.y  a  fungus  named  Gloeosporium  ampelophagum,  or, 
according  to  some,  G.  Ifetieolor.  It  occurs  on  the  young  shoots, 
leaves,  and  fruit,  but  commonly  in  this  country  on  the  fruit, 
and  causes  a  “spot,”  not  unlike  that  resulting  from  scalding 
or  swelling  berries,  and  on  the  ripening  or  ripe  Grapes  a  brown 
-  discoloration,  and  the  affected  berries  soon  rot.  It  is  probably 
induced  by  a  close,  moist  atmosphere,  at  least  it  does  not  occur 
under  freely  ventilated  atmospheric  conditions,  and  this  especi¬ 
ally  in  the*  case  of  Muscat  of  Alexandria  is  particularly  desir- 
abie.  The  prevention  of  moisture  being  deposited  on  the 
ripening  or  ripe  berries  is  imperative,  a  little  air  being  given 
constantly  with  a  gentle  warmth  in  the  hot  water  pipes,  in¬ 
creasing  the  ventilation  early  in  the  morning  so  as  to  dissipate 
'  the  moisture,  and  allow  the  Grapes  to  heat  evenly  with  the 
atmosphere,  and  thus  preventing  the  deposition  of  moisture  on 
the  berries  the  Grapes  do  not  “spot.”  It  has  been  founcl  of 
service  to  dress  the  Vines  when  resting  with  a  solution  of  iron 
sulphate,  lib  to  a  gallon  of  water.  The  mealy  bug  would  not 
affect  the  Grapes  in  the  matter  of  spotting,  but  it  should  bo 
destroyed,  as  it  spoils  the  Grapes  by  its  excrementitious  matter. 
NAMES  OF  PLANTS.  —  Correspondents  ivhose  queries  are 
unanswered  in  the  vresent  issue  are  respectfully  requested  to  consult 
the  folloiving  number.  {J.  F.).— Aster  iinosyris.  (F.  L.).— 1,  Aster 
patens  ;  2,  .4.  longifolius  ;  3.  A.  Novi-Belgi  “  Neptune  4,  A.  dift'usus 
horizontalis  ;  5,  A.  patulus  ;  6,  Saponaria  officinalis  fl.-pl. ;  7,  A.  Amellus. 
X.). — 1,  Chimonanthus  fragrans  ;  2,  Salvia  virgata  ;  3,  Harrison’s 
Musk;  4,  Mimulus  cardinalis.  (F.  K.,  Sunderland).— 1,  Physostegia 
virginiana  speciosa ;  2,  Polygonum  polystaehyum  ;  3,  Salvia  azurea 
grandiflora ;  4,  Euphorbia  "Cyparissias ;  5,  Euphorbia  Wulfeni ;  6, 
Polygonum  multiflorum.  (J.  B.,  Leith).— 1,  Miihlenbeckia  varians  ; 
2  Acer  Negundo.  (Journeyman,  Monmouth). — 1,  Verbena  ericoides  ; 
Z  Verbena  venosa ;  3,  Pentstemon  perfoliatus  ;  4,  Pentstemon  eampa- 
nulatus  albus ;  5,  Ipomoea  purpurea.  (Norwood).—!,  Statice  incana  ; 
2,  Amobium  alatum.  (S.  P.;.— 1.  Acer  platanoides  Sehwedleri;  2, 
A.  pietum  ;  3,  A.  dasycarpum  ;  4,  we  are  uncertain  of.  (S.  Jeans). — 
1,  Aster  Nov£e-Anglia3  pulchellus;  2,  A.  Novi-Belgi  var. ;  3,  Helenium 
autumnale  striatum;  4,  A.  commutatus ;  5.  lievis,  Robert  Parker; 
6,  A.  Di-ummondi. 
NAMES  OF  FRUITS. — Correspondents  whose  queries  are  un- 
ansicered  in  the  present  issue  are  respectfully  requested  to  consult  the 
folloiciny  number.  (T.  A.).— 1,  Newton  Wonder;  2,  Gravenstein, 
tins  is  being  sent  from  America  in  quantities  at  the  present  time  ;  3, 
Stirling  Castle.  (N.  F.). — 1.  Pear  Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey;  2,  Canon 
Hall  Muscat  Grape  :  3.  Pear,  Durondeau  ;  4.  Thompson ;  5,  Fondante 
Thirriot.  (J.  B.,  Wolverhampton).—!,  Golden  Noble  ;  2.  Margil, 
