A peer-reviewed open-access journal NeoBiota 15: |—26 (2012) doi: 10.3897/neobiota. 15.3575 ey) NeoBiota www.pen soft. net/jo ur nal s/ neob iota Advancing research on alien species and biological invasions An inventory of invasive alien species in China Haigen Xu', Sheng Qiang’, Piero Genovesi*?, Hui Ding', Jun Wu', Ling Meng’, Zhengmin Han%, Jinlai Miao*, Baishi Hu’, Jiangying Guo®, Hongying Sun’, Cheng Huang’, Juncheng Lei', Zhifang Le', Xiaoping Zhang’, Shunping He’®, Yi Wu', Zhou Zheng®, Lian Chen!, Vojtéch Jarosik'''*, Petr PySek!?'! | Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences (NIES), Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing, China 2 Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China 3 ISPRA — Institute for Environmental Protection and Re- search, Italy and Chair IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group 4 College of Forest and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China § The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China 6 Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 7 College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 8 College of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China 9 College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Hefei, China \0 Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China \\ Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ 12844 Vinitnd 7, Czech Republic \2 Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 25243 Prihonice, Czech Republic Corresponding author: Haigen Xu (xhg@nies.org) Academic editor: Jianghua Sun | Received 23 June 2012 | Accepted 20 August 2012 | Published 14 December 2012 Citation: Xu H, Qiang S, Genovesi PR. Ding H, Wu J, Meng L, Han Z, Miao J, Hu B, Guo J, Sun H, Huang C, Lei J, Le Z, Zhang X, He S, Wu Y, Zheng Z, Chen L, Jarogik V, PySek P (2012) An inventory of invasive alien species in China. NeoBiota 15: 1-26. doi: 10.3897/neobiota. 15.3575 Abstract Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major global challenge requiring urgent action, and the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) includes a target on the issue. Meeting the target requires an understanding of invasion patterns. However, national or regional analyses of invasions are limited to developed countries. We identified 488 IAS in China's terrestrial habitats, inland waters and marine ecosystems based on available literature and field work, including 171 animals, 265 plants, 26 fungi, 3 protists, 11 procaryots, and 12 viruses. Terrestrial plants account for 51.6% of the total number of IAS, and terrestrial invertebrates (104 species) for 21.3%. Of the total numbers, 67.9% of plant IAS and 34.8% of animal IAS were introduced intentionally. All other taxa were introduced unintentionally despite very few animal and plant species that invaded naturally. In terms of habitats, 64.3% of LAS occur on farmlands, 13.9% in forests, 8.4% in marine ecosystems, 7.3% in inland waters, and 6.1% in residential areas. Half of all IAS (51.1%) originate from North and South America, 18.3% from Europe, 17.3% from Asia not including China, 7.2% from Africa, 1.8% from Oceania, and the origin of the remaining 4.3% IAS is unknown. The distribution of IAS can be divided into three zones. Most IAS are distributed in coastal Copyright Haigen Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) provinces and the Yunnan province; provinces in Middle China have fewer IAS, and most provinces in West China have the least number of IAS. Sites where IAS were first detected are mainly distributed in the coastal region, the Yunnan Province and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The number of newly emerged IAS has been increasing since 1850. The cumulative number of firstly detected IAS grew exponentially. Keywords Invasive plants and animals, distribution, origin, pathway, rate of introduction Introduction Invasive alien species (IAS) are considered one of the key pressures on world’s biodi- versity (Leprieur et al. 2008; Butchart et al. 2010; Rands et al. 2010), alter ecosystem services and processes (Hulme et al. 2009; Vila et al. 2010, 2011), reduce native species abundance and richness (Cohen and Carlton 1998; Blackburn et al. 2004; Gaertner et al. 2009; Hejda et al. 2009), decrease genetic diversity of resident species (Ellstrand and Schierenbeck 2000; Daehler and Carino 2001), and cause substantial economic losses (Pimentel et al. 2005; Xu et al. 2006a; Kettunen et al. 2009). Responding to this threat is therefore particularly urgent (Lambertini et al. 2011). In October 2010, world leaders adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020) under the Con- vention on Biological Diversity (CBD), including the Aichi Target 9 (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 2010) calling to identify IAS and pathways, control and eradicate priority species, and to manage pathways in order to prevent further invasions. In order to evaluate achievements of the Aichi Targets, baseline data are needed. However, a global baseline of IAS is unavailable (Butchart et al. 2010; McGeoch et al. 2010), and national/regional data sets suitable for analysis of temporal patterns of biological invasions are rare for developing countries of the world, resulting a pattern that reflects geographical biases in information on invasion patterns (Pysek et al. 2008; Nufiez and Pauchard 2010). China is the world’s most populous country with 1.34 billion people and one of the largest territories (Liu and Diamond 2005). China is also one of the mega-diversity countries, with half of its species found nowhere else (Liu et al. 2003; Xu et al. 2008). Its economy, ranked second, is growing at a very fast rate. The extraordinary biogeo- graphic and economic characteristics of China make it ideal for understanding how biological invasions currently affect, and will affect in the future, the fastest growing economies in the world. Here, we present a comprehensive inventory of IAS in China, and analyze the temporal trends of biological invasions in the country in order to iden- tify priority responses to the growing threat from biological invasions. Methods According to the CBD and IUCN definition, invasive alien species (IAS) are those alien species that became established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitats, are An inventory of invasive alien species in China 3 an agent of change, and threaten native biological diversity (IUCN 2000; Shine et al. 2000; McNeely et al. 2001). Alien species refers to a species, subspecies or lower taxon occurring outside its natural, past or present range and dispersal potential (i.e. outside the range it occupies naturally or in a range it could not occupy without direct or in- direct introduction by humans) and includes any part, gametes, or propagules (IUCN 2000). Only species with evidence of their impact on biodiversity, human activities or economy were considered in the present assessment. We included IAS that established populations in terrestrial habitats, inland waters or marine ecosystems of China. We identified IAS and pathways of their introductions based on available litera- ture (Ding and Wang 1998; Xie et al. 2000; Li and Xie 2002; Xiang et al. 2002; Xu and Qiang 2004; Liu et al. 2005; Wan et al. 2005, 2008, 2009; Weber et al. 2008; Xie 2008 ; Zhang et al. 2008; Wu et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2012; see Liu et al. 2012 for an overview of research in plant invasions in China), including Flora of China (126 volumes edited by the Editoral Committee of Flora Sinica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and published by Science Press in Beijing, China), and Fauna of China (100 volumes edited by the Editoral Committee of Fauna Sinica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and published by Science Press in Beijing, China), and on field work carried out in most provinces of China. All recorded IAS with evidence of negative impacts on biodiversity, human livelihood or economy were included in the inventory, with infor- mation on their presence or absence in particular provinces or autonomous regions. A preliminary inventory of IAS was first drafted, and subsequently verified through many internal reviews and field surveys. The year or period of the first detection of a species in China was recorded, providing information on the minimum residence time (Re- jmanek 2000; PySek and Jarosik 2005); this information was available for 396 species. Results The inventory included 488 IAS in China’s terrestrial habitats, inland waters and marine ecosystems. Of particular taxa, there are 171 animals, 265 plants, 26 fungi, 3 protists, 11 procaryots, and 12 viruses (Appendix). Terrestrial plants account for 51.6% of the total number of IAS, and terrestrial invertebrates (104 species) for 21.3% (Table 1). Inten- tional introductions accounted for 67.9% of plant IAS and 34.8% of animal IAS (Table 2), such as tropic ageratum (Ageratum conyzoides), common pokeweed (Phytolacca amer- icana), and red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) introduced as ornamental species. Very few animal and plant species invaded via natural spread (such as Ageratina adenop- hora and Ondatra zibethicus). All other taxa were introduced unintentionally (Table 2), such as the oriental wood borer (Heterobostrychus aequalis), and the tropical fire ant (Solenopsis geminate) that invaded with trade products. In terms of habitats, 64.3% of IAS occur on farmlands, 13.9% in forests, 8.4% in marine ecosystems, 7.3% in inland waters, and 6.1% in residential areas. Half of all IAS (51.1%) originate from North and South America, 18.3% from Europe, 17.3% from Asia not including China, 7.2% from Africa, 1.8% from Oceania, and the origin of the remaining 4.3% IAS is unknown. 4 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) Table |. Invasive alien species in China classified according to the taxonomic group and environment where they invade. Taxonomic group Terrestrial Marine Total Plane ao alte 265 7 Vertebrates 15 16 15 46 Invertebrates 104 4 ibe 125 Others 52, Total 371 27 38 488 Table 2. Pathways of introduction of IAS to China Others (Fungi, Protista, Plants Animals Procaryotae, Vira) Pathways No. of species | % | No. of species | %_ | No. of species % Unintentional introduction 84 64.0 52 100 Intentional introduction 180 34.8 0 Natural spread 1 0.4 2 1.2 0 Total 265 172 52 The distribution of IAS can be divided into three zones. Most IAS are distribut- ed in coastal provinces and the Yunnan province; provinces in Middle China have fewer IAS, and most provinces in West China have the least number of IAS (Fig. 1). Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), two-spot- ted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), house mouse (Mus musculus), and brown rat (Rattus norvegicus norvegicus) occur in all provinces. Seventy IAS are distributed in more than half the number of prov- inces, and 105 IAS in more than one third of the provinces. Sites where IAS were first detected are mainly distributed in the coastal region, the Yunnan Province and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Fig. 2), but there was a shift towards northern areas that became the main points of entry of IAS into China during the last two decades (Table 3). Only 33 IAS invaded China before 1850, including spiny amaranth (Amaran- thus spinosus), wattle (Acacia farnesiana) and common lantana (Lantana camara). The number of newly emerged IAS has been increasing since 1850 (Fig. 3). Two hundred and twelve new IAS (53.5% of IAS with known year or period of first detection) occurred since 1950, for example pine bast scale (Matsucoccus matsumu- rae), common cordgrass (Spartina anglica), and erythrina gall wasp (Quadrastichus erythrinae). The cumulative number of IAS grew exponentially (Fig. 3). It could be partially due to increased surveillance, but our figure is based on best estimates of species arrival dates. An inventory of invasive alien species in China 5 Number of Species |_| 0 [7] et -120 HE 121 - 180 HM > 1x0 Figure |. Regional distribution of IAS in China. Note that most IAS are distributed in coastal provinces and the Yunnan province. Number of invasive alien species firstly detected in China [_lo-7 Hl 3-20 Hi 2-77 0 500 1,000 Figure 2. The distribution of first detections of IAS. First detections are concentrated in the coastal region, the Yunnan Province and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. 6 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) O Observed —— Exponential Cumulative number of IAS species 1850 1900 1950 2000) 2050 Year Figure 3. Temporal trends of invasions. Cumulative numbers of firstly detected IAS in China (exponen- tial growth: R*=0.981, P<0.001; N=396 IAS with known year or period of first detection in China) were analyzed. Only 33 IAS occurred in China before 1850, and 53.5% of the IAS were recorded after 1950. Table 3. Temporal trends in the regions where invasive alien species were first detected in China. For each of the three periods since the 1950s, six top provinces or autonomous regions in which the most IAS were recorded are shown. The numbers are percentages of IAS that were firstly detected in the province, of the total number of species detected in China in the given period. Note that while southern areas were the most important points of entry in the first period, in the last two decades more invasions started in northern areas. biped 1950-1969 Province! | 1979_1989 1990-2009 r egion r egion r egion Yunnan+ 12.5 Taiwan+ 21.8 125 Taiwan+ Guangdong+ Shandong* 10.0 Guangdong+ Liaoning* Taiwan+ 10.0 Guangxi+ Shandong* ; Hainan+ re 5 Xinjiang* : Beijing* 6.4 Guangdong+ FAD Liaoning* Yunnan+ 6.4 6.3 * northern provinces or autonomous regions; + southern provinces or autonomous regions Discussion The present study is, to our knowledge, the most up-to-date dataset of invasive species for China. However, we have to acknowledge biases that are inherent in the making of the inventory. For example, there are more plants than any other taxa, probably because plants are most numerous and easier to record. There may be biases in the timing of IAS discovery, as changes in resource allocation over time resulted in increasing opportuni- ties for a more rigorous scientific research. It is likely that the survey pressure is not the same in all parts of China, depending on the staff numbers, among other parameters. An inventory of invasive alien species in China 7 The cumulative number of IAS grew exponentially in China. Similar trends in historical accumulation of invasive forest insect pests and diseases have recently been reported from the United States (Aukema et al. 2010). An analysis of alien species in Europe has shown that human activity plays a key role in biological invasions (Pysek et al. 2010, Jeschke and Genovesi 2011) and that the full effects of current socioeco- nomic patterns on the numbers of alien species can be delayed by several decades, re- sulting in what has been called an “invasion debt” (Essl et al. 2010). Our result shows that China is severely affected by invasions, with a pace of increase higher than that recorded in Europe (DAISIE 2009). Considering the fast economic growth of China, and the rapidly increasing levels of trade, tourism and transport, it is very likely that the country will face huge problems from invasive species in the future, and has already accumulated an invasion debt. For example, Europe — with a total surface similar to that of China (10 vs. 9.6 million km’), but with about half the population of China (750 vs. 1340 million inhabitants) — hosts almost three times more IAS with ecologi- cal and/or economic impact than China (1347 species [Vila et al. 2010] compared to the 488 reported in this paper). However, the number of IAS in China could be an underestimate due to the lower research intensity and limited monitoring activi- ties. Nevertheless, the data from Europe and China, and taking into account China’s rapidly increasing economy suggest that the same trends will occur in other countries with fast growing economies where the levels of invasions are likely to increase as a result of economic activities. This imposes severe threats to global biodiversity and the ecosystem services of the concerned countries. Acknowledgments We thank Laura Meyerson for improving our English. Funding was provided by the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program (grants 2008BAC 39B06 and 2008BAC39B01) and the R & D Program for Public Interests on Envi- ronmental Protection (200709017). V.J. and PP. were funded by long-term research development project no. RVO 67985939 (Academy of Sciences of the Czech Repub- lic), and institutional resources of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic. 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UI OC 3 (BMNV) 2 | Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) 1978 UI FM 10 Mongolia 3, | Broad bean strain virus (BBSV) 1998 Sichuan, UI FM a Hubei, iangsu 4 | Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Liaoning FM, 4 CGMMV 5 | Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) 2008 Yunnan UI FM 1 6 | Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus 1990 Liaoning UI OC 1 Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) Liaoning, UI OC 5 Shandong Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) Shandong UI OC 14 Poplar mosaic virus (PMV) Beijing UI FR 5 Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV) Shaanxi UI FM 4 Taura syndrome virus, YSV Guangdong UI OC 3 i Procaryotae Scotobacteria Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Manns) 2003 Jiangsu UI FM 1 Willems et al. Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Schaad) 1986 ? UI FM 8 Willems et al. Pseudomonas savastanoi (E.F.Smith) 1949 Guangxi UI FR 1 Stevens Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F.Smith 1982 Guangxi UI FR 3 Takikawa et al. 18 | Pseudomonas syringae py. tomato (Okabe) FM Z Young, Dye & Wilkie i 7 20. | Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Fang 1953 Guangdong UI FM 11 et al.) Swings et al. 21 |Xanthomonas vesicatoria Vauterin et al. 1991 UI FM Th Firmibacteria 22 | Clavibater michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. 1981 Beijing UI FM 5 subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. 23 | Clavibacter michiganense subsp. 1996 Heilongjiang | UI FM 15 sepedonicum Davis et al. Protista Centricae zr 12 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) od Places where ea ete / No. Taxon when Iss IAS was first raat: Habitats | regions was first d a | ways here IAS demsciell etecte where distributed Pennatae 3 Dinophyceae 26 |Alexandrium minutum Halim | 1990s | Taiwan | UI | OC | 2 Fungi Chytridiomycetes 27 | Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) 1975 Yunnan UI FM 3 Percival Oomycetes 28 | Albugo tragopogonis (Pers.) S.F.Gray 2001 Xinjiang UI FM 1 29 | Peronosclerospora maydis (Racib.) Shaw 1974 Shandong UI FM 6 30 | Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston & Uppal) 1974 Shandong UI FM 6 Shaw Peronosclerospora philipinensis (Weston) 1974 Shandong UI FM 6 Shaw Peronosclerospora sacchari (Miyake) Shirai 1974 Shandong UI FM 6 & Hara 33 | Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae 1950 UI FM 10 (Breda de Haan) Tucker 34 | Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. & Gerd 1991 | Heilongjiang} UI FM 5 Pyrenomycetes Dothichiza populea Sacc. & Br Loculoascomycetes 36 | Botryosphaeria laricina (Sawada) Shang 1970 | Heilongjiang} UI FR 8 37 | Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet ? ? UI FM 1 38 | Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint, 1927 Hebei UI FM 11 Fusicladium dendriticum (Wallr) Discomycetes 39 | Lachnellula willkommii (Hart.) Dennis 1975 Heilongjiang | UI FR 5 Teliomycetes 40 | Cronartium ribicola J.C.Fischer ex 1958 Liaoning UI FR 15 Rabenhorst Hyphomycetes Oo Cephalosporium maydis Samra, Sabet & 1999 Taiwan UI FM 1 Hingorani OCylindrocladium scoparium Morgan 1992 Guangxi UI FR Hodges 43 Veruiiliaon albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold 1 — Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. 1990 Taiwan UI FM sp. asparagi Cohen & Heald Spilocaea oleaginea (Cast.) Hugh 1964 Yunnan UI FR 7 AG: | Vereicllown dabliae Keb: 20 Fusarium oxysporum £. sp. cubense Snyder 1960 Guangxi UI FM 4 & Hansen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Prill. & ° Shanghai UI FM 2 Del) Snyd. & Hans An inventory of invasive alien species in China 13 nee Places where Bee / No. Taxon aueal IAS was first Pathe Habitats | regions was first d d ways here IAS qe eit etecte where distributed 49 | Fusarium oxysporium Schl. f. sp. 1934 ? UI FM 15 vasinfectum (Atk) Snyder & Hanson Coelomycetes 50 |Mycosphaerella pini E.Rostrup 1982 | Heilongjiang} UI FR 5 51 |Phoma macdonaldii Boerma 2008 Xinjiang UI FM 1 52 |Phomopsis asparagi (Sacc.) Bubak 1993 Jiangsu UI FM 11 Plantae Rhodophyceae z Phaeophyta Laminaria japonica Aresch Liaoning II OC 8 Macrocystis pyrifera Agardh I OC Z Undaria pinnatifida Suringar ? ia OC 4 Desmarestia ligulata Lamouroux Liaoning UI OC 2 Leptosporangiopsida r Dicotyledoneae Nymphaeales 59 | Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray | 1993 | Zhejiang | II IW 3 Ranunculales 60 | Ranunculus arvensis L. Modern Anhui UI FM 3 Times Piperales of 20% centur Leguminosales a Chamaecrista minosoides (L.) Green Ming 8 Dynasty Crotalaria incana L. 1953 Guangxi at FM 7 Crotalaria juncea L. End Taiwan U FM, FR 8 of 19% Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. Middle ? et FM 3 Crotalaria mincans L. Taiwan II FM 7 Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don Guangxi II FM 4 Crotalaria trichotoma Bojer Taiwan II FM 8 Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. II FM 2 7 MFR] 0 72 |Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit FM, FR 11 Macroptilium atropurpureum (Moc. & I FM 3 Sessé ex DC.) Urb. Medicago minima Lam. UI FM 11 Medicago polymorpha L. ? ? FM 8 14 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) nee Places where Bee / No. Taxon aueal IAS was first ath: Habitats | regions was first d d ways here IAS Ge eet etecte where distributed 76 MpGtCage sativa L. 100 B.C Shaanxi II 26 7 7 7 is D Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla 1950 Guangdong II FM 3 Mimosa pudica L. Ming 9 Dynas z : z z Senna hirsuta (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Guangdong II FM 5 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 10 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Shaanxi II FM 12 century Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers. 1910 Jiangsu II IW 10 Trifolium fragiferum L. 1931 Xinjiang II FM 1 Trifolium hybridum L. 1930 Shanghai II FM 6 z i Trifolium pratense L. 19% pepe 15 century Trifolium repens L. Poe II FM 27 centur rr 95 | Vicia sativa L. 1940s Gansu, FM 30 Jiangsu 96 | Vicia villosa Roth 1932 Shandong II FM 22. Urticales oy. oes sativa L. 28 96" |Per nicaple() Cb | 1995 [ Ta ore Cappatales 5 | loner DC [858 [Yanan] 7 100 | Reseda lutea L. 1974 Liaoning 1 Passiflorales 101 | Passiflora foetida L. 1861 Hongkong II FM Zz 102 | Passiflora suberosa L. 1907 Taiwan at FM i) Cucurbitales in Cactales 104 | Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. 1945 Taiwan II FM 5 105 | Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw. 1625 Yunnan II FM 6 106 | Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. var. dillenii 1702 Guangdong II FM, FR 5 Tiliales i Malvales 108 | Herissantia crispa (L.) Brizicky | 1932 | Hainan [| UI [| FM, FR | 1 An inventory of invasive alien species in China 15 No. Year : hen TAS Places where athe provinces / No. Taxon IAS was first Habitats | regions was first ways Ene detected where IAS on distributed 109 | Hibiscus trionum L. ? i UI FM 29 110 | Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke ro? Hongkong UI FM 8 century Euphorbiales 111 | Euphorbia dentata Michx. 1976 Beijing U FM 6 112 | Euphorbia hirta L. 1820 Macco UI FM 14 113 | Euphorbia maculata L. 1940s Shanghai UI FM 12 114 [Euphorbia marginata Pash (oe) 116 | Jatropha curcas L. 115 | Euphorbia nutans (Lag.) Small 205 Liaoning, UI FM 5 century Jiangsu, 300 year : I FM at FM 117 | Ricinus communis L. 18 Myrtales 118 | Eucalyptus robusta Sm. 1890 Guangdong 0 FM 5 119 | Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Before 17% ? II FM 6 centur 120 | Clara pulella Pah i Gaura parviflora Douglas ex Lehm. Shandong Z Oenothera biennis L. Shandong 5 10 Oenothera drummondii Hook. Fujian 4 Oenothera glazioviana Micheli Yunnan, 20 [25 [Onvthen lca | 1985 | Taiwan |__| FM 3 126 | Oenothera oakesiana (A. Cayll: W. 1 Robbins ex S. Watson & J. M. Coult. century 127 | Oenothera parviflora L. 1951 Liaoning U FM 1 i in 0 131 | Oenothera villosa Thunb. 1959 | Heilongjiang} I FM 7 Rhamnales 132 | Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. | 1951 | Liaoning | II | FM, FR | 7 Apocynales 133 | Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don 9 134 | Asclepias curassavica L. Guangdong 10 Rubiales 135 | Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) K. Schum Guangdong fi; Verbenales 136 | Duranta erecta L. Ming Taiwan I FM 6 Dynas a7 1645 138 | Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Brig. 1928 139 | Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Beginning | Hongkong UI FM of 19% centur CO] WN 16 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) No. Year P chen TAS Places where provinces / No. Taxon IAS was first Habitats | regions was first Lene detected where IAS gine distributed Cruciales 140 | Armoracia rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., B. Beginning Mey. & Scherb. of 20% century 141 Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. 1930s 142 Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC 143 [Lepitdvn compete (L) RB 144 |Lepidm densforum Schead 2 145 [Lepidm virginica L 2 Shanghai 4 Jiangsu 13 ? ai on 1 1907 146 | Raphanus raphanistrum L. 1959 Sichuan UI FM yd 147 | Sinapis alba L. ? ? 0 FM 6 148 | Sinapis arvensis L. ? ? at FM 24 Caryophyllales 149 | Agrostemma githago L. Toe al 6 150 | Saponaria officinalis L. hea ater - 3 151 | Stellaria pallida (Dumott.) Crép. Shanghai 5 152 | Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert ? 15 153 | Portulaca pilosa L. Taian 6 154 | Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. pp 4 centur 155 | Mirabilis jalapa L. 16" Zhejiang 14 century 156 |Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis 1976 Taiwan II FM Th Chenopodiales 7 i 8 i 159 | Chenopodium hybridum L. Hebei 160 | Salicornia bigelovii Torr. Guangxi 161 | Alternanthera paronychioides A.St.-Hil. ‘Taiwan 162 Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. UI FM 19 I FM > I FM 4 I FM, [IW 20 Shanghai 163 | Alternanthera pungens Kunth 5 164 |darantbs albus 5 165 | Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson 6 166 | Amaranthus caudatus L. Qing Dynasty Heilongjiang 167 | Amaranthus cruentus L. 168 | Amaranthus hybridus L. I FM 29 1848 I FM 0 10 169 | Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson FM, FR 4 170 | Amaranthus polygonoides L. 4 171 | Amaranthus retroflexus L. Middle Hebei, II FM 28 of 19% Shandong centur 7 zr 173 |Amaranthus tricolor L 10" FM 29 century 174 | Amaranthus viridis L. 1864 Taiwan UI FM 19 An inventory of invasive alien species in China 17 Year ae hen TAS Places where ; provinces / No. Taxon ee TAS was first |” Habitats | regions was first d a | ways here IAS ee nie etecte where distributed 175 | Gomphrena celosioides Matt. 1968 Hongkong ia FM 4 Lythrales 7 Plantaginales 177 | Plantago aristata Michx. 1929 Shandong UI FM 2 178 | Plantago virginica L. lie eg Jiangxi UI | FM, FR 10 Saxifragales 179 | Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken 1861 Hongkong ia FM 7 Umbelliflorae 180 |Coriandrum sativumL. |Coriandrum sativumL. Li 8 181 Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague sc oe i | 11 of 20° centur (2 Dace 2) 183 | Eryngium eat 1897 FM, FR 4 Campanulales 184 | Triodanis biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Greene 1981 Anhui UI FM 4 185 | Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. 1974 Fujian UI FM se, Asterales 186 | Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze 1936 Yunnan UI FM 2 187 | Achillea millefolium L. Shandong II FM 7 188 | Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King NS | FM, FR 5 & H. Rob. 189 | Ageratum conyzoides L. II FM, FR 16 190 | Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 1911 11 191 | Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 1930s ehejiang | UL | FM | 18 192 | Ambrosia trifida L. 1930s 5 193 |Anthemis arvensis L. Shandong FM 2. 194 | Aster subulatus Michx. Hubei ai FM . 195 | Bidens frondosa L. Jiangsu UI FM 6 196 | Bidens pilosa L. Hongkong UI FM LS 197 | Centaurea cyanus L. Shandong iat FM 2 198 | Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & Yunnan II FM 4 H. Rob. 199 | Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb. Hunan II FM 6 200 | Chrysanthemum coronarium L. ? a FM 8 201 | Cichorium intybus L. Tot = ~ 6 202 | Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist 1857 203 | Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist E5G0 Shandong es z\z N — 204 | Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker a FM, FR 18 of 19% century 205 | Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet 1932 Shandong ia ~ 2 206 | Coreopsis lanceolata L. 1911 207 | Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. 1911 (oe) Nn 18 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) No. Year : chen tas Places where athe provinces / No. Taxon IAS was first Habitats | regions was first ways here IAS Lene detected where distributed 208 | Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. 1911 Taiwan II FM 8 209 | Cosmos sulphureus Cav. 1938 8 210 | Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. 1930s ? UI FM £9 Moore 211 | Crassocephalum rubens (Juss. ex Jacq.) S. 2008 Yunnan U FM 1 Moore 212 | Evechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. FM, FR 8 213 | Erechtites valerianifolia (Wolf) DC. 4 214 | Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Shanghai UI FM 20 215 | Erigeron philadelphicus L. UI FM, FR 4 216 | Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp Hongkong FM, FR 8 217 |Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze Tianjin II FM, FR , 218 | Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Yunan, UI FM Zl Sichuan 219 | Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. FM, FR 10 Cabrera ol yr taal ad a Hook. & Arn.) DC. : 222 | Halianthus tuberosus L. 1918 Shandong II FM 20 223 | Helenium autumnale L. Morden 2 II FM 9 Times mi 5 23 226 227 | Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabrera End of 20" UI FM 2 century 228 | Pseudelephantopus spicatus (B. Juss. ex Taiwan UI FM 2 Aubl.) C.E Baker 229 | Pyrethrum parthenifolium Willd. Yunnan iat FM 1 230 | Senecio vulgaris L. UI FM 14 c zi 5 2 5 236 | Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. 240 | Tridax procumbens L. 1947 Hainan, UI FM 233 |Soliva anthemifolia (Juss.) R.Br. Hongkong > 237 | lagetes erecta L. Guangdong 234 | Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. : UI FM 30 : UI FM 31 Hongkong UI FM 9 Yunnan II FM 5 238 | Tagetes patula L. Guangdong 0 FM 2) 6 8 241 | Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. 1970s ? II FM Z 235 | Sonchus oleraceus L. 239 | Tishonia diversifolia (Elemsl.) A. Gray 242 | Xanthium italicum Moretti 1991 Beijing UI FM b) An inventory of invasive alien species in China 19 No. Year : hen IAS Places where athe provinces / No. Taxon a IAS was first Habitats | regions was first d d ways here IAS di eat etecte where distributed 243 eminTtE Peon Le, 1974 Beijing FM 5 7a | Zinta pina CT ef Soleus 25 [Darna [1905 {ang [T_T 246 | Datura metel L. II 17 247 | Datura stramonium L. : II a 34 248 | Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. 1840s II FM 14 249 | Physalis angulata L. Middle UI FM 19 of 19% century 250 | Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. end of 19" i UI FM 11 251 | Solanum capsicoides All. Hongkong FM, FR 11 252 | Solanum erianthum D. Don FM, FR 10 25315 Fonghons 254 | Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. 1 255 | Solanum torvum Sw. 7 10 256 | Lpomoea cairica (L.) Sweet II 8 257 | Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr. et pi 259 | lpomoea purpurea (L.) Roth iat FM, FR 9 260 | lpomoea triloba L. Taiwan U FM, FR 5 261 | Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. End of 20"| Guangdong II FM 2 centu Scrophulariales 8 262 | Scoparia dulcis L. Middle Hongkong II FM of 19% centur 263 |Veronica arvensisL. |Veronica arvensisL. 1 | 1910 | 10 9 264 | Veronica hederifolia L. FM, FR 265 | Verona peregrina L Pats efeitos i) 266 | Veronica persica Poit. UI FM 12 267 | Veronica polita Fr. UI FM 2 268 | Justicia adhatoda L. ~ FM 6 269 Onan brassicae 2 Novoper FM 1 570 | Marpniamage | 1968 | Yanan ||P 271 |Machdyena ungei-ca LY ATLGenegy | 1840 | Fajan | [FR 2 Geraniales 272 | Geranium carolinianum L. Jiangsu II FM 15 273 | Oxalis corymbosa DC. i Hongkong II FM 31 Boraginales 274 | Heliotropium europaeum L. 1934 Shanxi UI FM 6 Lamiales 275 | Hyptis brevipes Poit. 1925 Taiwan | Ul | FM a 20 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) No. near Places where provinces / No. Taxon aueal IAS was first Pathe Habitats | regions was first d d ways here IAS Gee eit etecte where distributed 276 | Hyptis rhomboidea Mart. & Galeotti 1992. Hainan a FM 3 277 | Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. End of 19"| Taiwan Ul FM, FR 7 century 278 | Stachys arvensis L. 1864 Taiwan II FM 6 Monocotyledoneae Alismatales 279 |Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau Modern ? II IW 3 Times Liliflorae 280 | Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Beginning Taiwan II IW 16 of 20% centur Arales 281 | Pistia stratiotes L. Ming ? II IW 18 Dynasty Graminales 782 |degiops uaa dC 283 | Avena fatua L. Middle | Hongkong, | UI FM 30 of 19% Fujian century 284 | Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. 1940 Taiwan II FM, FR 7 283 286 | Bromus catharticus Vahl Middle Jiangsu, II FM y of 20% Yunnan century 287 | Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. 1950s Beijing II FM 2 28 289 | Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis Beginning Taiwan UI FM 10 of 20% century 290 FATES erecta Lam. 1998 Yunnan II FM 1 591 onlin baie | FM 292 | Lolium multiflorum Lane 18" II FM 20 century 293 | Lolium perenne L. 1918 Shandong 20 294 | Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen. ex Boiss.| 1958 Xinjiang 2 295 | Lolium temulentum L. 1940s a b? a Lilj. Times 297 | Lolium temulentum L. var. longiaristatum 1940s Qinghai UI FM 6 Parnell 298 | Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. 1908 Taiwan 3 25) 500 70 i 302 | Paspalum dilatatum Poi. 1953 at FM 7 303 | Paspalum fimbriatum Kunth 1971 Taiwan 0 FM 1 304 | Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex 1958 Taiwan II FM, FR 1 Chiov. An inventory of invasive alien species in China 21 ed Places where peace / No. Taxon aueat IAS was first Pao Habitats | regions was first d d ways here IAS Gee eit etecte where distributed 305 | Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult. 1961 Taiwan II FM 3 306 | Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. Guangdong, II FM 9 Sichuan 307 | Phalaris minor Retz. Beijing 1 308 | Phalaris paradoxa L. Beijing 1 309 | Phleum pratense L. Henan 8 310 | Poa compressa L. Hebei II FM 5 311 | Royndebnom npn Wd) CEP _| 19505? |__| MW] 3 312 Sorghum almum Parodi Sorghum almum Parodi Parodi | 2009 | it 313 | Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. a Taiwan UI FM 17 of 20° centur 314 | Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf 16 315 ele alterniflora Loisel. 979 Fajian [0c 7 316 Spartina anglin CE, Hubb FM 5, 317 | Vetiveria zizanioides L. 1936 Hainan Animalia Nematoda Aphelenchida a8 rE 319 | Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi (Schwartz) Jiangsu UI FM 9 Steiner 320 | Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Jiangsu UI 9 Buhrer) Nickle 321 | Anguina agrostis (Steinbuch) Filipjev Inner UI oO Mongolia 322 | Ditylenchus dispaci (Khn) Filipjev : ? UI 323 | Radopholus similes (Cobb) Thorne : UI 1 324 Loar Syveen Lenten UI 12 505 | Meidgye hipanes Hsien [2007 [Finan [or [pf Gastropoda pireheeog estan pious 5 [Faring Donon [1098 [ Goma [TT “OCT 7 327 | Haliotis discus discus Reeve Guangdong 3 328 | Haliotis gigantea Gmelin Liaoning i Se 2 329 | Haliotis rufescens Swainson Liaoning II OC 2. 330 | Haliotis fulgens Philippi Liaoning U OKs i) Mesogastropoda 331 | Crepidula onyx Sowerby Hongkong 2 332 | Pomacea canaliculata Lamark 13 Stylomnatophora 333 | Achatina fulica Bowdich 1920s Fujian at FM 6 334 | Lehmannia valentiana (Férussac) : ? | ? | UI | FM | 5 Bivalvia Pterioida 3 336 22 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) No. Year ; hen IAS Places where athe provinces / No. Taxon ie IAS was first Habitats | regions was first d a | ways here IAS Gee eat etecte where distributed Ostreoida a i Weneroida 58 [Morrie menra. [1097 Stndong [0 [OC [2 339 | Mytilopsis sallei Recluz 1977 Taiwan 5 Myoida 340 | Panopea abrupta Conrad 1998 | Shandong | Ul | OC | 1 Malacostraca 341 | Litopenaeus stylirostris Stimpson 2000 Shandong, ia OC 3 Jiangsu, Zhejiang 342 | Litopenaeus vannamei Boone ne : I OC 9 343 | Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate I OC 344 | Procambarus ganic Girard 10 3B Arachnida 346 | Aculops lycopersici (Maass) 1980 Guangxi UI FM 5 347 | Tetranychus urticae Koch 1978 Taiwan UI FM 34 Insecta Blattodea 348 | Blattella SEITEN (L.) 1935 : RS 28 349 | Prriplanesa americana) a 350 | Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius ae ee | Tes AS FS el 10 Isoptera 351 | Cryptotermes domesticus (Haviland) 1917 Taiwan UL | FR;:RS 5 352 | Incisitermes minor (Hagen) 1937 HongKong UI RS i) Thysanoptera 353 | Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) 2000 Taiwan UI FM 6 354 i Hemiptera 355 | Furyaserintericeps Paton a eae 4 356 | Corythucha ciliata Say Hubei UI te 357 | Heterosylla cubana Crauford Taiwan UI FR 5 358 | Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Taiwan UI FM 2 359 | Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Taiwan, UI FM 34 Yunnan 360 | Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) a 361 | Aphanostigma piri Cholodkovsky Taiwan UI FM 1 362 | Moritziella castaneivora Miyazaki Shandong UI FR 3 363 | Viteus vitifoliae (Fiech) Shandong UI FM 5 364 | Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) Shandong UI FM 10 365 | Icerya purchasi Maskell Taiwan UI FM 18 366 | Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockerell re 367 | Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley) 3 368 | Oracella acuta (Lobdell) Guangdong 3 An inventory of invasive alien species in China 23 No. Year : when [AS Places where athe provinces / No. Taxon IAS was first Habitats | regions was first ways here IAS eee detected where distributed 369 ER ERAGIS AOL Tinsley 2008 Guangdong |_ UI pi 570 371 | Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana.) Shandong | UL | FR | 7 372 | Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi Guangdong 4 Coleoptera 373 |Agrilus mali Matsumura 1934 Liaoning UI FM 13 374 | Anthrenus verbasci L. ? ? UI RS 23 375 | Trogoderma granarium Everts 1962 ? UI RS, FM 1 376 | Lasioderma serricorne (Faericus) | 1931 | Taiwan | UI | RS | a2 377 | Heterobostrychus aequalis (Waterhouse) Guangdong OLS | IRs ai 6 378 | Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) SS = Rees of 379 | Necrobia ruficollis (Fabricius) 9 380 | Necrobia rufipes Degcer 18 381 | Cathartus advena Walter| : ? 32 382 | Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val 19 383 | Pharaxonotha side Reitter ao if 2 384 385 386 387 | Acanthoscelides pallidipennis Motschulsky 11 388 | Bruchidius dorsalis Fabricius : : : 16 389 | Bruchus pisorum (L.) : 32. 390 | Bruchus rufimanus Boheman i 391 | Callosobruchus analis (Fabricius) ees ee SS = 1 392 | Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) Hongkong = 12 393 | Callosobruchus phaseoli (Chevrolate) Zhejiang 2 394 | Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) Seedeane 2 395 AUREUS IOSEOOTES (Degeer) ? ai 18 336 m7 38 399 | Cosmopolites sordidus Germar Taiwan 6 400 | Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. Jilin 9 401 | Diocalandra frumenti (Fabricius) Taiwan 2. 402 | Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) Xinjiang 2 403 | Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel Hebei 8 04 205 | Rlynchopborasfrugines (Olive) |? | Hainan 05 |Sepicgmeri()—[?|Xing| TLR 407 | Sternochetus frigidus Fab 4 408 | Sternochetus mangiferae Fabricius 2 409 | Sternochetus olivieri (Faust) Yunnan 3 410 | Cylas formicarius (Summers) Aejiang FM 10 {ii |Dendacomas vals Leconte | 19587 | Stasi | OL | FR | 4 24 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) No. Ga Places where provinces / No. Taxon heal IAS was first athe Habitats | regions was first d d ways here IAS dens etecte where distributed Diptera 412 | Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett) ale ae i 413 | Mayetiola destructor (Say) Xinjiang UI 1 414 | Obolodiplosis robiniae Haldemann Liaoning UI FR 5 415 | Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach) Taiwan UI FM 10 416 | Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) Yunnan UI FM 21 417 | Liriomyza sativae Blanchard 1993 5 418 | Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) 1988 3 419 | Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) 1989 2 420 | Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucuribitae 10 (Coquillett) 421 | Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) 1911 Taiwan UI FM 15 22 r 2 Lepidoptera 424 | Anarsia lineatella Zeller UI 3 425 | Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) UI 18 426 | Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) = 14 427 | Sitotroga cerealella Olivier 4 428 | Opogona sacchari (Bojer) Gaanalong FR, FM 10 £23 [Lapersia pomonella aang (Ue) Male oe 430 | Corcyra cephalonica Stainton 8 431 | Paralipsa gularis (Zeller) ° UI RS 30 432 | Plodia interpunctella (Zeller) ? ? UI | RS, FM 33 433 | Hyphantria cunea (Drury) 1979 Liaoning UI | FR, FM 6 434 | Erionota torus Evans 1940s Fujian UI FM 8 Hymenoptera B 336 137 [Bruchphagusgibbus Boheman |? | Xinjang [Ol | IM [4 438 | Urocerus gigas taiganus Benson 1984 Xinjiang 9 439 | Solenopsis geminate Fabricius 1920 Guangdong 7 FR Ti 4 440 | Solenopsis invicta Buren 2003 Taiwan UL | FREM 7 Echinoidea Hi Ascidiacea 442 | Halocynthia roretzi Drasche 2006 Liaoning, iat OC 2 Shandong Pisces Salmoniformes B ma w i Cyprinodontiformes 446 | Gambusia affinis Baird & Girard | ea | Taiwan | iat | IW | An inventory of invasive alien species in China Zz No. Year f hen IAS Places where provinces / No. Taxon ery IAS was first Habitats | regions was first ways detected where IAS detected a distributed Cypriniformes 447 | Carassius cuviert Temminck & Schlegel 34 448 | Cirrhina mrigala Hamilton Guangdong 149 [Labo its Harsikon a 450 | Tinca tinca L. 1998 Hubei II IW a 451 | Ictiobus cypinellus Valenciennes ? ? II IW Characiformes 452 | Colossoma eanen partite Cuvier 1982 Taiwan IW 155 | Soman namoeri Race [200 Siaronues a 455 | Clarias lazera ween GaEne 1981 34 456 | Hypostomus plecostomus Walbaum ? 7 iW Pleuronectiformes 457 | Paralichthys dentatus L. 2002 Shandong II OC 1 458 | Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan & Gilbert 2001 Shandong Ul OC 14 159 | Sepbihcmas macirs Cie [| | oc [3 1 Voir sai ia 3008 [ar 06 J 461 | Solea senegalensis Kaup Sandon eee 1 2 462 | Solea solea L. 2003 Anguilliformes 463 | Anguilla anguilla L. 1991 Jiangsu, 0 IW, OC ~ Fujian 464 | Anguilla rostrata Lesueur 4 Perciformes 465 | Oreochromis aureus Steindachner Taiwan II IW, OC 2 466 | Oreochromis nilotica L. ? II IW 467 | Perca fluviatilis L. Xinjiang at IW 1 468 | Micropterus salmoides Lacépéde Taiwan ia IW 4 7 270 |More swatils Walbaum | 1997 |? | [mocl i 7 esearch Oc 472 | Sciaenops ocellatus L. 1991 1 473 | Sparus aurata L. 2001 Tianjin ; a a 4 Amphibia 474 | Lithobates catesbeiana (Shaw) 1959 Beijing iat IW 10 475 | Lithobates grylio (Stejneger) 1987 Guangdong II IW 1 76 i Reptilia 480 | Macroclemys temminckii Troost 7 Te cg Weta ¥ | Aglong [01] 478 | Trachemys scripta scripta Wied-Neuwied ? ~ 5 14 11 481 | Apalone ferox Schneider 11 Aves 479 | Chelydra serpentina L. 752 [Broa Canada 26 Haigen Xu et al. / NeoBiota 15: 1-25 (2012) No. Year : when IAS Places where ai provinces / No. Taxon TAS was first Habitats | regions was first d a | ways here IAS ee etecte where distributed 483 | Cacatua sulphurea Gmelin ? ? ia FM 1 Mammalia 484 | Mus musculus L. ¢ UI 34 485 | Rattus norvegicus norvegicus Berkenhout : : UI 34 486 | Rattus rattus rattus Lineaus UI 4 487 | Ondatra zibethicus L. 1950 Xinjiang NS 13 488 | Myocastor coypus Molina 1953 : ia 6 Note: Pathways: intentional introduction (II); unintentional introduction (UJ); natural spread (NS) Habitats: farmlands (FM, including fields, gardens, roadsides, grasslands, grassy slopes); inland waters (IW, including lakeshores, swamps, marshes); forests (FR, including forest margins); residences (RS); ocean (OC)