November  5.  19C3.  JOURNAL  CF  HORTICULTURE  AND  COT  I A  GARDENER. 
415 
*  A  paper  read  before  the  Kew  Gardeners'  Guild  by  Don  ild  MacGregor. 
the  bulb  lives  cn  indefinit-ely,  shedding  off  some  scales  annually 
from  its  circumference.  In  two  Californian  species,  Washing- 
tonianuin  and  Humboldti,  this  type  is  departed  from,  being 
modified  by  the  central  axis  of  the  bulb  becoming  prolonged 
horizontally,  so  that  the  scales  are  thrown  out  of  their  spiral 
arrangement,  and  the  bulb  is  more  or  less  flattened  irregularly. 
Here  we  get  a  squainose  bulb  taking  the  first  step  to  pass  off 
in  the  direction  of  a  rhizome. 
In  most  Fritillarias  we  get  a  well  marked  type  of  struc¬ 
ture.  Take  the  bulb  of  F.  Meleagris  at  the  time  of  flowering. 
This  we  find  as  follows:  In  the  centre,  the  flower-producing 
stem,  with  no  stem  roots.  Tightly  pressed  against  the  sides 
of  the  base  of  the  flowering  stem  are  two  hemispherical  .scales, 
half  as  thick  as  broad,  rounded  on  the  outside,  and  flat  on  the 
inside.  These  are  the  bases  of  single  leaves,  alike  in  character, 
and  not  at  all  flattened  in  structure.  From  the  summit  of 
each,  before  the  development  of  the  flower  stem,  there  arises 
a  leaf  which  dies  down  before  the  flower  is  produced.  In  the 
autumn  these  produce  buds  in  their  axils,  from  one  of  which 
the  flowering  stem  of  the  future  year  is  produced.  This  type 
of  structure  is  scarcely  varied  through  half  the  species,  and  is 
known  as  the  tunicated  bulb  (the  same  as  in  Onions).  In  the 
American  species  there  are  no  outside 
tunics,  and  the  scales  are  numerous, 
small,  and  granular,  F.  pudica  being 
an  exception,  as  its  bulb  closely  re¬ 
sembles  the  European  species.  F. 
imperialis  and  F.  persica  have  squa- 
mose  (scaly)  bulbs,  for  which  reason 
thej'  were  once  classed  as  Liliums. 
In  the  third  class  we  have  an  annual 
tunicated  bulb.  This  form  runs  (with 
much  modification  as  regards  the  num¬ 
ber,  thickness,  and  persistence  of  the 
tunics)  through  Lloydia,  Calochortus, 
and  Tulipa.  In  Tulipa,  the  outer 
tunics  are  brown  and  leathery,  the 
inner  ones  thick  and  fleshy.  By  the 
side  of  the  old  stick-like  stem  and  the 
developed  bulb  may  be  traced  the 
embryonic  bulb  of  the  following  year; 
so  that  the  bulbs  are  really  in  their 
third  year  when  producing  flowers. 
In  Calochortus  the  structure  is 
similar,  but  the  inner  tunics  are  fewer 
and  the  outer  thinner.  In  the  section 
Gageopsis,  of  Lloydia,  we  have  a 
fourth  modification  of  this  structure, 
viz.,  a  tunicated  conn.  Here  the 
flowering  stem  is  nursed  and  nourished 
by  the  modified  base  of  a  single  leaf, 
which  leaf  is  fresh  and  green  at  the 
time  the  floriferous  stem  is  developed 
fi’om  the  top  of  the  conn.  Thus  we  see 
that  throughout  the  tribe  Tulipse  the 
bulbs,  the  cycle  of  whose  existence  is 
frem  one  to  three  years,  develop  new 
bulbs  in  the  axils  of  their  scales.  In 
a  perennial  squamose  bulb  the  old  bulb 
remains,  and  a  new  bulb  is  developed 
in  its  centre. 
In  i^assing  from  our  superficial  de¬ 
scription  of  I'ootstocks,  it  possibly  may 
be  instructive  to  allude  to  one  point 
worthy  of  notice  in  their  root  struc¬ 
ture,  that  in  agreement  with  other 
Monocotyledonous  plants,  the  roots 
have  no  secondary  tissue,  a  complete 
absence  of  cambium,  the  entire  struc¬ 
ture  being  developed  from  the  growing 
point  once  and  for  all.  Hence  it  is 
obvious  that  in  transplanting  or  other¬ 
wise  interfering  with  active  roots, 
every  care  must  be  taken  not  to  break 
them,  for  if  the  tip  (which  is  the 
growing  point)  be  reindved,  no  further 
growth  can  ensue,  and  the  root  decays 
entirely. 
To  give  a  description  of  all  the 
Epecie.s  in  this  Order  would  necessitate 
the  production  of  a  lengthy  paper. 
The  genera  to  be  treated  here  are  not 
chosen  for  any  special  merit,  and  in 
consideration  of  the  botanical  element  in  our  midst,  they  are 
treated  in  their  genetic  arrangement. 
(To  be  continued.) 
Blackberkiks  in  Lincol.nshire. — Blackberries  were  never  so 
abundant  in  Lincolnshire  as  they  are  this  year.  The  hedges  an\ 
literally  covered  with  them,  and  huge  quantities  of  the  fruit  are 
being  gathered  and  sent  to  the  towns,  where  they  are  fetching  as 
much  as  fid.  a  pound  in  the  market. 
The  Liliace®. 
The  Natural  Order  Liliacese  comprises  over  2,500  species,  the 
major  portion  of  which  are  natives  of  the  temperate  regions ; 
thence,  although  they  can  scarcely  be  defined  as  eury thermal, 
i.e.,  living  in  every  climate,  j'et  It  would  be  a  mistake  to  de¬ 
scribe  them  as  stenothermal,  restricted  to  few  climates.  Like 
man,  they  are  divided  into  well  defined  tribes  and  families,  each 
of  which  is  social,  and  occur  in  gregarious  groups.  Some 
families,  viz.,  Lilium,  are  nearly  cosmopolitan;  whilst  others, 
again,  are  endemic,  and  true  to  the  region  of  their  birth. 
For  the  most  part,  the  species  have  in  their  floral  organs  a 
distinctiveness  entirely  their  own.  The  Amai-yllid  type,  which 
most  closely  resembles  them,  are  readily  distinguished  by  their 
inferior  ovary.  The  forms  of  their  floral  leaves  are  extremely 
varied,  and  to  convey  an  impression  of  this  character  we  cannot 
tlo  better  than  quote  Buskin’s  eulogy  to  ordinary  leaves,  which 
he  says  are  “  Linear,  oblong,  ovate,  acute,  fimbriated,  stalked, 
sessile,”  and  so  on,  and  so  on ;  in  fact,  to  accurately  describe 
the  modifications  of  the  Liliacese  would  necessitate  the  use  of 
nearly  all  botanical  descriptive  terms.  The  only  fault  with  the 
flowers  of  some  genera  is  their  short 
period  of  freshness,  flowering  for  a 
week,  then  fading  for  ever. 
The  leaves  of  most  of  the  genera  are 
developed  contemporary  with  the 
flowers,  or  more  or  less  after  them. 
We  have  persi-stent  leaves,  as  in  Dra¬ 
caena,  Yucca,  and  Cordyline.  Phyllo- 
clades  in  Ruscus,  Asparagus.  Their 
venation  is  usually  unicostate 
and  parallel,  but  is  reticulate  in 
Philesia  and  Lapageria.  The  majority 
are  acaulescent  (bulbous,  &c.),  but 
caulescent  (stem-producing)  forms,  as 
Cordyline,  &c.,  also  occur.  So  like¬ 
wise  do  climbing  stems,  as  in  Aspa¬ 
ragus  and  Lapageria.  Their  fruit  is 
either  capsular  or  baccate  (berry-like), 
but  baccate  fruits  and  bulbous  root¬ 
stocks  never  occur  in  any  one 
species. 
The  cultural  reepnrements  being  so 
greatly  determinated  according  to  the 
stnicture  of  their  rootstocks,  it  may 
he  well  to  give  them  a  few  moments’ 
consideration,  confining  our  remarks 
on  bulbous  forms  to  the  tribe  Liliece. 
The  Tribe,  Lilie^e. 
Firstly,  we  have  the  perennial  root- 
stock  with  fleshy  and  fibrous  roots,  as 
in  Anthericum  and  Tritoma,  which, 
having  no  definite  resting  period,  must 
not  be  kept  out  of  the  soil  for  any 
length  of  time.  Secondly,  the  bulbous 
fornis — a  very  useful  class  of  plants — 
which  can  be  removed  from  the  soil, 
and  stored  in  an  airy  chamber  during 
their  quiescent  period,  whilst  their 
place  is  occupied  by  other  plants.  Of 
this  class  we  have  various  forms. 
Firstly,  the  .squamose  perennial  bulb, 
as  represented  by  the  Old  Workl 
species  of  Liliums.  From  the  uncler 
.side  of  the  bulbs  a  mass  of  fleshy  roots 
are  produced,  and  from  the  upper  side 
the  flowering  stem  of  the  year. 
The  basal  portion  of  the  stem — that 
between  the  surface  of  the  soil  ancl 
the  apex  of  the  bulb — in  some  Liliums 
gives  off  copious  fibrous  roots,  which 
are  the  chief  feedei’s  of  the  flowering 
stem.  This  underground  portion  of 
the  .stem  is  usually  vertical,  though  in 
Lilium  Leitchlini  it  will  creep  half  a 
foot,  so  that,  if  grown  in  a  pot,  and 
the  bulb  is  planted  in  the  middle,  the 
stem  will  spring  from  the  side  of  the 
pot- 
All  the  scales  of  the  bulbs  iiossess  Oncidium  Qardneri. 
the  power  of  producing  new  bulbs 
in  their  axils,  and  will  do  so,  in  some  species  at  any  rate,  if  the 
bulb  i.s  broken  up.  Thus,  with  both  bulb  and  seed  produc- 
skilful  operator  may  in  four  yeai's  multiply  his  stock 
fifty-fold.  A  new  bulb,  however  produced,  either  by  seeds, 
^ales,  or  bulbils,  takes  three  years  to  produce  a  flower  stem. 
1  he  first  year  we  get  an  ovoid  mass,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick, 
^  SIX  imbricated  scales;  the  second  year  a  bulb  the  size  of  a 
Hazel  Nut;  and  the  third  year  probably  the  flower  .stem,  while 
