Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 | DOI 10.3897/dez.67.51332 > PENSUFT. Mette BERLIN The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae): a preliminary revision and identification key to species So Shimizu! 2 S 23 Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kébe University, Rokkédaiché I—1, Nada, K6ébe, Hyégo 657-8501, Japan Research Fellow (DCI and Overseas Challenge Program for Young Researchers), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Téky6, Japan Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK http://zoobank.org/2B601B5D-E1BD-44B7-BA89-S554E3AB5EAE1 Corresponding author: So Shimizu (parasitoidwasp.sou@gmail.com) Academic editor: J. Fernandez-Triana # Received 20 February 2020 Accepted 3 April 2020 Published 11 May 2020 Abstract A total of 10 species of Enicospilus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae) have previously been reported from Nepal. Six new species are described here (E. alleni Shimizu sp. nov., E. kakanicus Shimizu sp. nov., E. nepalensis Shimizu sp. nov., E. nikami Shi- mizu sp. nov., E. phulchokiensis Shimizu sp. nov., and E. tangi Shimizu sp. nov.), and 10 are newly recorded (E. ashbyi Ashmead, 1904, E. bifasciatus (Uchida, 1928), E. capensis (Thunberg, 1824), E. flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900), FE. formosensis (Uchida, 1928), E. grammospilus (Enderlein, 1921), E. pudibundae (Uchida, 1928), E. purifenestratus (Enderlein, 1921), E. yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928), and E. zebrus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981) from Nepal. A preliminary identification key to the Nepalese species of Enicospilus is provided. The elevational pattern of Nepalese Enicospilus is briefly discussed. Enicospilus purifenestratus is also recorded for the first time from Brunei. Key Words Biogeography, Darwin wasps, elevation, Nepal, new species, parasitoid wasps, systematics, taxonomy Table of contents |BuinqeyehhTeis 6] 0 wece antsy oe EMER et, Ags See ee ae ype See ea 2 Material and methods. on, cnccinlute tart ty atansteapadllts beets gaat 2 FRO SUIG act Lee Pt a Read ate eM co cms cameo gee Mee ete 4 Genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 .............0...006. 4 Identification key to Enicospilus species of Nepal ..6 Enicospilus alleni Shimizu sp. nov. ..........00...000c00 8 Enicospilus ashbyi Ashmead, 1904................0.0.06. 10 Enicospilus bifasciatus (Uchida, 1928)................. 10 Enicospilus biharensis Townes, Tevwies-c- Gupta, TOGT ys sec cect Paes conte 13 Enicospilus capensis (Thunberg, 1824) ................ 13 Enicospilus flavicaput (Morley, 1912).............0.6. 15 Enicospilus flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900) .............. 18 Enicospilus formosensis (Uchida, 1928)................ 18 Enicospilus grammospilus (Enderlein, 1921)........ 21 Enicospilus javanus (Szépligeti, 1910)...........0.0.. 2) Enicospilus kakanicus Shimizu, sp. nov. ............... 24 Enicospilus kanshirensis (Uchida, 1928)............... 26 Enicospilus laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921)............... 26 Enicospilus lineolatus (Roman, 1913)...........0....0. 29 Enicospilus melanocarpus Cameron, 1905............ 29 Enicospilus nepalensis Shimizu, sp. nov...............- 33 Enicospilus nikami Shimizu, sp. noV.............0.0.00- oh) Enicospilus phulchokiensis Shimizu, sp. nov......... 37 Enicospilus pseudantennatus Gauld, 1977 ............ 37 Enicospilus pseudoconspersae (Sonan, 1927)....... 40 Enicospilus pudibundae (Uchida, 1928)................ 40 Enicospilus purifenestratus (Enderlein, 1921)....... 43 Copyright So Shimizu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 70 Enicospilus tangi Shimizu sp. novV. ...............000000 43 Enicospilus tripartitus Chiu, 1954 ........0.0cccce 45 Enicospilus yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928).............. 48 Enicospilus zebrus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981.......... 50 Species inquirendae and pending taxonomic acts..50 ETC OSPULUS-S DOU sae adh a vecosa tle ashe Atos area 50 SHEL ORY CHUA) 1g 6 OA ST as POET Pe TO yd ap Enicospilus erythrocerus SpecieS-roup................. 52 DIS CUSSTONG Ferd dela P a seled idem ghee eel tear Ae ae ale 54 ACKNOWICUSCIMEMUS:, 259 css:.. Beod i annsns Mtn th Sous tevvens adder 55 IRC ECTEME CS. 61..4 Nin dye artes Mera icet Maacent Sra n ONT Ra Mean tilt ke ae 56 Introduction Ophioninae Shuckard, 1840 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumoni- dae) is a moderately large monophyletic Darwin wasp subfamily within the higher Ophioniformes, which main- ly comprises solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lep- idoptera (Gauld 1985b; Quicke et al. 2009; Bennett et al. 2019; Klopfstein et al. 2019). The Ophioninae comprises 32 genera and over 1,100 species worldwide (e.g. Yu et al. 2016; Shimizu and Lima 2018; Shaw and Voogd 2019). Many species of Ophioninae are considered to be crepus- cular or nocturnal and usually have a testaceous body, very large ocelli (posterior ocellus close to or touching eye), and long antenna, with a few exceptions (e.g. all species of Dictyonotus Kriechbaumer, 1894 are diurnal, with a black body, small ocelli, and short antenna). These characters are frequently shared with other nocturnal Ich- neumonoidea (e.g. Netelia Gray, 1860 (Ichneumonidae, Tryphoninae) and Xiphozelinae van Achterberg, 1979 (Braconidae)) (e.g. Shimizu 2017). Low latitudinal tropics are considered to be the general centre of species diversity in most groups of Ophioninae (e.g. Gauld and Mitchell 1981; Gauld 1985b, 1988), but a few genera are more di- verse in mid-latitudinal temperate regions (e.g. Alopho- phion Cushman, 1947 and Ophion Fabricius, 1798) (e.g. Gauld 1985b; Alvarado 2014; Schwarzfeld et al. 2016). Reliable and robust phylogenetic and biogeographic esti- mates for ophionines have not been published yet. Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 is the largest genus of Ophioninae and predominantly tropical, with more than 700 species worldwide (e.g. Broad and Shaw 2016; Gadallah et al. 2017; Shimizu 2017; Johansson 2018). Enicospilus has been considered to be polyphyletic (Gauld 1985b), but there are no phylogenetic studies with comprehensive taxon sampling. Nepal is a landlocked country between India and China’s Tibet Autonomous Region (26°22'N—30°27'N, 80°4'E-88°12'E) in the central part of the Himalaya, about 800 km in latitudinal length and 140 km in lon- gitudinal length (RAOnline 2019). Dramatic changes of altitude (from less than 100 m to more than 8,000 m) along the short longitudinal span in Nepal have created a very diverse climatic and topographic environment as dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus well as a uniquely very rich species diversity of flora and fauna (Savada 1991; MFSC 2014; RAOnline 2019). Furthermore, Nepal is located between the Oriental and Palaearctic regions and is a melting pot of species origi- nating from both regions (MFSC 2014). Therefore, Nepal is an interesting and important place to study biodiversity and biogeography. However, no researchers have stud- ied Ophioninae of Nepal, although Gauld and Mitchell’s (1981) great regional revision for Indo-Papuan Ophion- inae included a few specimens and species from Nepal. Hence, only 10 species of Enicospilus have been recorded in Nepal (Gauld and Mitchell 1981), whilst 107 species have been reported from China and 73 from India (Yu et al. 2016), indicating a high potential species diversity of Enicospilus in Nepal. This study aims to (1) review all previously recorded species in Nepal, (2) describe new Nepalese species, (3) newly record species from Nepal, (4) provide a prelimi- nary identification key to the Nepalese species, and (5) briefly discuss the biogeography of the Nepalese fauna and species relationships with elevation. Material and methods A total of 707 specimens of Nepalese species of Enicospilus were examined, 148 of which are from Nepal and 559 from other countries (e.g. Brunei, China, India, Japan, Laos, and Tarwan). Specimens were observed using a stereoscopic mi- croscope (SMZ1500, Nikon, T6ky6, Japan). Photographs were taken using a single lens reflex camera (a7II, Sony, Toky6, Japan) with a micro-lens (LAOWA 25 mm F2.8 2.5—5x ULTRA MACRO, Anhui Changgeng Optics Tech- nology Co., Ltd, Hefei, China and A FE 50mm F2.8 Mac- to SEL50M28, Sony, Toky6, Japan) and 2 teleconverter lens (SEL20TC, Sony, Téky6, Japan), captured in RAW format, developed using Adobe Lightroom Creative Cloud, and stacked using Zerene Stacker. All figures were edited in Adobe Illustrator 2019 and Photoshop Creative Cloud. Morphological terms follow those of Broad et al. (2018). Legs and wings are described separately from the mesosoma. The lower face is defined as the area between the ventral margin of the clypeus and of the antennal sock- ets. Terms for surface sculpture follow Eady (1968) and Gauld and Mitchell (1981). Terms for wing veins and cells follow Broad et al. (2018) and those for characters of the discosubmarginal cell follow Gauld and Mitchell (1981) (Fig. 1). ‘Sclerites’ refer to the sclerites of the fore wing fenestra, which are differentiated as the proximal, central and distal sclerites, all or none of which might be absent in any one species. The indices follow Shimizu and Lima (2018) and Shimizu et al. (2019) and are listed below. Indices for head GOI (geno-orbital index) = maximum breadth of eye in profile / maximum breadth of gena in same line Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 rl nilly ee Fenestra _ Figure 1. Morphological terms for the fore wing of Enicospilus species used in the present study. Brown characters indicate ac- ronyms. C-1. Subbasal cell; C-2. Discosubmarginal cell; C-3. Second discal cell; C-4. Marginal cell; PS. Proximal sclerite; CS. Central sclerite; DS. Distal sclerite. Indices for fore wing AI (alar index) = length of 1m-cu&M between 2m-cu and bulla / length of 2rs-m CI (cubital index) = length of CU between 1m-cu&M and 2cu-a / length of 2cu-a DI (discoidal index) = maximum vertical distance be- tween CU (between 2cu-a and 2m-cu) and 1m-cu&M / length of CU between 2cu-a and 2m-cu ICI (intercubital index) = length of 2rs-m / length of M between 2m-cu and 2rs-m SDI (second discoidal index) = length of CU between 2cu-a and 2m-cu / length of CU between M&RS and Im-cu&M SI (sinuousness index) = maximum length between Im-cu&M and a straight line connecting the intersec- tion of M, 2m-cu, and 1m-cu&M and the intersection of I1m-cu&M and CU / distance between the intersec- tion of M, 2m-cu, and 1m-cu&M and the intersection of Im-cu&M and CU SRI (second recurrent index) = length of 2m-cu / length of CU between 2cu-a and 2m-cu Indices for hind wing NI (nervellar index) = length of CU between M and cu-a / length of cu-a RI (radial index) = length of RS between RA and rs-m / length of rs-m Indices for metasoma DMI (dorsal metasomal index) = length of dorsum of tergite 2 / length of dorsum of tergite 3 PI (petiolar index) = distance between base of tergite 1 and anterior margin of spiracle / distance between poste- rior margin of spiracle and apex of tergite 1 THI (thyridium index) = distance between anterior margin of tergite 2 and anterior margin of thyridium / maximum diameter of thyriditum Wing characters are especially important for identi- fying ophionine species, but wings are almost always folded, wrinkled, and/or crooked. For accurate mea- surements of wing characters, the left wings have been removed from the body, placed between microscope Slides in 99.9% ethanol, and photographed. Then, wings have been enclosed in paraffin paper, and the whole thing pinned under the respective specimen. Measure- ments were taken from photos using the software, Img- Measure ver. 1.14. The degree of sexual dimorphism of Ophioninae is almost always very small, and most species can mor- phologically readily be distinguished without needing to dissect male genitalia (Gauld 1984). Therefore, the male genitalia is not dissected and new species are described based on holotype of both sexes in the present study, like previous ophionine studies (e.g. Gauld 1988; Broad and Shaw 2016; Shimizu 2017). dez.pensoft.net 72 The non-morphological abbreviations below are used in the present study. LT light traps MsT Malaise traps Abbreviations for repositories used in the present study are as follows. ANIC Australian National Insect Collection, Can- berra, Australia NHMUK Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom CNC Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ot- tawa, Canada DEI Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches In- stitut, Muncheberg, Germany EMUS Utah State University Insect Collection (= American Entomological Institute: AEI), De- partment of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA EUM Ehime University Museum, Matsuyama, Japan FZLU Fachbereich Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Uni- versitat, Halle, Germany HMNH ~— Hiwa Museum for Natural History, Shdbara, Japan IZPAN _Instytut Zoologiczny Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa, Poland MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, USA MNHA Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, Japan MNHN ~ Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France MUC Marathwada University Collection, Aurang- abad, India NIAES Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO (= National Institute for Agro-Envi- ronmental Sciences), Tsukuba, Japan NM Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Australia NR Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden NSMT National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan OUMNH Oxford University Museum of Natural His- tory (= the Hope Entomological Collection), Oxford, United Kingdom SEHU The Laboratory of Systematic Entomology (= Entomological Institute: EIHU), Hokkaid6 University, Sapporo, Japan TARI Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Coun- cil of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan TM Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary USNM — Smithsonian National Museum of Natural His- tory, Washington, DC, United States of America ZIUU Zoological Institute, University of Uppsala, Sweden dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus ZSI Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, India Asterisks (*) are used for indicating a species newly recorded from Nepal. Results Over 31 morphospecies were recognised from 148 Nepalese specimens and Gauld and Mitchell’s (1981) previous records. Six of these species are new to sci- ence described below, 10 are newly recorded species from Nepal, 10 have been recorded previously from Nepal, and more than five are tentatively treated as spe- cies inquirendae, pending further taxonomic work. En- icospilus purifenestratus is also newly recorded from Brunei below. Taxonomy Class Hexapoda Blainville, 1816 Order Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758 Superfamily Ichneumonoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Ichneumonidae Latreille, 1802 Subfamily Ophioninae Shuckard, 1840 Genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 Enicospilus Stephens 1835: 126; type species, Ophion merdarius Gravenhorst sensu Stephens (= /chneumon ramidulus Linneaus), by monotypy (Stephens 1845). Henicospilus Agassiz 1846: 138; unjustified emendation. Allocamptus Forster 1869: 150; type species, Ophion undulatus Graven- horst, 1829, by subsequent designation (Thomson 1888: 1189). Dispilus Kriechbaumer 1894: 309; type species, Ophion (Dispilus) na- talensis Kriechbaumer, 1894, by monotypy. Pleuroneurophion Ashmead 1900: 86; type species, Pleuroneurophion hawaiiensis Ashmead, 1900, by original designation. Banchogastra Ashmead 1900: 87; type species, Banchogastra niger Ashmead, 1900, by original designation. Pycnophion Ashmead 1900: 87; type species, Pycnophion molokaiensis Ashmead, 1900, by original designation. Cymatoneura Kriechbaumer 190 1a: 22; type species, Ophion undulatus Gravenhorst, 1829, by subsequent designation (Viereck 1914: 8). Pterospilus Kriechbaumer 1901b: 156; type species, Ophion (Enico- spilus) dubius Tosquinet, 1896, by subsequent designation (Viereck 1914: 126); junior homonym of Prerospilus Rondani, 1856. Trispilus Kriechbaumer 1901b: 156; type species, Ophion (Enicospilus) trimaculatus Tosquinet, 1896, by monotypy. Abanchogastra Perkins 1902: 141; type species, Abanchogastra debilis Perkins, 1902, by monotypy. Metophion Szépligeti 1905: 28; type species, Metophion bicolor Szépligeti, 1905, by subsequent designation (Viereck 1914: 94). Ceratospilus Szépligeti 1905: 28; type species, Ceratospilus biroi Szépligeti, 1905, by monotypy. Atoponeura Szépligeti 1905: 34; type species, Atoponeura concolor Szépligeti, 1905 (= Enicospilus atoponeurus Cushman, 1947), by monotypy. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 73 Figure 2. Diagnostic characters for some species of Nepalese Enicospilus. A-D. Outer surface of mandible: A. E. nepalensis Shi- mizu sp. nov., B. £. tangi Shimizu sp. nov., C. E. tripartitus, D. E. yonezawanus; E—-H. Scutellum, in dorsal view: E. E. formosensis, F. E. kakanicus Shimizu sp. nov., G. E. phulchokiensis Shimizu sp. nov., H. E. tangi Shimizu sp. nov.; I, J. Hind tarsal claw: I. E. biharensis, J. E. nikami Shimizu sp. nov. Ophiomorpha Szépligeti 1905: 34; type species, Ophion curvinervis Cameron, 1886 (= Enicospilus cameronii Dalla Torre, 1901), by subsequent designation (Hooker 1912); junior homonym of Ophio- morpha Nilsson, 1836. Cryptocamptus Brethes 1909: 230; unnecessary replacement name for Allocamptus Forster, 1869. Amesospilus Enderlein 1914: 222; type species, Ophion unicallosus Vollenhoven, 1878, by original designation. Eremotyloides Perkins 1915: 530; type species, Eremotylus orbitalis Ashmead, 1901, by monotypy. Schizospilus Seyrig 1935: 79; type species, Schizospilus divisus Seyrig, 1935, by original designation. Distribution. Worldwide except Antarctica (Yu et al. 2016). Diagnosis. Moderately to very large insects (fore wing length usually 9.0-30.0 mm). dez.pensoft.net 74 Head: mandible bidentate apically and weakly to strong- ly tapered and twisted (e.g. Fig. 2A—D); ocelli moderately to very large, and posterior ocellus often close to or touching eye (e.g. Figs 3B—D, 5B—D, 7B—D); occipital carina com- plete; antennae longer than fore wing length (e.g. Figs 5A, 12A, 16A), usually with more than 50 flagellomeres. Mesosoma: pronotum unspecialised; notauli almost al- ways absent; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae usually along more than 0.8 its length (e.g. Fig. 2E—H),; epicnemial carina present laterally (e.g. Figs SE, 8E, 18E); posterior transverse carina of mesosternum com- plete; propodeum with anterior transverse carina usually more or less complete medially, anterior area long and longitudinally striate. Wings (e.g. Figs 1, 6F, 7F, 19F, 28F, 31B, D, F): pterostigma of fore wing fairly slender; vein 1m-cu&M of fore wing usually without ramulus; vein 2r&RS of fore wing usually more or less broadened proximally and/ or centrally, straight, sinuous, or bowed, not proximally abruptly angled; discosubmarginal cell of fore wing with fenestra, and often also with one or more sclerites; vein RS of hind wing usually straight and rarely weakly curved; vein RA of hind wing usually with 4-12 uniform hamuli. Legs: inner mesal surface of fore tibial spur without a membranous flange; outer distal margin of mid and hind trochantelli usually simple and without a decurved tooth; hind tarsal claw moderately to strongly curved with pecti- nae, usually all pecten are more or less uniform shape and length and a distal one is not significantly longer than true apex of claw (e.g. Fig. 21, J). Metasoma (e.g. Figs 3A, 9A): very slender; tergite 1 with spiracle clearly far behind the middle; thyridium moderately to strongly developed, and oval to ellipsoidal; Ovipositor straight and usually short, its length less than posterior depth of metasoma. Colour: body usually entirely testaceous, pale yel- low to reddish brown (e.g. Figs 4A—E, 11A—E, 21A—-E, 26A-—E), sometimes posterior metasomal segments in- So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus fuscate (e.g. Figs 9A, 17A, 18A); in some species body entirely brown to black, usually with testaceous to pale yellow patterns (e.g. Figs SA—E, 28A—E); wings entirely hyaline or weakly infuscate (e.g. Figs 3F, 9F, 10F), rarely with strong infumate patches (e.g. Figs 5F, 28F); fenestra always hyaline (e.g. Figs 10F, 19F); sclerites hyaline to black (e.g. Figs 18F, 19F, 23F). Differential diagnosis. Adult wasps of Enicospilus are moderately to very large insects and distinguished from other genera of Ophioninae by the following combination of character states: inner mesal surface of the fore tibial spur lacking a membranous flange; mandibles more or less narrowed apically and moderately to strongly twisted (e.g. Fig. 2A—D); fore wing discosubmarginal cell with a fenestra (e.g. Fig. 31B, D, F), extensive glabrous area, and often one or more sclerotised and pigmented sclerites and/or quadra (e.g. Figs 3F, 15F, 27F); posterior trans- verse carina of mesosternum complete. The fore wing fenestra and sclerites are usually re- liable characters for recognising Enicospilus species. However, similar sclerites of the fore wing fenestra are also known in the genus Dicamptus Szépligeti, 1905 and rarely in the genus Leptophion Cameron, 1901. Enico- Spilus species are distinguished from both Dicamptus and Leptophion by the mandibles (i.e. mandible always weakly to strongly tapered and twisted in Enicospilus, but very weakly tapered and not twisted in Dicamptus and Leptophion). Biology. Species belonging to Enicospilus are koino- biont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera, such as Noctuidae (e.g. Gauld and Mitchell 1981; Gauld 1985b, 1988; Broad and Shaw 2016; Broad et al. 2018). Adult female wasps usually lay eggs within late instar larvae of Lepidoptera, with some exceptions. Broad et al. (2018) summarised the biology of Ophioninae including Enicospilus. Both sexes of adults are very frequently attracted to the light and considered to be nocturnal or crepuscular (e.g. Shi- mizu and Maeto 2016; Shimizu 2017). Identification key to Enicospilus species of Nepal This is a preliminary key to the Nepalese species of Enicospilus because there are potentially many more unrecorded or undescribed species in Nepal and its adjacent areas. i! 2 (1) Fore wing hyaline with two or three strongly infuscate patches in the central part of the discosubmarginal cell (from distal end of M&RS to base of 1m-cu&M) and the central part of the marginal cell (from antero-central margin to base of RS) (Figs 5F, 28F). Mesosoma either entirely black with pale yellow marks or pale yellow with black marks, never entirely testaceous or red-brown (Figs DA, E, 28A, E).........c.cccccceccsscsscceeseeccecseecsecscconseessaeecsecuecauseseceeeasecueses 2 Fore wing entirely hyaline to weakly infuscate, without infuscate patches (e.g. Figs 4F, 7F, 10F). Mesosoma entirely testaceous or red-brown, without black marks (e.g. Figs 3A, E, 4A, E)..........cccccecsecceeeeecceeseceecceteaseceseecseeteeecersenses 3 Interocellar area black (Fig. 5D). Fore wing with fenestra moderately long, its anterodistal corner separated from proximal end of the vein RS by more than 1.0x of 2rs-m; ICl = 0.2, SDI = 1.1-1.2; posterodistal corner of the sec- ond discal cell ca 65°; central sclerite drop-shaped, its major axis parallel to 2r&RS; vein 2rs-m bowed (Fig. 5F). Propodeum without posterior transverse Carina (Fig. DE).........ccccecceecseceeeeeeeeeesaeeseeeeees E. bifasciatus (Uchida, 1928)* Interocellar area not infuscate (Fig. 28D). Fore wing with fenestra very long, its anterodistal corner almost reaching proximal end of the vein RS; ICI = 0.4-0.5, SDI = 1.4-1.5; posterodistal corner of the second discal cell ca 95°; central sclerite almost oval, its major axis parallel to distal margin of the fenestra; vein 2rs-m straight (Fig. 28F). Propodeum with strong posterior transverse carinae laterally (Fig. 28E) ............... E. zebrus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981* dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 75 31) 10 (6) 11 (10) 12 (10) 13 (12) 14 (5) 15 (14) 16 (15) 17 (16) 18 (16) Fore wing without sclerites and quadra (Fig. 31). Outer mandibular surface always more or less flat without a diag- GIFT S SUNG E UO Seo ot the D aeons oa geet eee EE paint niadteeple PEE Ant cee cap tans Denese aepepemes E. erythrocerus species-group Fore wing with more or less sclerotised sclerites and sometimes with quadra (e.g. Figs 3F, 6F, 16F, 19F). Outer man- dibular surface various, flat or with a diagonal groove or a line of punctures (e.g. Fig. 2A-D...... cee ccc cecceece eee eeeeeees 4 Fore wing fenestra without a proximal sclerite and only with a rather thick distal sclerite (Fig. 16F).............:.:::ee Aorkeeorie: | / Sem’ Senne men aee: Roce sels her Miers cbs Pee spree eiGeed Meat te dy gorioer (4. Leet tics Tf: Emer eke Saas st eeN E. lineolatus (Roman, 1913) Fore wing fenestra always with a proximal sclerite, and if fenestra with distal sclerite, it is more or less thin (e.g. abode giccl wate 59 ae Siinaeebe babies nie Rea ties a hee DASE”) RN Ae a ke ei VaR a eR DR AAO Ae oe i a 5 Fore wine fenestra without a. central.sclérite ancdsquadra.(ee. Figs oF LAR ASK LOR) 1s ccm ccechsseeesenes heise taceestacs 6 Fore Wine fenestra witha central scleritete.s. Figs SE-4F GE Tie) nc sstacsee syeetecesbactsabadieidddeetacedgensh shad neds fombe sts bec 14 Proximal sclerite more or less triangular; always strongly pigmented; its proximal margin more or less joining prox- hal MMarcinrer tenestha mies a SrA oe Gis 27g ati Sete dn es Me a ate tect ts Pe ae Tots ite gs MOE LL Natasa bag Mena ies 7 Proximal sclerite not triangular, various (i.e. narrow and linear, or semicircular); usually weakly pigmented or not, except for that of E. javanus strongly pigmented; its proximal margin usually distinctly separated from proximal margin of fenestra by more than its own width (Figs 6F, 12F, 19F, 22F, 23F)..........cccccccecccceecsecsscteccscecescetteeseeeseees 10 Outer mandibular surface flat without a diagonal setose deep groove ............... EF. purifenestratus (Enderlein, 1921)* Outer mandibular surface with a diagonal setose deep groove between its dorsoproximal corner and base of man- elierOleclors) Serial om del) cid BE i Ac eh 2 Os sn ee eee 8 oe 8 Lower face wider and 0.9x as wide as high (Fig. 25B). Upper mandibular tooth 2.1x as long as lower one (Fig. 2B). Mandible very long, proximally tapered and distally parallel sided (Fig. 2B)................:::0008 E. tangi Shimizu sp. nov. Lower face narrower and Q.7-0.8x as wide as high (Figs 13B, 27B). Upper mandibular tooth 1.2-1.5x as long as lower one (Fig. 2D). Mandible moderately long, more or less evenly tapered (Fig. 2D) .............0ccececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 9 Lateral longitudinal carinae of scutellum reaching anterior 0.6 of scutellum (Fig. 2F). Proximal and distal sclerites more or less confluent (Fig. 13F). Metapleuron entirely finely punctate, highly shiny, never with wrinkles or striae a Fol kee eg Saeed hear en ee BRE eee SER RO is ner cae E. kakanicus Shimizu sp. nov. Lateral longitudinal carinae of scutellum reaching posterior end of scutellum (Fig. 2H). Proximal and distal sclerites separated (Fig. 27F). Metapleuron moderately punctate to striate, moderately shiny, almost always with wrinkles or SMACK Tee Mere) stale Coe eae ies Mee: acide Uys lec teke cud, einai Aad ars Ral Lerma Lees E. yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928)* Proximal sclerite more or less wide and semicircular (Figs 12F, 22F) ............cccseccsccseececceeceeecuscaerseessacaeeceeseetseesens ila Proximal sclerite narrow and more or less linear (Figs 6F, 19OF, 23F)...........ccccceccecccecceecseceseceecceeseessacaseceeseesseesess i? Fore wing with proximal sclerite confluent with distal one and its posterior end touching margin of fenestra; vein 1m-cu&M evenly curved; Al = 1.1-1.9, Cl = 0.2-0.5, SDI = 1.0-1.1 (Fig. 12F) 00.00... E. javanus (Szépligeti, 1910) Fore wing with proximal sclerite isolated and distal sclerite absent or vestigial; vein 1m-cu&M sinuous; Al = 0.7-0.9, Cl OF — Os ES Siro Ai Pre tat bs ei adieu het bbl Bhd deyele die Stee eemtnctngenneadete E, pseudoconspersae (Sonan, 1927) Hind tarsal claw uniformly pectinate (Fig. 21). Fore wing vein 1m-cu&M evenly curved (Fig. 6F) ...........::eeeeeeeeseeee teres CPP I dL et OT SS EL ns OE ls LR SO ae E. biharensis Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961 Pecten of hind tarsal claw absent proximally (e.g. Fig. 2J). Fore wing vein 1m-cu&M evenly curved to sinuous Get F eA atl S | SOO ss aly etn ale ain AN. ee empelaects atlh Pe He crcl ele oh wil ye Seroltme e u ad erm Ehace Res / Elneee Pe en i3 Fore wing vein 1m-cu&M moderately sinuous (Fig. 19F). 20" flagellomere 1.5x as long as WICe................ccseeeeee tees BA ses tet tei poet ar ce te ee ee ge ee nee eae ele ite ated ee en pee age ee wean ee oe ay ee eR Lnee vit ered ec gd ge We E. nikami Shimizu sp. nov. Fore wing vein 1m-cu&M evenly curved (Fig. 23F). 20" flagellomere 2.0-2.2 as lONg aS WICE 2.0... ec ceecceeeeeeeeeeee tees steerer AMA Res Sas Pea omcden ssh emcee aa. Pole he tate peed Pon opsrie mentee sad eth Bassa tis isto omit E, pudibundae (Uchida, 1928)* Fore wing vein 1m-cu&M strongly angled and broadened centrally (Fig. 9F).............. E. flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900)* Fore wing vein 1m-cu&M evenly curved or sinuous, never strongly angled and broadened (e.g. Figs 3F, 7F, 8F)..... Lge Outer mandibular surface always with a diagonal setose deep groove between its dorsoproximal corner and base of la renova lle) 8) Fe (ge) elhers || Gr atos tgp dee aS Meee th 1 Ona Re apa a fae A esas eR AT Pee re See OE Rta RON Pei haa 16 Outer mandibular surface almost flat, without a diagonal setose groove (e.g. 2A, C) 0... ..ccceceeececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeees 20 Proximal Sséleritemotcomldert wi tiscistalaonercgies: 7 Ri 1 Sr) es oops 8 i Bah, Mee eee aay oa eaa on pees 17 Proximal sclerite-stronelycontluentavithdistal:enextFigs U7R- ZOR Oy) lect: ms seus bo cores heres ws 228s eso ee eee Pe 18 Meso- and metapleurae entirely very densely punctate, submatt to matt, punctures of metapleuron contiguous or separated by less than a puncture diameter, thus very weakly or not shiny (Fig. 7A, E) .........ccccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenenees 1 MRRUMSREREEWRERAET. oremeeee FL IGELELL USED) EES TP nnerer. age E REEL D Seo nen MeN eNOS MEE RRRET..nemeemey 405007 E. capensis (Thunberg, 1824)* Meso- and metapleurae finely to moderately punctate to punctostriate, punctures never contiguous and separated by more than a puncture diameter, moderately to strongly shiny (Fig. 15A, E)............ E. laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921) Central sclerite rather linear, positioned in rather anterodistal part of the fenestra (Fig. 29F). Proximal corner of proximal Selerite-almest-Hent anelec CR 2 OE eo. ny sceenapobes nacnisst ntenn coop vevuad seat ton Sefeoadeope dy novapneceen es Enicospilus sp. 1 Central sclerite more or less oval, positioned in mediodistal part of the fenestra (Figs 17F, 20F). Proximal corner of PPOX inal ESCIEVIIE ACULEVIaIGLeCh MISSt nat cortat i taht stati Pana se tse oer seats ee a Paka ee fo os Bes 1g dez.pensoft.net 76 Mee ers) 20 (15) 21 (20) 22 (21) 23 (22) 24. (23) 20 (23) 267(29) 27 (25) 28 (27) Enicospilus alleni Shimizu, sp. nov. http://zoobank.orgBCA 16349-534C-4CB2-9126-FFC9C451362B Fig. 3 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Posterior segments of metasoma infuscate (Fig. 17A). Scutellum smooth to punctate. Fore wing vein 1m-cu&M alIMmSteevenly CURveeiGE ie. LAr. sae cca ened ecucpye pam ehdennasts sonetprd ae hte ed hd lope he chamernt teieed FE. melanocarpus Cameron, 1905 Metasoma entirely testaceous (Fig. 20A). Anterior 0.4 of scutellum transversely striate, anterior 0.4—0.5 punctate, and posterior 0.5 longitudinally strigose (Fig. 2G). Fore wing vein 1m-cu&M more or less sinuous (Fig. 2OF)........... Fe SRN ee Ne Ae ST ON eS OP 2 At SA EA RAED A PT OE E. phulchokiensis Shimizu sp. nov. Proximal sclerite not triangular (Fig. 11F). Central sclerite positioned in almost central part of fenestra; linear and parallel tesvernite rar GEG, ANG 278 ee oe oh on votes be 0 ore, 28 Olea oid eo) me oe Weare rect te Sy E. grammospilus (Enderlein, 1921)* Proximal sclerite more or less triangular (e.g. Figs 3F, 8F, 14F). Central sclerite positioned in distal part of fenestra; Vablousieshaped (eco sirlo Sed Fr ORAZ Ol) 5 eran oo tees ce Be eI As le nn Rey Rn te TS oe | Ae ee nee cao Pk Ole orden 21 Outer mandibular surface with conspicuous very dense stout and long setae and its proximal concavity deep ea 2 aeaey 21 Olean ea rR eR rd E. tripartitus Chiu, 1954 Outer mandibular surface with scattered slender and short to moderately long setae and its proximal concavity capella Mel ghel wich sim 1ey/ Gove oR ntfs a6 ci“) PO ea or acl ee Re le | I Se cc cael a OO PO er 22 Central sclerite linear and parallel to distal margin of fenestra (Fig. 1OF). Sides of scutellum rather weakly convergent posteriorly and sometimes subquadrate (Fig. 2E). Lower face wider and 0.8-O0.9x as wide as high (Fig. 10B)........... Bis) «SARE REGRESS Ne Po Re Lt SER AMEE «SSE AEE oa Roe Ph ROE A ok 8 Se E. formosensis (Uchida, 1928)* Central sclerite oval to linear, if linear it is parallel to vein 2r&RS (e.g. Figs 4F, 8F, 18F, 21F). Sides of scutellum mod- erately to strongly convergent posteriorly. Lower face usually narrower and 0.6—-0.8x as wide as high (e.g. Figs 3B, a] Ee sw AA ae ae AMANO A Reed ica seat A ae a a Re CN A Ro Pic a RE Ena ie GA AE ieee 23 Proximal SCleti Le Sepa alec Lrorn GuslalesClenite GE IS.S* leo weeINE ) mr a6 8. cece Fp BP Ae tice deh onaiy se eigen teed tanty fad 24 Proximal sclerite confluent with distal sclerite (Figs 3F, 4F, 8F, L4F, 30F)........... cee cece eceeceeceeesseseeecesseecseessans 25 Central sclerite weakly sclerotised and pigmented, ill-delineated, positioned in posterodistal part of fenes- tra (Fig. 18F). Posterior ocellus separated from eye by 0.3x its maximum diameter (Fig. 18B-—D). Fore wing vein Lniseucuyl alimost-eveibky CUIVOCKCFI. SFE rossi svete ey ncite eae seeaeeee eye ye imn tetedeor es E. nepalensis Shimizu sp. nov. Central sclerite strongly sclerotised and pigmented, more or less well delineated, positioned in centrodistal part of fenestra (Fig. 21F). Posterior ocellus separated from eye by less than 0.2x its maximum diameter (Fig. 21B-—D). Fore wing vein 1m-cu&M moderately sinuous (Fig. Z21F) 2.0.0.0... .cccccceeseeceeeseeesseceecgenseesans E. pseudantennatus Gauld, 1977 Outer margin of propodeal spiracle separated from pleural carina (e.g. Fig. SE) .......... cece eeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaees 26 Outer margin of propodeal spiracle joining pleural carina by a strong ridge (Figs 8E, 14E, 30E) ........... eee 2/7 Propodeum with distinct posterior transverse carina laterally (Fig. 3E). Proximal corner of proximal sclerite of fore wing fenestra sharply angled at ca 40° (Fig. 3F). Fore wing fenestra with two vestigial central sclerites (Fig. 3F)...... ae Tey een eta ee Peek Aes Nc Bek PIPERS. Aenea oe Sue eee eo Sa oe ee ean 2 Pea eRe ata E. alleni Shimizu sp. nov. Propodeum without posterior transverse carina (Fig. 4E). Proximal corner of proximal sclerite of fore wing fenestra blunt, angled at ca 65° (Fig. 4F). Fore wing fenestra with one vestigial to strong central sclerite (Fig. 4F) ................ see Rene. WR Ue Ae CO 0D foe el ae GR a SA ee eee Eee fs, Py Ae oe aes Pee E, ashbyi Ashmead, 1904* Central sclerite oval (Fig. 30F). Wings entirely very sparsely setose (Fig. 30F)............:::::c:eeeeeeeeeeeees Enicospilus sp. 2 Central sclerite linear (Figs 8F, 14F). Wings entirely densely setose (Figs 8F, 14F) 200... cece cece ceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaees 28 Central sclerite slender (Fig. 8F). Larger species with fore wing length more than 17.0 MM .............::0:::eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees PRUETS Fos Hee PeTE PTAA N AE ARPS Pe EEE OORT DSA £y 24) COPTR LEAL AEE OSCE ME Say TEEE EEL et 280 MEREETEL hy ye eee E. flavicaput (Morley, 1912) Central sclerite stouter (Fig. 14F). Smaller species with fore wing length less than 15.0 MM...............:::cceseeeeeeee tees as ee Bie eee eI Ae 2h rs ee ee CSL OR ie ORE RR cn ne Ce ee E. kanshirensis (Uchida, 1928) and very finely coriaceous with fine punctures and setae, almost flat in profile, and its lower margin acute (Fig. 3B, C). Malar space 0.2< as long as basal mandibular Etymology. The specific name is dedicated to the collector of the holotype, Mike Allen, who collected many speci- mens of Nepalese Hymenoptera that are now in NHMUK. Material examined. | 9: Nepal. Type series: holotype 9, Chautasa (6,000 ft), Nepal, 24. 1X.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (NHMUK) (Fig. 3). Distribution. Nepal. Description. Female (Holotype) (Fig.3). Body length ca 29.5 mm. Head with GOI = 2.9 (Fig. 3C). Lower face 0.7 as wide as high, very finely coriaceous with fine punctures and setae (Fig. 3B). Clypeus 1.9 as wide as high, shiny dez.pensoft.net width (Fig. 3B, C). Mandible weakly twisted by ca 25°, moderately long, evenly narrowed, its outer surface flat and smooth without a diagonal groove or a diagonal line of punctures (Fig. 3B, C). Upper mandibular tooth 1.4~ as long as lower one (Fig. 3B). Frons, vertex and gena moderately shiny with fine setae (Fig. 3B—D). Posteri- or ocellus large and almost touching eye (Fig. 3B—D). Ventral end of occipital carina joining oral carina. Left antenna complete with 64 flagellomeres, and right anten- na apically incomplete with 53 flagellomeres; first flag- ellomere 1.7 as long as second; 20" flagellomere 1.6x as long as wide. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 Te Figure 3. Enicospilus alleni Shimizu sp. nov., 2, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Mesosoma entirely very weakly shiny or not (Fig. 3E). Pronotum entirely striate. Mesoscutum 1.5 as long as its maximum width, very closely coriaceous with dense se- tae, very weakly shiny, evenly rounded in profile, and its anterior margin almost truncate in dorsal view and round- ed in profile (Fig. 3E). Notauli absent (Fig. 3E). Scute- llum moderately convex, very closely coriaceous with setae, with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end (Fig. 3E). Epicnemium densely punctate with setae. Epicnemial carina weak, almost straight and inclined to anterior, its dorsal end not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron (Fig. 3E). Mesopleuron entirely closely longitudinally strigose (Fig. 3E). Submetapleural carina very strongly broadened anteriorly and forming a lobe. Metapleuron densely punctate to reticulate with setae, moderately swollen (Fig. 3E). Propodeum very strong- dez.pensoft.net 78 ly and abruptly declivous in profile; anterior transverse carina complete; pleural carina almost absent; anterior area longitudinally striate; spiracular area almost smooth with setae and strongly shiny; posterior area moderately subconcentrically strigose with a pair of strong posterior carinae laterally; propodeal spiracle elliptical, its outer margin not joining pleural carina by a ridge (Fig. 3E). Wings. Fore wing length ca 19.5 mm with AI = 1.0, CI = 0.4, DI = 0.3, ICI = 0.6, SDI = 1.6, SI=0.1, SRI = 0.2; vein 1m-cu&M almost evenly curved; vein 2r&RS very slightly sinuous and RS evenly curved; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell as in Figure 3F; prox- imal sclerite triangular, confluent with distal sclerite, strongly pigmented; central sclerite entirely weakly scle- rotised, very weakly pigmented partially, positioned in anterodistal part of fenestra; distal sclerite present prox- imally and absent distally; proximal corner of marginal cell uniformly setose; posterodistal corner of second dis- cal cell ca 110°; posterodistal corner of subbasal cell ca 95°; vein lcu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.3 Icu-a length (Fig. 3F). Hind wing with NI = 2.8, RI = 2.2; vein RS straight; vein RA with 10 uniform hamull. Legs. Outer surface of fore tibia with scattered short spines. Hind leg with coxa in profile 1.8 as long as deep; basitarsus 2.0x as long as second tarsomere; fourth tar- somere 0.6* as long as third tarsomere and 2.9x as long as wide; tarsal claw simply pectinate. Metasoma with DMI = 1.4, PI = 2.7, THI = 3.5; dorsal margin of tergite 1 slightly sinuous in profile; thyridium elliptical (Fig. 3A). Colour (Fig. 3). Entirely testaceous except for yellow eye orbit and vertex, apex of mandible black. Wings hya- line; fore wing sclerites and pterostigma testaceous; veins testaceous to brown. Variation. Unknown, only known from the holotype. Male. Unknown Differential diagnosis. The affinities of E. alleni sp. nov. are unclear, but it may be related to the EF. flavicaput group. However, E. alleni sp. nov. is a very distinctive spe- cies, readily distinguished by many characters, such as the elongate lower face (Fig. 3B), sculpture of the mesosoma (Fig. 3E), shape of propodeum (Fig. 3E), and two vestigial central sclerites of the fore wing fenestra (Fig. 3F). Enicospilus ashbyi Ashmead, 1904* Fig. 4 Enicospilus ashbyi Ashmead 1904: 17; holotype @, Philippines, USNM. Henicospilus tainanensis Uchida 1928: 225; lectotype 3, Taiwan, SEHU, designated by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 446), examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 446). Enicospilus concavus Chiu 1954: 45; holotype 3’, Taiwan, TARI, exam- ined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 446). Material examined. 1199430: Nepal (13), India (119.216), Taiwan (248). Type series: lectotype of Henicospilus tainanensis Uchida, 1928, 4, Tainan, Taiwan, S. Takano leg. (SEHU),; dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus holotype of Enicospilus concavus Chiu, 1954, 4, Tai- hoku, Taiwan, 24.1.1932, J. Sonan leg. (TARI). Non-type series: 1¢, Kathmandu (1,350 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (NHMUK) (Fig. 4); 99°14, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, VII (72913) and VHI (229).1980, Bhatnagar leg. (LT) (NHMUK); 19, Jeypore, Orissa, India, [X.1958, P.S. Na- than leg. (EMUS); 19, Nilgira Hills, India, V. 1953, PS. Nathan leg. (CNC). Distribution. Australasian and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 4B—D): GOI = 2.1—2.4; low- er face 0.7—-0.8 as wide as high; clypeus flat to slightly convex in profile, its lower margin subacute; mandible rather weakly twisted by 25—30°, moderately long, even- ly tapered, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.2—1.5x as long as lower one; posterior ocellus almost touching eye; antenna with 45— 56 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 1.6—1.9x as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 4E): mesopleuron longitudinally punctostriate to striate; scutellum with lateral longitudi- nal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent poste- riorly; metapleuron punctostriate; propodeum declivous, its posterior area moderately reticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 4F): fore wing with AI = 0.7—1.2, CI = 0.2-0.3, ICI = 0.5-0.7, SDI = 1.2—1.3; fore wing vein Im-cu&M evenly curved, 2r&RS almost straight; fenes- tra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 4F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, confluent with distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite usu- ally partially strongly pigmented and sclerotised, strongly pigmented part linear and parallel to vein 2r&RS, posi- tioned in anterodistal part of fenestra; distal sclerite pres- ent proximally and vestigial distally; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein Icu-a antefurcal to subinterstitial to M&RS by less than 0.1 lcu-a length. Colour (Fig. 4): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus ashbyi is similar to E. pallidus (Taschenberg, 1875) and separated from it by a few characters of the central sclerite (pigmented part of central sclerite narrower in E. ashbyi and wider in E. pallidus). However, the sclerite characters (e.g. the shape and degree of sclerotisation of the central sclerite) exhibit a wide range of variation within both species, suggesting that there are cryptic species and that integrative taxon- omy is needed to define species limits in this complex. Enicospilus bifasciatus (Uchida, 1928)* Fig. 5 Henicospilus bifasciatus Uchida 1928: 222; holotype 9, Taiwan, SEHU, examined. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 jhe E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Material examined. 72934: Nepal (29°), Taiwan (52933). Type series: holotype of Henicospilus bifasciatus Uchida, 1928, 2, Baibara, Taiwan, Uchida leg. (SEHU). Non-type series: 229, Godaveri (1,550—1,700 m), Nepal, 1.VI.1984, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (NHMUK) (Fig. 5); 14, Bukai, Taiwan, 13.VI.1934, L. Gressitt leg. (NHMUK), 1, Horisha, Taiwan, V. 1927, Sonan leg. (TARI); 12, Musha, Taiwan, IV.1938, Sonan leg. (TARI); Figure 4. Enicospilus ashbyi Ashmead, 1904, ¢. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; 14, Shinten, Taiwan, IV.1921, Sonan leg. (TARI); 299, Taihoku, Taiwan, I. 1924, Sonan leg. (TARI); 19, Taipei, Taiwan, V.1950, Chiu leg. (TARI). Distribution. Oriental region (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 5B—D): GOI = 3.1-3.4; low- er face 0.6—-0.7x as wide as high; clypeus moderate- ly convex in profile, its lower margin acute; mandible rather strongly twisted by 55—65°, moderately long, dez.pensoft.net 80 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus x Ne Figure 5. Enicospilus bifasciatus (Uchida, 1928), 2. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. evenly tapered, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.2—1.3x as long as lower one; posterior ocellus close to eye; antenna with 54—56 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 3.1—3.3 as long as wide. dez.pensoft.net Mesosoma (Fig. 5E): mesopleuron rather coarsely lon- gitudinally punctostriate to striate; scutellum with later- al longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and con- vergent posteriorly; metapleuron rather coarsely striate; propodeum evenly weakly rounded, its posterior area Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 moderately reticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 5F): fore wing with AI = 0.7—1.0, CI = 0.4— 0.5, ICI = 0.2, SDI = 1.1-1.2; fore wing vein 1m-cu&M evenly curved, 2r&RS almost straight, centrally broad- ened; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 5F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separat- ed from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite tri- angular, confluent with distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite rather weakly pigmented and sclerotised, drop-shaped and its major axis parallel to vein 2r&RS, positioned in mediodistal part of fenestra; distal sclerite present proximally and vestigial distally; proximal cor- ner of marginal cell of fore wing very sparsely setose, almost glabrous; vein 1cu-a subinterstitial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.2 Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 5): body entirely pale yellow with black marks on mesosoma, interocellar area, and posterior seg- ments of metasoma; wings hyaline with two strongly in- fumate patches in the central part of the discosubmarginal cell (from anterior end of M&RS to base of 1m-cu&M) and the central part of the marginal cell (from anterocen- tral margin to base of RS). Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus bifasciatus is a very distinctive species and no closely related species are currently known. Hence, it is easily distinguished from all Enicospilus by many characters listed in the above diagnosis as well as identification key, such as two strongly infumate patches in the central part of the dis- cosubmarginal cell (from anterior end of M&RS to base of 1m-cu&M) and the central part of the marginal cell (from anterocentral margin to base of RS) of fore wing, characteristic shape of sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing (cf. Fig. 5F), very sparsely setose and almost glabrous proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing, and small value of ICI (= 0.2). Enicospilus biharensis Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961 Figs 21, 6 Henicospilus horsfieldi var glabratus Morley 1913: 395; holotype &, India, NHMUK, examined; junior secondary homonym of Enico- spilus glabratus (Say, 1835). Enicospilus biharensis Townes, Townes and Gupta 1961: 271; replace- ment name for Henicospilus horsfieldi var. glabratus Morley, 1913. Enicospilus (Bicorniata) bicornis Rao and Nikam 1971a: 177; holotype Q, India, MUC; synonymised by Nikam (1980: 149). Material examined. 119914: Nepal (102910), In- dia (19). Type series: holotype of Henicospilus horsfieldi var glabratus Morley, 1913 (= Enicospilus biharensis Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961), 2, Bihar, Chapra, India (NHMUK, Type 3b.1266). Non-type series: 192, Dotslghst (900 m), Nepal, 7.VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (Figs 21, 6); 299, Kathman- 81 du (4,300'), Nepal, VIII.1981, M.G. Allen leg.; 19, Kath- mandu (1,300 m), Nepal, X.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 12, Kathmandu (1,350 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 19, Kathmandu (1,400 m), Nepal, [X.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 14, Kathmandu (1,500 m), Ne- pal, HI.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 19, Sec. Vegetation (1,390 m), B. Embassy, Kathmandu, Nepal, VI.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 2292, Dolalghat (900 m), Nepal, 7.VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg.; 19, Chautara (6,000'), Ne- pal, 24.1X.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (all NHMUK). Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Gauld and Mitchell (1981) recorded this species from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 6B—D): GOI = 2.5-3.2; lower face 0.6—0.8~ as wide as high; clypeus almost flat in pro- file, its lower margin acute; mandible moderately twisted by 30-40°, moderately long, evenly strongly tapered, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandib- ular tooth 1.2—1.3~ as long as lower one; posterior ocellus almost touching eye; antenna with 53-64 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 1.7—2.1< as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 6E): mesopleuron densely punctate to closely longitudinally punctostriate; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron densely punctate; propodeum declivous, its posterior area moderately re- ticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 6F): fore wing with AI = 0.6—0.7, CI = 0.3-0.5, ICI = 0.7-0.8, SDI = 1.2-1.4; fore wing vein lm-cu&M evenly curved, 2r&RS almost straight; fenes- tra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 6F; fenestra of fore wing not long and its an- terodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite linear, separated from or vestigially confluent with distal one, weakly pigmented; central sclerite absent; distal sclerite present proximally, vestigial to moderately strong distally; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein Icu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.2-0.3* Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 6): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline to slightly infuscate. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus biharensis is sim- ilar to E. maruyamanus, E. nikami sp. nov., E. pudibun- dae, and E. transversus, but can be distinguished from E. maruyamanus, E. nikami sp. nov., and E. transversus by the evenly curved fore wing vein 1m-cu&M (Fig. 6F) (more or less sinuous in E. maruyamanus, E. nikami sp. nov., and E. transversus, e.g. as in Figure 19F), and from E. nikami sp. nov. and FE. pudibundae by the proximally complete pectination of the hind tarsal claw (Fig. 21) (proximally incomplete in E. nikami sp. nov. and E. pudibundae). Enicospilus capensis (Thunberg, 1824)* Fig. 7 Ichneumon capensis Thunberg 1824: 262; holotype 2, South Africa, ZIUU. dez.pensoft.net 82 ae F Figure 6. Enicospilus biharensis Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961, 2. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Ophion lativertex Taschenberg 1875: 435; holotype 9, Java, FZLU; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385). Ophion antankarus Saussure 1892: 15; type 3, Madagascar, MNHN; synonymised by Townes and Townes (1973: 174). Henicospilus montinus Enderlein 1921: 21; holotype 9, Java, IZPAN; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385). Henicospilus praedator Enderlein 1921: 28; holotype 2, Madagascar, IZPAN; synonymised by Townes and Townes (1973: 175). Henicospilus incarinatus Enderlein 1921: 30; holotype 4, Madagascar, IZPAN; synonymised by Townes and Townes (1973: 175). dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus , Henicospilus euxoae Wilkinson 1928: 261; holotype 9, Zimba- bwe, NHMUK, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1978: 143). Enicospilus obnoxius Seyrig 1935: 75; lectotype 2, Kenya, MNHN, designated by Townes and Townes (1973: 18); synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1978: 143). Henicospilus yanagiharai Sonan 1940: 371; holotype 3’, Ryikyd Island, TARI, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385). Enicospilus selvaraji Rao and Kurian 1950: 174, 178, 180, 188; nomen nudum. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 Enicospilus selvaraji Rao and Kurian 1951: 68; holotype 9, India, ZSI; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385). Enicospilus fossatus Chiu 1954: 63; holotype 2, Malaysia, TARI, ex- amined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385). Enicospilus indica Rao and Grover 1960: 280; holotype °, India, MUC, destroyed (cf. Gauld and Mitchell 1981: 385); synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 385). Material examined. 669 9436'¢ and 3 unsexed: Nepal (19), India (572 94134), Japan (13), Kenya (29914) and 1 unsexed), Madagascar (19 and 1 unsexed), Malay- sia (12), Saudi Arabia (1 unsexed), South Africa (19), Uganda (2° 9), Zimbabwe (1°). Type series: holotype of Henicospilus yanagiharai So- nan, 1940, 4, Kitadait6-jima, Okinawa Pref., Ryikyis, Japan, 18.11.1939, M. Yanagihara leg. (TARI); holotype of Enicospilus fossatus Chiu, 1954, 9, Jahore, Malaysia, 1.X.1916, J. Sonan leg. (TARI); holotype of Henicospi- lus euxoae Wilkinson, 1928, 9, Salisbury, Zimbabwe, 31.X1I.1927, J.1. Roberts leg. (from Euxoa) (NHMUK, Type 3b.1289). Non-type series: 12, Chitwan (200 m), Terai, Nepal, 12-13.111.1983. M.G. Allen leg. (Fig. 7); 19543, Coim- batore, India, III-IV.1935, P.S. Nathan leg.; 559 93624, Andhra Pradesh, Patancheru, India, I (269 2193'3), II (13), VII (19), IX (12), X (229), XI (79.2483), XI (189 91234).1980, Bhatnagar leg. (LT) (all NHMUK); 192, Agra, India, [X.1955, V.K. Gupta leg. (EMUS); 1 unsexed, Asir, Suda, Saudi Arabia, 5. VII.1962, G. Popoy leg.; 1 unsexed, Bekily, Madagascar, VHI.1933, A. Seyrig leg.; 19, Madagascar, XII.1920, A. Seyrig leg.; 22 9, Ru- wenzori Range, Ibanda, Uganda, 20-21. VIII (12), 4-12. IX (19).1952, D.S. Fletcher leg.; 14, Nairobi, Kenya, 10-12. X11.1952, C.G.M. de Worms leg.; 19, Kenya; 19° and | unsexed, Kabete, Kenya, HI.1929, H.E. Box leg. (all NHMUK); 19°, Grahamstown, South Africa, 10-12. III.1971, F. Gess leg. (CNC). Distribution. Afrotropical, Australasian, Oceanic, and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 7B—D): GOI = 1.5—2.0; low- er face 0.8—-1.0x as wide as high; clypeus rather strongly convex in profile, its lower margin impressed; mandible weakly twisted by 10—20°, long, proximally tapered and distally parallel sided, its outer surface with a diagonal setose groove between its dorsoproximal corner and base of mandibular apical teeth; upper mandibular tooth 2.5—3.0x as long as lower one; posterior ocellus sepa- rated from eye by 0.1—0.2 its own maximum diameter; antenna with 44—66 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 1.6—2.0x as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 7E): mesopleuron densely punctate, submatt to matt; scutellum with lateral longitudinal ca- rinae reaching posterior end and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron densely punctate, submatt to matt; propo- deum declivous, its posterior area moderately reticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural ca- rina by a ridge. 83 Wings (Fig. 7F): fore wing with AI = 0.4—0.8, CI = 0.30.6, ICI = 0.4-0.6, SDI = 1.3—1.5; fore wing vein Im-cu&M slightly sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fe- nestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 7F; fenestra of fore wing not long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, not conflu- ent with distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite rather weakly to strongly pigmented and sclerotised, and ill-delineated oval to semicircular, positioned in antero- to mediodistal part of the fenestra; distal sclerite absent proximally and strong distally; proximal corner of mar- ginal cell of fore wing approximately uniformly setose; vein Icu-a subinterstitial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.3x Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 7): body including interocellar area en- tirely yellow- to red-brown; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus capensis 1s most similar to E. insularis and distinguished from it by the not clearly delineated central sclerite (Fig. 7F) (well delin- eated in FE. insularis), but diagnostic characters for these Species are not strongly supported and need more study. Enicospilus capensis also more or less resembles EF. ra- midulus, but distinguished from it by the densely punc- tate and submatt to matt meso- and metapleurae (Fig. 7E) (meso- and metapleurae moderately punctate and never submatt to matt in E. ramidulus). Enicospilus flavicaput (Morley, 1912) Fig. 8 Enicospilus xanthocephalus Cameron 1907: 178; holotype 2, Myan- mar, NHMUK, examined; junior primary homonym of Enicospilus xanthocephalus Cameron, 1905. Henicospilus flavicaput Morley 1912: 45; replacement name for Enico- spilus xanthocephalus Cameron, 1907. Henicospilus urospilus Enderlein 1921: 27; holotype 2, Sumatra, IZ- PAN; synonymised by Townes et al. (1961: 72). Material examined. 59 9 and | unsexed: Brunei (39 9), Indonesia (12), Myanmar (19), Sri Lanka (1 unsexed); no Nepalese specimens were examined. Type series: holotype of Enicospilus xanthocephalus Cameron, 1907 (= Henicospilus flavicaput Morley, 1912), 9, Haundraw Valley, Tenasserim, Myanmar, VHI.1894, C.T. Bingham leg. (NHMUK, Type 3b.1233). Non-type series: 12, U. Temburong (1,500 m), Bukit Retak, Brunei, [V.1981, I.D. Gauld leg. (Fig. 8); 19, Montane forest (1,618 m), Bukit Retak, Brunei, V.1979, ID. Gauld leg; 19, Pagon Ridge, Pagon, Brunei, 11.1982, G. Allen leg.; 12, Perliawatte (1,200—1,500 m), Mt Gede, West Java, Indonesia, I.1938; 1 unsexed, near Mahiyangana, Badulla Dist., Sri Lanka, 24.V.1974, Gans & Prasanna leg. (all NHMUK). Distribution. Australasian and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Gauld and Mitchell (1981) recorded this spe- cies from Nepal. dez.pensoft.net 84 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Figure 7. Enicospilus capensis (Thunberg, 1822), 9. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 8B—D): GOI = 2.9-3.1; lower — twisted by 30—40°, moderately long, evenly tapered, its face 0.6—0.7< as wide as high; clypeus weakly convex in outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandib- profile, its lower margin subacute; mandible moderately ular tooth 1.3—1.6x as long as lower one; posterior ocellus dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 F 85 Figure 8. Enicospilus flavicaput (Morley, 1912), 2. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. close to eye; antenna with 71—76 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 2.3—2.5x as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 8E): mesopleuron rather coarsely longitudinally striate; scutellum with lateral longitu- dinal carinae reaching anterior 0.8—1.0 and conver- gent posteriorly; metapleuron rather coarsely striate to strigose; propodeum evenly rounded to slightly de- clivous, its posterior area coarsely reticulate, outer mar- gin of propodeal spiracle joining pleural carina by a strong ridge. Wings (Fig. 8F): fore wing with AI = 0.3-0.4, CI = 0.2-0.4, ICI = 0.6-0.7, SDI = 1.2-1.4; fore wing vein Im-cu&M weakly sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fenes- tra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 8F; fenestra of fore wing not long and its antero- distal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, confluent with dis- tal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite strongly pig- mented and sclerotised, linear and parallel to vein 2r&RS, positioned in anterodistal part of fenestra; distal sclerite dez.pensoft.net 86 present proximally and vestigial to absent distally; proxi- mal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein 1 cu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.1—0.2* Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 8): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline to weakly infuscate. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus flavicaput is most similar to E. kanshirensis but can be distinguished from it by the slender central sclerite (Fig. 8F) (central sclerite stouter in E. kanshirensis, as in Figure 14F), and larger body size (i.e. fore wing length more than 17.0 mm in &. flavicaput but less than 15.0 mm in E. kanshirensis). Enicospilus flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900)* Fig. 9 Ophion flavocephalus Kirby 1900: 82; lectotype <4, Christmas Island, NHMUK, examined, designated by Gauld (1977: 79). Henicospilus lunulatus Szépligeti 1906: 143; holotype 3, Bismarck Is- land, TM; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 416). Henicospilus albicaput Morley 1912: 50; holotype 3, Australia, NHMUK, examined; synonymised by Townes et al. (1961: 275). Henicospilus similis Matsumura and Uchida 1926: 221; holotype <, Rytikyd Island, SEHU, examined; synonymised by Uchida (1928: 221). Material examined. 13929114 and 1 unsexed: Nepal (29916), Australia (599234 and 1 unsexed), Brunei (29 912), Japan (1), Singapore (1 2), Taiwan (39 9643). Type series: lectotype of Ophion flavocephalus Kirby, 1900, 4, Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Island, Australia, C.W. Andrews leg. (NHMUK, Type 3b.1273); holotype of Henicospilus albicaput Morley, 1912, 3, Mackay, Queensland, Australia (NHMUK, Type 3b.1254); holo- type of Henicospilus similis Matsumura & Uchida, 1926, 3, Okinawa, Ryikyds, Japan, S. Sakaguchi leg. (SEHU). Non-type series: 12, Kathmandu (1,350 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Fig. 9); 192, Kathman- du (1,300 m), Nepal, XI.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 13, Pokhara, Nepal, VII.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 529, Christmas Island, Australia, 1939; 1 unsexed, Christmas Island, Australia, 1898, C.W. Andrews leg.; 14, Ulu Tem- burong (300 m), Base camp hut, Brunei, 16.[—9. 11.1982, M.C. Day leg.; 12, Pagon, Pagon Ridge, Brunei, I.1982, M.G. Allen leg.; 12, Bukit Retak (1,618 m), Montane forest, Brunei, [X.1979, I.D. Gauld leg.; 19, Singapore, 1908, H.N. Ridley leg. (all NHMUK); 19, Wanfeng Hill, Taichung, Taiwan, VII.1984, K.S. Lin & K.C. Chou leg. (MsT); 14, Kukuan (730 m), Taichung, Taiwan, 14— 17.X.1980, K.S. Lin & C.H. Wang leg,; 191, Pingtung, Taiwan, IV.1961, K.S. Lin leg. (LT); 1916, Silo, Yun- lin, Taiwan, V.1961, K.S. Lin leg. (LT); 14, Lishan, Tai- chung, Taiwan, 14.[X.1978; 234, Chung-ying, Taiwan, II.1961, S.C. Chiu leg. (all TART). Distribution. Australasian, Oceanic, and Oriental re- gions (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 9B—D): GOI = 2.5—2.9; lower face 0.5—0.7 as wide as high; clypeus very slightly con- vex in profile, its lower margin subacute to blunt; mandi- dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus En/cospilus ble moderately twisted by 25—35°, moderately long, more or less evenly tapered, its outer surface without a diago- nal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.1—1.2x as long as lower one; posterior ocellus almost touching eye; antenna with 45—51 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 1.8—2.3x as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 9E): mesopleuron punctate to longitu- dinally punctostriate; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent posterior- ly; metapleuron moderately strigose to striate; propode- um evenly rounded, its posterior area rather finely retic- ulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 9F): fore wing with AI = 0.4-1.5, CI = 0.6—-0.8, ICI = 0.4-0.6, SDI = 1.1-1.2; fore wing vein Im-cu&M centrally strongly angulated and broadened, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosub- marginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 9F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite almost oval, isolated and not touching margin of fenestra, strongly pigmented; central sclerite strongly pigmented and sclerotised, linear and parallel to distal margin of the fenestra, positioned in mediodistal part of the fenestra; distal sclerite absent; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing almost uniformly setose; vein | cu-a subintersti- tial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.2 Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 9): body including interocellar area en- tirely pale yellow with pale brown posterior segments of metasoma; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus flavocephalus is a very distinctive species, but its body size, colour pattern, and profile are very similar to E. xanthocephalus. Enico- spilus flavocephalus is easily distinguished from FE. xan- thocephalus by many characters, such as the pale yellow interocellar area (Fig. 9B, D) (black in E. xanthocephalus) and centrally abruptly angled and broadened fore wing vein Im-cu&M (Fig. 9F) (evenly curved in E. xanthocephalus). Enicospilus formosensis (Uchida, 1928)* Figs 2E, 10 Henicospilus formosensis Uchida 1928: 223; holotype 2, Taiwan, SEHU, examined. Enicospilus saepis Chiu 1954: 77; holotype 2, Japan, TARI, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 424). Material examined. 2° 9263 and 1 unsexed: Nepal (1), Brunei (1), India (1 unsexed), Japan (1 2), Taiwan (1). Type series: holotype of Henicospilus formosensis Uchida, 1928, 9, Baibara, Taiwan, 15.VI.1926, Y. Saito & Kikuchi leg. (SEHU); holotype of Enicospilus saepis Chiu, 1954, 9, Nara, Honsh0, Japan, 17. VIII.1918, J. So- nan leg. (TARI). Non-type series: 16', mixed forest (1,550 m), Godav- eri, Nepal, 6.V.1984, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Figs 2E, 10); 14, Ulu Temburong (1,000 m), Brunei, II.1980, M.G. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 87 MY i ; fe ee Figure 9. Enicospilus flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900), 2. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. dez.pensoft.net 88 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus * Figure 10. Enicospilus formosensis (Uchida, 1928), @. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Allen leg.; 1 unsexed, NW Himalaya, Dalhousie, India, 8. VII.1965, Tikar leg. (all NHMUK). Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 1OB—D): GOI = 2.2-2.4; low- er face 0.8—0.9x as wide as high; clypeus moderately convex in profile, its lower margin subacute to blunt; mandible weakly twisted by 10—20°, moderately long, evenly tapered, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.2—1.4~ as long as dez.pensoft.net lower one; posterior ocellus close to eye; antenna with 66-69 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 2.1—2.2 as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 10E): mesopleuron moderately punctate; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching anterior 0.8 or more and weakly convergent posteriorly so that subquadrate (Fig. 2E); metapleuron punctate with isolated striae; propodeum declivous in profile, its posterior area coarsely irregularly wrinkled, sometimes with posterior transverse carina laterally, Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 outer margin of propodeal spiracle joining pleural cari- na by a ridge or not. Wings (Fig. 10F): fore wing with AI = 0.2-0.6, CI = 0.2-0.9, ICI = 0.5-0.6, SDI = 1.1-—1.3; fore wing vein Im-cu&M weakly sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fe- nestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 10F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, confluent with distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite mod- erately to strongly pigmented and sclerotised, linear and parallel to distal margin of fenestra, positioned in distal part of fenestra; distal sclerite present proximally and vestigial to absent distally; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein | cu-a subintersti- tial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.2 Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 10): body including interocellar area tes- taceous; wings weakly infumate. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus formosensis is a distinctive species and can easily be distinguished by many characters, such as the wide face (Fig. 10B), shape of the central sclerite (Fig. 1OF), more or less subquadrate scutellum (Fig. 2E), as listed in the diagnosis. Enicospilus grammospilus (Enderlein, 1921)* Fig. 11 Dicamptus grammospilus Enderlein 1921: 17; holotype <, Sumatra, IZPAN, photos examined. Material examined. 142 934: Nepal (19), Indonesia (13), Brunei (139 9233). Type series: holotype of Dicamptus grammospilus Enderlein, 1921, 4, Soekaranda, Sumatra, Indonesia, Dohrn leg. (IZPAN) [photos examined]. Non-type series: 19, Pokhara (950 m), Nepal, VI-— VIII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Fig. 11); 229 214, Mon- tane Forest (1,618 m), Bukit Retak, Brunei, [X.1979, ID. Gauld leg.; 89910, Bukit Retak (1,500 m), U. Tem- burgon, Brunei, IV.1981, I.D. Gauld leg.; 229, Pagon (1,700 m), U. Temburong, Brunei, [V.1981, I.D. Gauld leg.; 12, Pagon Ridge, Pagon, Brunei, II.1982, M.G. Al- len leg. (all NHMUK). Distribution. Oriental region (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 11B—D): GOI = 2.5—2.7; lower face 0.7—-0.8~ as wide as high; clypeus almost flat in pro- file, its lower margin acute; mandible moderately twisted by 20-—30°, moderately long, proximally tapered and dis- tally almost subparallel sided, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.4—1.5~ as long as lower one; posterior ocellus (almost) touching eye; antenna with 58-62 flagellomeres and 20" flagel- lomere 1.7—1.9x as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 11E): mesopleuron punctate dorsal- ly and rather closely longitudinally punctostriate to stri- ate ventrally; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching anterior 0.8 or more and convergent posteriorly; 89 metapleuron rather closely striate; propodeum declivous in profile, its posterior area concentrically striate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 11F): fore wing with AI = 0.8—1.4, CI = 0.5—0.6, ICI = 0.4-0.5, SDI = 1.4-1.5; fore wing vein lm-cu&M almost evenly curved, 2r&RS weakly bowed centrally; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 11F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separat- ed from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite not triangular, confluent with distal one, weakly to strongly pigmented; central sclerite weakly to strongly pigmented and sclerotised, linear and parallel to vein 2r&RS, po- sitioned in central part of fenestra; distal sclerite weak; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein lcu-a subinterstitial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.1 Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 11): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus grammospilus is a very distinctive species on account of its characteristic shape of fore wing vein 2r&RS and sclerites as in Fig- ure 11F. No similar species are recognised and is very easily distinguished from all other Enicospilus species by the characters summarised in the above diagnosis, such as concentrically striate posterior area of propodeum and characteristic shape of sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing (cf. Fig. 11F). Enicospilus javanus (Szépligeti, 1910) Fig. 12 Henicospilus javanus Szépligeti 1910: 93; holotype 9, Java, TM. Enicospilus fulacorensis Brues 1918: 117; holotype 2, Solomon Island, MCZ; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 260). Enicospilus gephyrus Chiu 1954: 32; holotype 2, Japan, TARI, exam- ined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 260). Enicospilus (Bicorniata) diurnus Nikam 1975: 193, 194; holotype @, India, MUC; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 260). Material examined. 4499463: Nepal (599233), Brunei (309 223') India (222), Papua New Guinea (499), Singapore (12), Sri Lanka (22°). Non-type series: 22916, Kakani (2,000 m), Ne- pal, VII.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 329°, Kathman- du (1,350 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Fig. 12); 14, Pokhara, Nepal, VIII.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 22916, Gn. Pagon (1,700 m), U. Tembu- rong, Brunei, IV.1981, ID. Gauld leg.; 2499, Bukit Retak (1,500 m), U. Temburong, Brunei, [V.1981, I.D. Gauld leg.; 14, Montane forest (1,618 m), Bukit Retak, Brunei, [X.1979, I.D. Gauld leg.; 299°, Pagon Ridge, Pagon, Brunei, II.1982, I.D. Gauld leg.; 229, 1' forest (500 m), U. Temburong, Brunei, IV.1981, I.D. Gauld leg.; 19, Thekkadi, Periyar Dam, Travancore, India, 6—10.V.1937; 192, Andhra Pradesh, Patancheru, India, XII.1980, Bhatnagar leg. (LT); 192, Wau (1,200 m), dez.pensoft.net 90 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus En/cospilus EE——— EE ———————— Figure 11. Enicospilus grammospilus (Enderlein, 1921), 2. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Morobe Dist., Papua New Guinea, X.1979, I.D. Gauld (1,500 m), Sri Lanka, 10.V.1919, N.K. Jardine leg. (all leg.; 329, Mt Lawes (400 m), Port Moresby, Papua NHMUK). New Guinea, 5.IJJ-12.V.1963, W.W. Brandt leg.; 19, Distribution. Australasian, Eastern Palaearctic, and Singapore, 1901, H.N. Kidley leg.; 19, Peradeniya, Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Gauld and Mitchell Sri Lanka, 25.VII.1919, N.K. Jardine leg.; 19, Matale (1981) recorded this species from Nepal. dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 91 — = \ Figure 12. Enicospilus javanus (Szépligeti, 1910), 9. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. dez.pensoft.net 92 Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 12B—D): GOI = 2.7—3.2; lower face 0.7—0.8x as wide as high; clypeus moderately con- vex in profile, its lower margin blunt; mandible moderate- ly twisted by 15—30°, moderately long, evenly tapered, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandib- ular tooth 1.2—1.5~ as long as lower one; posterior ocellus almost touching eye; antenna with 55—62 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 2.0—2.5x as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 12E): mesopleuron dorsally punctate to longitudinally striate and ventrally longitudinally stri- ate; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron striate; propodeum declivous, its posterior area moderate- ly reticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 12F): fore wing with AI = 1.1-1.8, CI = 0.2-0.5, ICI = 0.4-0.6, SDI = 1.0-1.1; fore wing vein Im-cu&M evenly curved, 2r&RS almost straight; fenes- tra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 12F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite not triangular, conflu- ent with distal one, at least anteriorly very strongly pig- mented; central sclerite absent; distal sclerite more or less strong and rather thick; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing more or less uniformly setose; vein Icu-a subinterstitial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.1 lcu-a length. Colour (Fig. 12): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline to slightly infumate. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus javanus is distinc- tive and one of the most easily distinguishable species on account of the proximally extended fore wing fenestra and the shape of the sclerites (cf. Fig. 12F). Enicospilus kakanicus Shimizu, sp. nov. http://zoobank.orgCFOFE094-738D-449 1-8EBA-3C673E97C238 Figs 2F, 13 Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality, Kakani, Nepal. Material examined. |<: Nepal. Type series: holotype 4, Kakani (2,000 m), Nepal, VIIL.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (NHMUK) (Figs 2F, 13). Distribution. Nepal. Description. Male (Holotype) (Fig. 13). Body length ca 24.0 mm. Head with GOI = 2.8 (Fig. 13C). Lower face 0.7 as wide as high, moderately punctate with setae, strongly shiny (Fig. 13B). Clypeus 1.5 as wide as high, moder- ately punctate with setae, moderately convex in profile, and its lower margin impressed (Fig. 13B, C). Malar space 0.4x as long as basal mandibular width (Fig. 13B, C). Mandible moderately twisted by ca 30°, moderately long, more or less evenly tapered, its outer surface with a diagonal setose groove between its dorsoproximal corner to base of mandibular apical teeth (Fig. 13B, C). Upper mandibular tooth 2.0x as long as lower one (Fig. 13B). dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Frons, vertex and gena strongly shiny with fine setae (Fig. 13B—D). Posterior ocellus close to eye (Fig. 13B-— D). Ventral end of occipital carina joining oral carina. Antenna with 73 flagellomeres; first flagellomere 1.7 as long as second; 20" flagellomere 2.8 as long as wide. Mesosoma entirely moderately to strongly shiny with setae (Fig. 13E). Pronotum punctate with wrinkles cen- trally. Mesoscutum 1.4~ as long as its maximum width, finely punctate with setae, and evenly rounded in later- al profile (Fig. 13E). Notauli absent (Fig. 13E). Scute- llum moderately convex, finely punctate with setae, with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching anterior 0.6 (Fig. 2F). Epicnemium densely punctate. Epicnemial ca- rina strongly present, evenly and moderately curved to anterior, its dorsal end reaching anterior margin of meso- pleuron (Fig. 13E). Mesopleuron entirely punctate with longitudinal wrinkles or striae (Fig. 13E). Submetapleu- ral carina almost parallel sided (Fig. 13E). Metapleuron entirely finely punctate with setae (Fig. 13E). Propode- um weakly evenly rounded in profile; anterior transverse carina complete; anterior area longitudinally striate; spiracular area finely punctate with setae; posterior area moderately longitudinally strigose centrally and irregu- larly wrinkled to reticulate laterally; propodeal spiracle elliptical, its outer margin not joining pleural carina by a ridge (Fig. 13E). Wings. Fore wing length ca 17.0 mm with AI = 0.4, CI =0.4, DI = 0.3, ICI = 0.5, SDI = 1.4, SI= 0.1, SRI = 0.3; vein 1m-cu&M almost evenly curved; vein 2r&RS straight and RS evenly curved; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell as in Figure 13F; proximal scler- ite triangular, confluent with distal sclerite, strongly pig- mented; central sclerite absent; distal sclerite more or less entirely present from base to apex, weakly to moderately pigmented; proximal corner of marginal cell evenly se- tose; posterodistal corner of second discal cell ca 95°; posterodistal corner of subbasal cell ca 95°; vein Icu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.2* Icu-a length (Fig. 13F). Hind wing with NI = 1.8, RI = 1.8; vein RS straight; vein RA with six uniform hamull. Legs. Outer surface of fore tibia with scattered spines. Hind leg with coxa in profile 1.9 as long as deep; basi- tarsus 2.0x as long as second tarsomere; fourth tarsomere 0.6x as long as third tarsomere and 4.2 as long as wide; tarsal claw simply pectinate. Metasoma with PI = 3.8, DMI = 1.2, THI = 3.6; dor- sal margin of tergite 1 not sinuous; thyridium elongate (Fig. 13A). Colour (Fig. 13). Entirely testaceous except for apex of mandible black. Wings hyaline; sclerites of fenestra and veins testaceous. Variation. Unknown. Female. Unknown. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus kakanicus sp. nov. is similar to and can be confused with EF. /ongitar- sis Tang, 1990, E. tangi sp. nov., and E. yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928). These species all belong to the E. ramid- ulus complex and share the following characters: outer surface of mandible with a diagonal setose deep groove Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 93 Figure 13. Enicospilus kakanicus Shimizu sp. nov., @. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. between its dorsoproximal corner and base of mandib- ular apical teeth (e.g. Fig. 2B, D), fore wing fenestra without central sclerite (e.g. Figs 13F, 25F, 27F), and proximal sclerite triangular (e.g. Figs 13F, 25F, 27F). Enicospilus kakanicus sp. nov. 1s distinguished from the above species by the rather short lateral longitudinal carinae of the scutellum, i.e. reaching the anterior 0.6 of the scutellum in EF. kakanicus sp. nov., as in Figure 2F, but almost always reaching the posterior end of the scutellum in E. /ongitarsis Tang, 1990, E. tangi sp. nov., and EF. yonezawanus, as in, e.g., Figure 2H, and also by the characters used in the above key, such as width of lower face, mandibular shape and length, and surface sculptures of metapleuron. dez.pensoft.net 94 Enicospilus kanshirensis (Uchida, 1928) Fig. 14 Henicospilus kanshirensis Uchida 1928: 226; holotype 4, Taiwan, SEHU, examined. Enicospilus sauteri Cushman 1937: 310; holotype 3, Taiwan, DEI; ju- nior secondary homonym of Enicospilus sauteri Enderlein, 1921; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 459). Enicospilus cushmani Chiu 1954: 45; replacement name for Enicospi- lus sauteri Cushman, 1937; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 459). Material examined. 39 93'¢: Nepal (103), India (1), Indonesia (121), Taiwan (19163). Type series: holotype of Henicospilus kanshirensis Uchida, 1928, 3, Kanshirei [= Gauziling], Tainan, Tai- wan, 15.1V.1908, S. Matsumura leg. (SEHU). Non-type series: 14, Dharan Sal & 2° forest (330m), Terai, Nepal, 14-15.XI.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (Fig. 14); 12, Anamalai Hills (3,500'), Cinchona, India, V.1957, PS. Nathan leg.; 1¢, Tjigaeha, Mt Dijampang, West Java, Indonesia, 1.1938, K.M. Walsh leg.; 19, Tengah, Mt Tjio- eng, Djampang Mts, West Java, Indonesia, 1.1938, K.M. Walsh leg.; 12, Sunmoon Lake, Taiwan, 22—29.[X.1970, Shui-Chen Chiu leg. (all NHMUK). Distribution. Australasian and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Gauld and Mitchell (1981) recorded this spe- cies from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 14B—D): GOI = 2.8-3.1; low- er face 0.7 as wide as high; clypeus moderately convex in profile, its lower margin subacute to blunt; mandible moderately twisted by 20—30°, moderately long, evenly tapered, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.4—1.6< as long as lower one; posterior ocellus close to eye; antenna with 63-66 flagel- lomeres and 20" flagellomere 2.1—2.3 as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 14E): mesopleuron entirely closely to rather coarsely longitudinally striate; scutellum with later- al longitudinal carinae reaching anterior 0.8 or more and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron rather coarsely stri- ate to strigose; propodeum weakly declivous, its posterior area coarsely reticulate to concentrically striate, outer mar- gin of propodeal spiracle joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 14F): fore wing with AI = 0.4—-0.5, CI = 0.2-0.3, ICI = 0.5-0.7, SDI = 1.1-1.3; fore wing vein Im-cu&M moderately sinuate, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 14F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite almost trian- gular, confluent with distal one, strongly pigmented; cen- tral sclerite strongly pigmented and sclerotised, linear and parallel to vein 2r&RS, positioned in anterodistal part of fenestra; distal sclerite present proximally and vestigial to absent distally; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein Icu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.1-0.2* Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 14): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline. dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus kanshirensis 1s most similar to E. flavicaput but can be distinguished from it by the stouter central sclerite (Fig. 14F) (central sclerite slender in E. flavicaput as in Figure 8F), and smaller body size (1.e. fore wing length less than 15.0 mm in E. kanshi- rensis but more than 17.0 mm in E. flavicaput). Enicospilus laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921) Fig. 15 Henicospilus laqueatus Enderlein 1921: 26; holotype @, Taiwan, IZPAN. Enicospilus leetoni Chiu 1954: 38; holotype 2, Taiwan, TARI, exam- ined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 396). Material examined. 2999704 and 2 unsexed: Nepal (399434), India (29914), Taiwan (232 9235 and 2 unsexed), Zambia (18). Type series: holotype of Enicospilus leetoni Chiu, 1954, 9, Taihoku, Taiwan, 1.[X.1925, J. Sonan leg. (TARI). Non-type series: 1¢, Gokarna (1,450 m), Nepal, VI.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (Fig. 15); 192, Kathmandu (1,350 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 12, Kathmandu, Nepal, M.G. Allen leg.; 22 9, Kakani (2,070 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 14, Kakani (2,000 m), Nepal, VIII.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 12, Phulchoki (2,500 m), Nepal, [X.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 29°, Delhi, India, 14.X1.1967 (19), 5.111968 (12); 14, UP. Garjia, India, 22.IV.1967, Gupta leg. (all NHMUK), 1916 and lunsexed, Taitung, Taiwan, 31.V— 6.VI (12), 7-13.VI (13), 1-14-XI (1 unsexed).1971 (MsT); 212 916 and | unsexed, Kuanhsi, Taiwan, 16. VIII (1%), 19. VIII (1 unsexed), 29. VIII (229), Ix (1399), 10.X (399), 24-30. XII (1 Q).1968, 11—-17.111.1969 (19), 30. VIII.1970 (12) (MsT) (all TART; 19, 15 km E Lusa- ka, Zambia, 22—31.1.1980, R.A. Beaver leg. (NHMUK). Distribution. Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Gauld and Mitchell (1981) recorded this spe- cies from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 15B—D): GOI = 2.9-3.1; lower face 0.7—0.8x as wide as high; clypeus moderately convex in profile, its lower margin acute; mandible weakly twisted by 10—25°, moderately long, evenly tapered, its outer sur- face with a diagonal setose groove between its dorsoprox- imal corner and base of mandibular apical teeth; upper mandibular tooth 1.3—1.4 as long as lower one; posterior ocellus almost touching eye; antenna with 56—62 flagel- lomeres and 20" flagellomere 2.0—3.0x as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 15E): mesopleuron punctate to lon- gitudinally punctostriate; scutellum with lateral longitu- dinal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent pos- teriorly; metapleuron punctostriate; propodeum weakly declivous in profile, its posterior area moderately retic- ulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 15F): fore wing with AI = 0.40.6, CI=0.4, ICI = 0.40.6, SDI = 1.2—1.4; fore wing vein 1m-cu&M almost evenly curved or very slightly sinuous, 2r&RS al- Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 95 ss i view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. most straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 15F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly sep- arated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, separated from distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite strongly pigmented, sclerotised, well-de- lineated D-shaped to semi-circular, positioned in almost mediodistal part of fenestra; distal sclerite absent proxi- Figure 14. Enicospilus kanshirensis (Uchida, 1928), 3. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal mally and more or less strong distally; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein Icu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.1—0.3x Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 15): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus laqueatus, E. pseudoantennatus, E. vestigator, and E. tripartitus share similar fenestra, sclerites, and fore wing venation (e.g. dez.pensoft.net 96 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus En/cospilus le Figure 15. Enicospilus laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921), @. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Figs 15F, 21F, 26F). However, FE. /aqueatus can be readi- _ er surface of the mandible between its dorsoproximal cor- ly separated from E. pseudoantennatus, E. vestigator,and ner and base of mandibular apical teeth (outer mandibular E. tripartitus by a diagonal setose deep groove of the out- — surface without a distinct diagonal setose deep groove in dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 E. pseudoantennatus, E. vestigator, and E. tripartitus, as in e.g. Figure 2C). Enicospilus lineolatus (Roman, 1913) Fig. 16 Enicospilus striatus Cameron 1899: 103; holotype 9, India, OUMNH; junior secondary homonym of Enicospilus striatus (Brullé); synony- mised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 304). Henicospilus lineolatus Roman 1913: 30; holotype @, Philippines, NR. Enicospilus uniformis Chiu 1954: 25; holotype 2, Taiwan, TARI, exam- ined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 304). Enicospilus flatus Chiu 1954: 28; holotype 9, Taiwan, TARI, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 304). Enicospilus gussakovskii Viktorov 1957: 185; holotype 2, Ussr, Mos- cow; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 304). Enicospilus striolatus Townes, Townes and Gupta 1961: 290; replace- ment name for Enicospilus striatus Cameron, 1899; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 304). Enicospilus unicornis Rao and Nikam 1969: 343; lectotype 3, India, NHMUK, examined, designated by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 304); synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 304). Enicospilus unicornis Rao and Nikam 1970: 103; holotype &, India, MUC; junior primary homonym of Enicospilus unicornis Rao & Nikam, 1969; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 305). Material examined. 88991543 and 3 unsexed: Ne- pal (1099443), Australia (19), Brunei (29°), India (342 97¢¢ and 1 unsexed), Japan (172°), Papua New Guinea (29 9), Sri Lanka (1), Taiwan (219 9434 and 2 unsexed). Type series: holotype of Enicospilus uniformis Chiu, 1954, 9, Tathoku, Taiwan, 14.1V.1921, S. Aoki leg. (TARI); holotype of Enicospilus flatus Chiu, 1954, 9, Taihoku, Taiwan, 28.V.1931, J. Sonan leg. (TARI); lecto- type of Enicospilus unicornis Rao & Nikam, 1969, 4, Hi- mayatbagh, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, VHI.1968, Nikam leg. (NHMUK, Type 3b.2858). Non-type series: 14, Kathmandu (4,300'), Nepal, VII.1981, M.G. Allen leg. (Fig. 16A—-E); 19, Kath- mandu (4,300'), Nepal, VIII.1982, M.G. Allen leg.; 192¢¢, Phulchoki (2,000 m), Nepal, VIII.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Fig. 16F by 3); 29°, Goda- varl (6,000'), Kathmandu, Nepal, 1-2 (19), 3 (1). VIT.1967 (MsT); 12, Godavarl (5,000'), Kathmandu, Nepal, 10.VHI.1967 (MsT); 19, near Simra (180 m), Adhabhar, Nepal, 23—28.VIII.1967 (MsT); 19, Kakani (2,070 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 229, Kakani (2,000 m), Nepal, VII.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 1214, Kathmandu (1,350 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 19, Victoria, Toolangi, Austra- lia, I-II.1983, Farrugia & Gauld leg.; 229, U. Tem- burong (1,500 m), Bukit Retak, Brunei, IV.1881, I.D. Gauld leg.; 342 2963'¢ and 1 unsexed, Andhra Pradesh, Patancheru, India, VI (19), VII (192), VHI (429), [x (27299536 and 1 unsexed), X (19).1980 (13), Bhat- nagar leg. (LT) (all NHMUK); 1799, Hitsujigaoka (43°00'N, 141°24'E), Sapporo, Hokkaid6, Japan, 16—23. 97 VII (1G), 30. VITI-6.TX (12 ).2007, 28. VII-4. VHI (19), 4—11 (699), 11-18 (49 9). VIL, 1-8.TX (49 2 ).2008, K. Konishi leg. (MsT) (EUM); 19, Kokoda (365 m), Pap- ua New Guinea, VI.1933, L.E. Cheesman leg.; 19, Wau (1,200 m), Morobe District, Papua New Guinea, 24—26. 11.1963, J. Sedlacek leg. (MsT); 12, Peak View Mo- tel (550 m), Kandy, Sri Lanka, 15—24.1.1970, Davis & Rowe leg. (all NHMUK); 39 2936’ and 2 unsexed, Kar- en, Taiwan, 6-14.V (191 and 1 unsexed), 26. VIII-4. XI (1923.4).1972, 16-22.1V.1973 (19 and 1 unsexed) (MsT); 169914, Wanfeng Hill, Taichung, Taiwan, I (22912), IU), IV 088), V BP ).1984, K.S. Lin & K.C. Chou leg. (MsT) (all TARI). Distribution. Australasian, Eastern Palaearctic, Oce- anic, and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Gauld and Mitchell (1981) recorded this species from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 16B—D): GOI = 2.2-2.7; lower face 0.7—0.8* as wide as high; clypeus almost flat in pro- file, its lower margin acute to subacute; mandible rather weakly twisted by 10—20°, moderately long, proximally tapered and distally more or less parallel sided, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.3—1.5~ as long as lower one; posterior ocellus al- most touching eye; antenna with 51-61 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 1.9—2.2~ as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 16E): mesopleuron punctate; scute- llum with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching at least anterior 0.8 and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron punctate to punctostrigose; propodeum weakly declivous, its posterior area moderately reticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 16F): fore wing with AI = 0.5-0.9, CI = 0.5-0.9, ICI = 0.7-1.0, SDI = 1.3-1.5; fore wing vein lm-cu&M moderately sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 16F; fenestra of fore wing not long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal and central sclerites absent; dis- tal sclerite strong and more or less centrally broadened; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein Icu-a interstitial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.3x Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 16): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. Some species of Oriental Enic- ospilus (e.g. E. fusiformis and E. unicolor) have a central- ly broadened distal sclerite and lack proximal and central sclerites, as in Figure 16F. Among them, E. /ineolatus is most similar to E. unicolor, but distinguished by the nar- rower distal sclerite than that of E. unicolor and testaceous fore wing pterostigma and sclerite (brown in E. unicolor). Enicospilus melanocarpus Cameron, 1905 Fig. 17 Enicospilus reticulatus Cameron 1902: 52; holotype 4, Maldives, NHMUK, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 377); junior primary homonym of Enicospilus reticulatus Cameron, 1899. dez.pensoft.net 98 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Figure 16. Enicospilus lineolatus (Roman, 1913), @. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Eniscospilus (sic) melanocarpus Cameron 1905: 122; holotype @, Sri Ophion (Henicospilus) nocturnus Kohl 1908: 315; holotype 9, Samoa, Lanka, NHMUK, examined. NM; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 378). Henicospilus nigrinervis Szépligeti 1906: 142; holotype 2, New Guin- Henicospilus batavianus Szépligeti 1910: 92; holotype 2, Java, TM; ea, TM; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 377); junior synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 378). secondary homonym of Enicospilus nigrinervis Cameron, 1901. dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 Henicospilus turneri Morley 1912: 51; lectotype 2, Australia, NHMUK, examined, designated by Townes et al. (1961: 291); synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 378). Henicospilus atricornis var. zeylanicus Morley 1913: 392; holotype @, Sri Lanka, NHMUK, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitch- ell (1981: 378). Henicospilus uncivena Enderlein 1921: 23; holotype °, India, IZPAN; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 378). Henicospilus crassivena Enderlein 1921: 24; holotype 2, Sumatra, IZ- PAN; synonymised by Townes et al. (1961: 281). Enicospilus nigrivenalis Cushman 1937: 307; holotype 2, Taiwan, DEI; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 378). Enicospilus quintuplex Chiu 1954: 61; holotype 2, China, TARI, exam- ined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 378). Enicospilus (Polycorniata) brunnis Rao and Nikam 1971b: 105; holotype 9, India, MUC; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 378). Material examined. 10599214 and 6 unsexed: Ne- pal (599233), Australia (12), China (19), Maldives (14%), India (2629), Indonesia (4299244 and 1 un- sexed), Japan (29°), Malaysia (12), Papua New Guinea (722912), Philippines (79 @), Singapore (1 unsexed), Sri Lanka (89 9), Taiwan (439 915¢'¢ and 4 unsexed). Type series: holotype of Enicospilus reticulatus Cam- eron, 1902, 4, Hulule, Maldive Islands, 20.VI.1900 (NHMUK, Type 3b.1268); holotype of Eniscospilus (sic) melanocarpus Cameron, 1905, 9, Sri Lanka (NHMUK, Type 3b.1234); lectotype of Henicospilus turneri Mor- ley, 1912, 2, Mackay, Queensland, Australia, 1899, Turner leg. (NHMUK, Type 3b.1261); holotype of Hen- icospilus atricornis var. zeylanicus Morley, 1913, °, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 11.VH.1910, Green leg. (NHMUK, Type 3b.2098); holotype of Enicospilus quintuplex Chiu, 1954, 2, Shaowu, Fukien, China, 8.X.1945, S.H. Chao leg. (TARI). Non-type series: 14, Godaveri (1,550—1,700 m), Ne- pal, VI.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Fig. 17); 14, Pokha- ra (950 m), Nepal, VII-VHI.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 12, montane and oak forest (2,760 m), Phulchoki, Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 19, Phulchoki (2,500 m), Nepal, [X.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 19, Phulcho- ki (2,000 m), Nepal, VII.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 192, Kathmandu (1,350 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Al- len leg. (LT); 19, Kakani (2,000 m), Nepal, VIII.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 1899, Pradesh, Patancheru, India, Td), Ud), VU 222), IX (599), K (9PP).1980, Bhatnagar leg. (LT); 82°, Mysore, Mudigere, India, X— X1.1979, J.S. Noyes leg.; 329, Radjamandula, Java, In- donesia, XI.1937, K.M. Walsh leg.; 1< and 1 unsexed, Mt Djampang, Tjigaeha, Java, Indonesia, 1.1938, K.M. Walsh leg.; 12, Mt Melang, Djampang Wetan, Java, In- donesia, VIII.1937, K.M. Walsh leg.; 1¢, Gunung Gede, Lebak Sioe, Java, Indonesia, [X.1937, K.M. Walsh leg. (all NHMUK); 19, Buzena, Nago City, Kunigami Coun- ty, Okinawa-hont6é, Okinawa Pref., Japan, 15.1V.1991, M. Hayashi leg.; 19, Uebaru, Nakijin Vil., Kunigami Coun- ty, Okinawa-hont6, Okinawa Pref., Japan, 23.1V.1991, M. Hayashi leg. (LT) (all NIAES); 19, Clearing, Perak, 99 Malaysia, 1.VI.1941, F. Gerald leg.; 52 914, Bulolo for- estry Reserve, Papua New Guinea, [X.1979, I.D. Gauld leg.; 229, Wau (1,000 m), Morobe, Papua New Guin- ea, X.1979, I.D. Gauld leg.; 729, Bay Bay, Leyte, Vis- ca forest, Philippines, VHI (19), 30.VIN-4.IX (499), 5-13. IX (229).1980, L. Tuangganr leg.; 1 unsexed, Singapore, 2.XII.1967, C.G. Roche leg.; 699, Peak View Motel, Kandy, Kan. Dist. Sri Lanka, 7-14 (39 9), 14-24 (39 9).1.1970, Davis & Rowe leg. (all NHMUK); 59°64 and 4 unsexed, Karen, Taiwan, 25.VI-1.VII (244), 17-23. VIN (3 unsexed), 26. VIII-4.X1 (19), 12-19 (299), 14-19 (1@).X1.1972, 16-22.1V.1973 (29933 and 1 unsexed) (MsT); 122 92¢'4', Sunmoon Lake, Tai- chung, Taiwan, 2.X (19), 8.XI (12).1968, 9 (19), 31 (Id)IV, 11 (1d), 14 (19).VIL 1 BQ), 2-8 (229), 7-13 (12), 9-15 (1Q).[X, 4-10.XI (12).1969 (MsT); 262 974.3, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, 25-28. VI (29 9), 1-3 (1916), 7-11 (19), 16-20 (13). VI, 19-26.X (19), 29.X-5.X1. (299), 5-10 (329), 10-15 (12243), 17-22 (191¢).XI, 27.X1-3.XII.1979 (29916), 7-14 (1212), 15-21 (1Q), 20-26 (29 9).XII.1979, 1-4 (399), 4-11 (19), 25-31 (29 9).1.1980, 9-20.11 (22 9).1980, K.C. Chou leg. (all TARI). Distribution. Australasian, Eastern Palaearctic, Oce- anic, and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Gauld and Mitchell (1981) recorded this species from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 17B—D): GOI = 2.5—3.1; lower face 0.7—0.8x as wide as high; clypeus slightly to strongly convex in profile, its lower margin acute; mandible weak- ly twisted by 10—20°, moderately long, evenly tapered, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandib- ular tooth 1.2—1.5~ as long as lower one; posterior ocellus almost touching eye; antenna with 53-65 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 1.8—2.4 as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 17E): mesopleuron punctate to longi- tudinally punctostriate; scutellum with lateral longitudi- nal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent poste- riorly; metapleuron punctate to punctostriate; propodeum almost evenly rounded, its posterior area moderately re- ticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 17F): fore wing with AI = 0.4—1.1, CI = 0.3-0.5, ICI = 0.4-0.5, SDI = 1.1-1.4; fore wing vein lm-cu&M more or less evenly curved, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 17F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangu- lar, strongly confluent with distal one, strongly pigment- ed; central sclerite moderately to strongly pigmented and sclerotised, usually well-delineated oval, positioned in antero- to medio-distal part of fenestra; distal sclerite more or less evenly strong from proximal to distal; prox- imal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly se- tose; vein 1cu-a subinterstitial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.3x Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 17): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous with black posterior segments of metaso- ma; wings hyaline. dez.pensoft.net 100 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Figure 17. Enicospilus melanocarpus Cameron, 1905, 3. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus melanocarpus is (marginal cell of fore wing proximally glabrous in E. very similar to E. sauteri, but distinguished by the uni- —_ sauwteri) and the oval central sclerite (Fig. 17F) (central formly setose marginal cell of the fore wing (Fig. 17F) — sclerite linear in E. sauteri). Many species were synony- dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 mised with E. melanocarpus under Gauld’s conservative Species criteria, but their wide distribution and consider- able range of morphological variation indicate this name includes many species. Therefore, further researches are needed to reveal the true species diversity under the name ‘melanocarpus ’. Enicospilus nepalensis Shimizu, sp. nov. http://zoobank.org7C 1 9F 1 EE-EC88-4090-A25B-0089401B750A Figs 2A, 18 Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality. Material examined. 29 9: Nepal. Type series: holotype 2, Pokhara (950 m), Nepal, VIUI— VIIL.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (NHMUK) (Figs 2A, 18); paratype 2, same label and repository as holotype. Distribution. Nepal. Description. Female (Holotype) (Fig. 18). Body length ca 16.5 mm. Head with GOI = 2.5 (Fig. 18C). Lower face 0.8 as wide as high, finely punctate with setae, strongly shiny (Fig. 18B). Clypeus 1.6< as wide as high, finely punc- tate with setae, moderately convex in profile, its lower margin impressed (Fig. 18B, C). Malar space 0.4x as long as basal mandibular width (Fig. 18B, C). Mandible weakly twisted by ca 15°, moderately long, its proximal half evenly narrowed and distal half subparallel sided, its outer surface entirely almost flat with long and rather stout setae (Figs 2A, 18B, C). Upper mandibular tooth 1.7x as long as lower one, very slender and cylindrical (Figs 2A, 18B). Frons, vertex and gena strongly shiny with fine setae (Fig. 18B—D). Posterior ocellus rather small and separated from eye by 0.3 its own maximum diameter (Fig. 18B—D). Ventral end of occipital carina joining oral carina. Antenna with 49 flagellomeres; first flagellomere 1.6 as long as second; 20" flagellomere 2.3x as long as wide. Mesosoma entirely strongly shiny with setae (Fig. 18E). Pronotum punctostriate dorsally and finely coriaceous ventrally (Fig. 18E). Mesoscutum 1.5x as long as its maximum width, almost smooth with very fine punctures with setae, and evenly rounded in profile (Fig. 18E). Notauli absent (Fig. 18E). Scutellum moder- ately convex, almost smooth with very fine and sparse punctures with setae, with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end (Fig. 18E). Epicnemium from densely strigose dorsally to densely punctate ventrally with setae. Epicnemial carina present, evenly curved to anterior, its dorsal end not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron (Fig. 18E). Mesopleuron finely punc- tate dorsally and longitudinally punctostriate to strigose ventrally (Fig. 18E). Submetapleural carina almost par- allel sided centrally and weakly broadened anteriorly (Fig. 18E). Metapleuron moderately punctate with setae (Fig. 18E). Propodeum evenly rounded in profile; anter1- or transverse carina complete centrally, its lateral end al- 101 most joining pleural carina; anterior area longitudinally striate; spiracular area almost smooth with very fine and Sparse punctures and setae; posterior area rather finely subconcentrically striate; propodeal spiracle elliptical, its outer margin not joining pleural carina by a ridge (Fig. 18E). Wings. Fore wing length ca 11.0 mm with AI = 0.4, CI = 0.3, DI = 0.4, ICI = 0.4, SDI = 1.2, SI= 0.2, SRI = 0.3; vein 1m-cu&M almost evenly curved; vein 2r&RS slightly sinuous and RS evenly curved; fenestra and scler- ites of discosubmarginal cell as in Figure 18F; proximal sclerite triangular, not confluent with distal sclerite, very strongly pigmented; central sclerite small and its major diameter subequal to thickness of vein 2r&RS, suboval, weakly sclerotised and pigmented, positioned in pos- terodistal part of fenestra; distal sclerite moderately pig- mented; proximal corner of marginal cell evenly setose; posterodistal corner of second discal cell ca 95°; postero- distal corner of subbasal cell ca 95°; vein Icu-a slight- ly antefurcal to M&RS by 0.1 Icu-a length (Fig. 18F). Hind wing with NI = 1.2, RI = 1.7; vein RS straight; vein RA with 6 uniform hamul1. Legs. Outer surface of fore tibia without dense and long spines. Hind leg with coxa in profile 1.7x as long as deep; basitarsus 2.0< as long as second tarsomere; fourth tarsomere 0.6x as long as third tarsomere and 3.5x as long as wide; tarsal claw simply pectinate. Metasoma with PI = 2.8, DMI = 1.3, THI = 2.5; dorsal margin of tergite 1 more or less sinuous; thyridium elon- gate (Fig. 18A). Colour (Fig. 18). Entirely testaceous except for apex of mandible, posterior part of T5, and T6—8 black. Wings hyaline; proximal sclerite brown; central and distal scler- ites amber; veins brown. Variations (n = 2): body length 15.5—16.5 mm; head with GOI = 2.4—2.5; clypeus 1.6—1.7 as wide as high; malar space 0.3-0.4x as long as basal mandibular width; mandible twisted by 15—25°; upper mandibu- lar tooth 1.6—2.1< as long as lower one; antenna with first flagellomere 1.6—1.7 as long as second: pronotum punctostriate dorsally and finely coriaceous ventrally or entirely almost smooth to weakly coriaceous with very sparse and fine punctures; metapleuron sparsely to moderately punctate; fore wing length 10.0-11.0 mm; hind coxa in profile 1.6—1.7< as long as deep; fourth tarsomere 3.5—3.7x as long as wide; metasoma with PI = 2.7-2.8; THI = 2.5-—2.8; mandible proximally testaceous and apically black or entirely dark brown to black. Male. Unknown. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus nepalensis sp. nov. is probably closely related to or belongs to the E. ramidulus complex. Among the complex, E. nepalensis sp. nov. is most closely related to E. tricorniatus Rao & Nikam, 1970 based on the rather small ocelli relative to other Enicospilus (posterior ocellus separated from eye by more than 0.3x its own maximum diameter) (e.g. Fig. 18B—D), highly shiny body (e.g. Fig. 18A—E), shape dez.pensoft.net 102 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Figure 18. Enicospilus nepalensis Shimizu sp. nov., 2, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 of body (e.g. Fig. 18A), shape and position of the fore wing veins and sclerites (e.g. Fig. 18F), distribution, etc. However, E. nepalensis sp. nov. is readily distinguish- able from E. tricorniatus by the following characters: lower face more or less elongate and 0.8= as wide as high (Fig. 18B) (lower face subquadrate to transverse and 1.0—1.1x as wide as high tn E. tricorniatus), the cen- tral sclerite weakly sclerotised and pigmented (Fig. 18F) (moderately to strongly sclerotised and pigmented in FE. tricorniatus), moderate-sized, fore wing length 10.0— 11.0 mm (small, fore wing length less than 8.5 mm in E. tricorniatus), posterior ocellus separated from eye by 0.3x its own maximum diameter (Fig. 18B—D) (posterior ocellus separated from eye by almost its own maximum diameter in E. tricorniatus). Enicospilus nikami Shimizu, sp. nov. http://zoobank.org26026EC4-7 11 F-49F7-A FA8-C4772D6E0F99 Figs 2J, 19 Etymology. The specific name is dedicated to Dr P.K. Nikam who studied Ophioninae as well as other groups of Hymenoptera mainly of India. Material examined. 19: Nepal. Type series: holotype 2°, Kathmandu (1,300 m), Nepal, XI1.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (NHMUK) (Figs 2J, 19). Distribution. Nepal. Description. Female (Holotype) (Fig. 19). Body length ca 23.0 mm. Head with GOI = 2.9 (Fig. 19C). Lower face 0.6x as wide as high, shiny, rather finely punctate with se- tae (Fig. 19B). Clypeus 1.6x as wide as high, sparse- ly and finely punctate with setae, almost flat in profile, and its lower margin acute (Fig. 19B, C). Malar space 0.2 as long as basal mandibular width (Fig. 19B, C). Mandible weakly twisted by ca 25°, long, proximally strongly narrowed, centrally to apically subparallel sid- ed, its outer surface flat and smooth without a diago- nal groove and line of punctures (Fig. 19B, C). Upper mandibular tooth 1.3x as long as lower one (Fig. 19B). Frons, vertex and gena moderately shiny with fine se- tae (Fig. 19B—D). Posterior ocellus almost touching eye (Fig. 19B—-D). Ventral end of occipital carina joining oral carina. Antenna with 59 flagellomeres; first flagel- lomere 1.9x as long as second; 20" flagellomere 1.5x as long as wide. Mesosoma entirely moderately shiny with setae (Fig. 19E). Pronotum finely coriaceous with punctures to closely strigose (Fig. 19E). Mesoscutum 1.5 as long as its maximum width, finely punctate with setae, strongly shiny, and evenly rounded in profile (Fig. 19E). Notauli absent (Fig. 19E). Scutellum moderately con- vex, with lateral longitudinal carinae almost reach- ing posterior end, and moderately punctate with setae (Fig. 19E). Epicnemium densely punctate with setae. LOS Epicnemial carina present, evenly weakly curved to anterior, its dorsal end not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron (Fig. 19E). Mesopleuron entirely moder- ately punctate, and ventral margin longitudinally finely strigose (Fig. 19E). Submetapleural carina broadened anteriorly (Fig. 19E). Metapleuron diagonally closely strigose (Fig. 19E). Propodeum declivous in profile; anterior transverse carina complete centrally, its later- al end not joining pleural carina; pleural carina absent posteriorly; anterior area longitudinally striate medially and smooth laterally; spiracular area finely coriaceous; posterior area concentrically striate; propodeal spiracle elliptical, its outer margin not joining pleural carina by a ridge (Fig. 19E). Wings. Fore wing length ca 15.0 mm with AI = 0.5, CI = 0.6, DI = 0.3, ICI = 0.8, SDI = 1.5, SI = 0.1, SRI = 0.3; vein Im-cu&M moderately sinuous; vein 2r&RS very slightly bowed but almost straight, and RS evenly curved; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell as in Figure 19F; proximal sclerite linear, weakly pigment- ed and virtually unsclerotised so that vestigial, separated from distal sclerite; central sclerite absent; distal sclerite almost absent but anterodistal part slightly pigmented; proximal corner of marginal cell uniformly setose; pos- terodistal corner of second discal cell ca 90°; posterodis- tal corner of subbasal cell ca 65°; vein Icu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.2 Icu-a length (Fig. 19F). Hind wing with NI = 2.6, RI = 1.7; vein RS straight; vein RA with 11 uniform hamuli. Legs. Outer surface of fore tibia with very few spines. Hind leg with coxa in profile 1.7 as long as deep; basitar- sus 2.2x as long as second tarsomere; fourth tarsomere 0.6x as long as third tarsomere and 2.6* as long as wide; tarsal claw simply pectinate except lacking pecten proximally. Metasoma with PI = 3.2, DMI = 1.3, THI = 2.5; dor- sal margin of tergite 1 not sinuous; thyridium elongate (Fig. 19A). Colour (Fig. 19). Entirely testaceous except for apex of mandible black. Wings hyaline; sclerites of fore wing fenestra very slightly pigmented, testaceous; veins black to testaceous. Variation. Unknown Male. Unknown Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus nikami sp. nov. is similar to E. biharensis, E. maruyamanus, E. pudib- undae, and E. transversus and these species are rather difficult to separate from each other. However, FE. nika- mi sp. nov. can be distinguished from EF. biharensis, E. maruyamanus and E. transversus by the proximally incomplete pectinae of hind tarsal claw (Fig. 2J) (hind tarsal claw completely pectinate from its base to apex in E£. biharensis, E. maruyamanus and E. transversus, as in e.g. Figure 21), from E. biharensis and E. pudibun- dae by the sinuous fore wing vein Im-cu&M (Fig. 19F) (1m-cu&M evenly curved in E. biharensis and E. pudib- undae as in Figures 6F, 23F), from E. maruyamanus by dez.pensoft.net 104 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Figure 19. Enicospilus nikami Shimizu sp. nov., °, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. the entirely moderately punctate mesopleuron (Fig. 19E) Figure 19F, but ca 115° in FE. maruyamanus), and from (mesopleuron entirely longitudinally punctostriate in E. __E. transversus by the entirely moderately punctate meso- maruyamanus) and the angle of posterodistal corner of | pleuron (Fig. 19E) (mesopleuron entirely longitudinally second discal cell (i.e. ca 90° in E. nikami sp. nov. as in _ striate in E. transversus). dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 Enicospilus phulchokiensis Shimizu, sp. nov. http://zoobank.org2358057 1-7C71-49F7-B2BE-SEDC87CAC2C3 Figs 2G, 20 Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality. Material examined. 19: Nepal. Type series: holotype 9, Phulchoki, M.G. Allen leg. (NHMUK) (Figs 2G, 20). Distribution. Nepal. Description. Female (Holotype) (Fig. 20). Body length ca 21.5 mm. Head with GOI = 2.9 (Fig. 20C). Lower face 0.7 as wide as high, rather finely punctate with setae, strongly shiny (Fig. 20B). Clypeus 1.3< as wide as high, finely punctate with setae, moderately convex in profile, and its lower margin impressed (Fig. 20B, C). Malar space 0.4x as long as basal mandibular width (Fig. 20B, C). Mandible weakly twisted by ca 20°, moderately long, evenly narrowed, its outer surface with a diagonal setose deep groove between its dorsoproximal corner to base of mandibular apical teeth (Fig. 20B, C). Upper mandibular tooth 1.6x as long as lower one, slender and cylindrical (Fig. 20B). Frons, vertex and gena strongly shiny with fine setae (Fig. 20B—D). Posterior ocellus almost touch- ing eye (Fig. 20B—D). Ventral end of occipital carina join- ing oral carina. Antenna with 64 flagellomeres; first flag- ellomere 1.7 as long as second; 20" flagellomere 2.2 as long as wide. Mesosoma entirely strongly shiny with setae (Fig. 20E). Pronotum finely punctate dorsally and strigose to rugose ventrally (Fig. 20E). Mesoscutum 1.5 as long as its max- imum width, almost smooth with very fine punctures with setae, and evenly rounded in profile (Fig. 20E). Notauli absent (Fig. 20E). Scutellum moderately convex, anterior 0.4 transversely striate, anterior 0.4—0.5 punctate, and pos- terior 0.5 longitudinally strigose, with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end (Figs 2G, 20E). Epicnemi- um densely punctate with setae. Epicnemial carina present, evenly curved to anterior, its dorsal end close to anterior margin of mesopleuron (Fig. 20E). Mesopleuron entirely finely punctate, longitudinally strigose ventrally (Fig. 20E). Submetapleural carina weakly evenly broadened anteriorly (Fig. 20E). Metapleuron entirely finely punctate with setae (Fig. 20E). Propodeum almost evenly rounded in profile; anterior transverse carina complete; anterior area longitu- dinally striate; spiracular area almost smooth with very fine and sparse punctures with setae; posterior area rather finely irregularly rugose; propodeal spiracle elliptical, its outer margin not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings. Fore wing length ca 13.5 mm with AI = 0.4, CI = 0.4, DI = 0.4, ICI = 0.5, SDI = 1.2, SI= 0.1, SRI = 0.3; vein 1m-cu&M weakly sinuous; vein 2r&RS almost straight and RS evenly curved; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell as in Figure 20F; proximal scler- ite triangular, confluent with distal sclerite, moderately pigmented; central sclerite rather small and its minor di- ameter smaller than thickness of vein 2r&RS, elliptical, 105 moderately sclerotised and pigmented, positioned in me- diodistal part of fenestra; distal sclerite moderately pig- mented; proximal corner of marginal cell evenly setose; posterodistal corner of second discal cell ca 105°; postero- distal corner of subbasal cell ca 85°; vein Icu-a subinter- stitial to M&RS (Fig. 20F). Hind wing with NI = 1.3, RI= 1.7; vein RS straight; vein RA with 7 uniform hamull. Legs. Outer surface of fore tibia with sparse spines. Hind leg with coxa in profile 2.0x as long as deep; basi- tarsus 2.0 as long as second tarsomere; fourth tarsomere 0.6 as long as third tarsomere and 4.6~ as long as wide; tarsal claw simply pectinate. Metasoma with PI = 2.9, DMI = 1.4, THI = 2.9; dorsal margin of tergite 1 weakly sinuous; thyridium elongate (Fig. 20A). Colour (Fig. 20). Entirely testaceous except for apex of mandible black. Wings hyaline; sclerites amber; veins brown. Variation. Unknown Male. Unknown Differential diagnosis. Mandibular structure and meso- soma sculpture of FE. phulchokiensis sp. nov. indicate that it belongs to the E. ramidulus complex. Enicospilus phul- chokiensis sp. nov. runs to couplet 230 (including FE. me- lanocarpus and E. xavius) of Gauld and Mitchell’s (1981: 143) key, and to couplet 61 (including E. melanocarpus and E. sauteri) of Tang’s (1990: 34, 181) key. However, E. phulchokiensis sp. nov. is distinguishable from E. melano- carpus, E. sauteri and E. xavius by the strongly sculptured scutellum (Fig. 2G), sinuous fore wing vein 1m-cu&M (Fig. 20F), and entirely testaceous metasoma without black posterior segments (Fig. 20A). Moreover, E. phul- chokiensis sp. nov. is possibly related to E. puncticulatus Tang, 1990 and its related species-group, but distinguished from E. puncticulatus by the confluent proximal and distal sclerites (Fig. 20F) (separated in FE. puncticulatus). Enicospilus pseudantennatus Gauld, 1977 Fig. 21 Enicospilus pseudantennatus Gauld 1977: 92; holotype 2, Australia, ANIC. Material examined. 62966: Australia (59 960), Indonesia (19). No Nepalese specimens were examined. Type series: paratypes of Enicospilus pseudantennatus Gauld, 1977, 19, Paramatta, NSW, Australia, 16.1.1921 (EMUS); 53'3',Tambourine Mts, SE Queensland, Austra- lia, 1-9.V.1935, R.E. Turner leg.; 16, Cabramatta, NSW, Australia, 6.1V.1963, M. Nikitin leg.; 19, Merrylands, NSW, Australia, 25.X1.1964, M. Nikitin leg. (all NHMUK). Non-type series: 12, D.P.I Research Stn, Gatton, SE Queensland, Australia, 13—21.IV.1981 (MsT) (Fig. 21); 12, Mt Tanbourine, Queensland, Australia, 12—-18.X.1978, ID. Galloway leg.; 19, Canberra, ACT, Australia, IX.1981, I.D. Gauld leg. (all NHMUK); 12, Ambon, In- donesia, 29.EX.1960, A.M.R. Wegner leg. (EMUS). dez.pensoft.net 106 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Figure 20. Enicospilus phulchokiensis Shimizu sp. nov., 2, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Distribution. Australasian, Oceanic and Oriental re- gions (Yu et al. 2016). Gauld and Mitchell (1981) record- ed this species from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 21B—D): GOI = 2.2-2.8; low- er face 0.7—-0.8x as wide as high; clypeus moderately convex in profile, its lower margin impressed; mandi- ble rather weakly twisted by 10—20°, moderately long, evenly tapered, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.3—1.6< as long as dez.pensoft:net lower one; posterior ocellus close to eye; antenna with 56-63 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 2.2—2.4~ as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 21E): mesopleuron entirely punc- tate; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron punctate; propodeum evenly weakly rounded, its posteri- or area moderately reticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 4 . = J 107 Figure 21. Enicospilus pseudantennatus Gauld, 1977, 2°. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Wings (Fig. 21F): fore wing with AI = 0.3—0.6, CI = 0.3-0.4, ICI = 0.5-0.7, SDI = 1.2-1.4; fore wing vein Im-cu&M moderately sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 21F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from prox- imal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, sepa- rated from distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite dez.pensoft.net 108 partially strongly pigmented and sclerotised, ill-delineat- ed oval, positioned in almost medio-distal part of fenestra; distal sclerite strong distally; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein 1cu-a subintersti- tial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.2 Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 21): body including interocellar area en- tirely red-brown; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. As mentioned under EF. /aquea- tus, four Oriental species of Enicospilus (E. laqueatus, E. pseudantennatus, E. vestigator, and E. tripartitus) have similar fenestra, sclerites, and fore wing veins (e.g. Figs 15F, 21F, 26F). Among them, £. pseudantennatus is distinguished from E. /aqueatus by the flat outer surface of the mandible (outer surface of mandible with a diago- nal deep setose groove between dorsoproximal corner and base of mandibular apical teeth in E. /aqueatus), from E. tripartitus by the not densely setose and proximally more or less flat outer mandibular surface (outer surface of man- dible with very dense setae and sharp and rather deep prox- imal concavity in FE. tripartitus, as in Figure 2C), and from E. vestigator by the weakly twisted mandible (10-20°) (mandible strongly twisted by 60—80° in E. vestigator). Enicospilus pseudoconspersae (Sonan, 1927) Fig. 22 Henicospilus pseudoconspersae Sonan 1927: 48; holotype <, Taiwan, TARI, examined. Henicospilus mushanus Uchida 1928: 216; holotype 2, Taiwan, SEHU, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 344). Enicospilus tenuinubeculus Chiu 1954: 34; holotype 2, China, TARI, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 345). Material examined. 79 2704: Nepal (59 9448), Chi- na (1916), Japan (13), Taiwan (12.123). Type series: holotype of Henicospilus pseudocon- spersae Sonan, 1927, 4, Taihoku, Taiwan, 25.1V.1927, J. Sonan leg. (TARI); holotype of Henicospilus mushanus Uchida, 1928, 2, Musha, Taiwan, 24.VII.1925, Matsu- mura (SEHU); holotype of Enicospilus tenuinubeculus Chiu, 1954, 2, Fukien, Shaown, China, 23—29.V.1944, H.-F. Chao leg. (TARI). Non-type series: 12, Kakani (2,070 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Fig. 22); 19, Kath- mandu (1,300 m), Nepal, XI.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 19, Godaveri (1,550-1,700 m), Nepal, V.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 14, Godaveri (5,000'), Ne- pal, 5.VIII.1967; 19, Phulchoki (2,000 m), Nepal, VIIL.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 19, Kathmandu (4300'), Nepal, VIII.1982; 14, Sal & 2y forest (330 m), Dharan, Terai, Nepal, 14-15.X1.1983, M.G. Allen leg.; 14, Godavari, Kathmandu, Nepal, 5.VIII.1967; 14,1 mi. S of Ulleri (5,500—7,000'), Nepal, 16.V.1954, J. Ouinlan leg.; 14, China (all NHMUK); 1¢, Hiji ag- ricultural road (85 m, 26°43'16.8"N, 128°10'43.4"E), Hii, Kunigami Village, Kunigami County, Okina- wa-hont6d, Okinawa Pref., Japan, 3—4. VH.2016, S. Shi- mizu et al. leg. (LT) (NIAES). dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Gauld and Mitchell (1981) recorded this species from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 22B—D): GOI = 2.83.1; lower face 0.6—-0.7 as wide as high; clypeus almost flat in pro- file, its lower margin acute to subacute; mandible rather weakly twisted by 15—25°, moderately long, proximally tapered and distally approximately parallel sided, its out- er surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.2—1.4~ as long as lower one; posterior ocellus al- most touching eye; antenna with 52—65 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 1.7—2.3= as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 22E): mesopleuron punctate to longi- tudinally punctostriate; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron punctostriate; propodeum evenly rounded, its posterior area moderately reticulate, outer margin of prop- odeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 22F): fore wing with AI = 0.7-0.9, CI = 0.6-0.7, ICI = 0.4-0.6, SDI = 1.3—-1.4; fore wing vein Im-cu&M moderately sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 22F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from prox- imal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite semicircular, iso- lated and not touching margin of fenestra, almost always (very) weakly pigmented: central sclerite absent; distal sclerite absent or vestigial; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein 1 cu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.2-0.3 Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 22): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus pseudoconspersae is one of the most distinctive and easily distinguishable species among the Oriental species of Enicospilus on ac- count of the characteristic isolated and weakly pigmented semicircular proximal sclerite (Fig. 22F). There are no known morphologically similar species. Enicospilus pudibundae (Uchida, 1928)* Fig. 23 Henicospilus pudibundae Uchida 1928: 219; lectotype 4, Japan, SEHU, designated by Townes et al. (1965: 330), examined. Material examined. 189 920'¢: Nepal (22 91), Bru- nei (39 9), India (19), Japan (129 9123). Type series: lectotype of Henicospilus pudibundae Uchi- da, 1928, 3, Sapporo, Hokkaidé, Japan, 4.VI.1925, Tama- nuki leg. (emerged from Dasychira pudibunda L.) (SEHU). Non-type series: 229, Kakani, Nepal, 1-30.V.1984, M.G. Allen leg. (Fig. 23); 14, Sal & 2" forest (330 m), Dharan, Terai, Nepal, 14—15.X1.1983, M.G. Allen leg.; 229, U. Temburong (1,700 m), Gn. Pagon, Brunei, IV.1981, I.D. Gauld leg; 12, U. Temburong (1,500 m), Bukit Retak, Brunei, [V.1981, I.D. Gauld leg. (all NHMUK); 19, Anamalai Hills (3,500'), Cinchona, India, IV.1956, PS. Nathan leg. (CNC); 19°, Takadomari, Fuk- Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 F 109 Figure 22. Enicospilus pseudoconspersae (Sonan, 1927), 2. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. agawa City, Hokkaidé, Japan, 5—19.VIII.2007, H. Hara leg. (MsT) (NSMT); 19, Yoshigahira, Niigata Pref., Ja- pan, 25.VI.1954, K. Baba leg. (MNHA); 192, Kurokawa, Niigata Pref., Japan, 22.VI.1954, K. Baba leg. (MNHA); 12, Oyamada, Machida City, Toky6, Japan, [X.2008, S. Ohsato leg. (NHMUK); 19, Dokan-Shinmichi, Im- perial Palace, Chtyoda Ward, Toky6, Japan, 27.VII-3. VUI.2010 (MsT) (NSMT); 19, Mt Futatabi-san, Kébe City, Hyégo Pref., Japan, 28. VIII.1990, N. Sugiura leg. (MNHA); 622, Mori, T6jy6 Town, Shdbara City, Hiro- shima Pref., Japan, 21.VII.2015 (18), 6 (299), 8 (19). IX, 3.X (1Q).2016, 17.1X.2017 (19), N. Takashiba leg. (LT) (HMNH). Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 23B—D): GOI = 2.6-2.8; lower face 0.7 as wide as high; clypeus almost flat in profile, its lower margin acute to subacute; mandi- ble weakly twisted by 10—20°, moderately long, evenly tapered, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.2—1.5x as long as lower one; posterior ocellus (almost) touching eye; antenna with dez.pensoft.net 110 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus aS ; it Figure 23. Enicospilus pudibundae (Uchida, 1928), 2. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 54—59 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 2.0—2.1 as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 23E): mesopleuron entirely punc- tate; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron punctate; propodeum weakly declivous, its posterior area dez.pensoft.net irregularly wrinkled, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 23F): fore wing with AI = 0.5—1.0, CI = 0.5— 0.7, ICI =0.5—0.7, SDI = 1.4—1.5; fore wing vein 1m-cu&M evenly curved, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and scler- ites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 23F; Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite more or less linear, very weakly confluent with distal one or not, very weakly to strongly pigment- ed; central sclerite absent; distal sclerite more or less weak to absent; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing sparsely to uniformly setose; vein Icu-a subinterstitial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.2 1cu-a length. Colour (Fig. 23): body including interocellar area entire- ly testaceous, sometimes posterior segments of metasoma weakly infuscate; wings hyaline to very slightly infuscate. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus pudibundae re- sembles FE. biharensis, E. maruyamanus, E. nikami sp. nov., and EF. transversus, but can be distinguished from E. biharensis, E. maruyamanus, and E. transversus by the proximally incomplete pectination of the hind tarsal claw (pectination of hind tarsal claw complete from base to apex of the claw in E. biharensis, E. maruyamanus, and E. transversus, as in e.g. Figure 21) and also from E. maruyamanus, E. nikami sp. nov., and E. transversus by the evenly curved fore wing vein Im-cu&M (Fig. 23F) (1m-cu&M more or less sinuous in E. maruyamanus, E. nikami sp. nov. and E. transversus, as in e.g. Figure 19F). The Nepalese and some other Oriental specimens exhibit a rather wider proximal sclerite and sparser setosity in the proximal corner of the fore wing fenestra than the holo- type and Eastern Palaearctic specimens, suggesting that the Oriental specimens are potentially cryptic species. However, at present, I have not enough evidence to de- scribe them as a new species and tentatively follow Gauld and Mitchell’s (1981) species criteria. Enicospilus purifenestratus (Enderlein, 1921)* Fig. 24 Amesospilus purifenestratus Enderlein 1921: 17; holotype 2, Sumatra, IZPAN. Material examined. 49 946'3: Nepal (1946'3), Brunei (22°), Singapore (1°). Non-type series: 12, Kathmandu (1,350 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 4¢¢, Phulchoki (2,000 m), Nepal, VIII.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Fig. 24); 229, Seria, Brunei, XII.1979, Allen leg.; 192, Singapore, 1905, H.N. Ridley leg. (all NHMUK). Distribution. Australasian, Eastern Palaearctic, and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal and Brunei. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 24B—D): GOI = 2.7-3.0; lower face 0.6-0.7x as wide as high; clypeus slightly convex in profile, its lower margin subacute to blunt; mandible weakly twisted by 10—20°, moderately long, proximally tapered and distally more or less parallel sided, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.3—1.5x as long as lower one; posterior ocellus al- most touching eye; antenna with 56—59 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 1.6—1.9x as long as wide. Tela Mesosoma (Fig. 24E): mesopleuron punctate to longi- tudinally punctostriate; scutellum with lateral longitudi- nal carinae reaching anterior 0.8 or more and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron punctostriate to striate; propo- deum weakly declivous, its posterior area irregularly to subconcentrically wrinkled, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 24F): fore wing with AI = 0.5—0.6, CI = 0.2—-0.4, ICI = 0.6-0.8, SDI = 1.3—1.4; fore wing vein lm-cu&M moderately sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 24F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, confluent with distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite absent; distal sclerite more or less entirely pig- mented; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein lcu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.1—0.3x 1cu-a length. Colour (Fig. 24F): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus purifenestratus is very similar to &. urocerus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, but distinguished from it by the unswollen segments 3 and 4 of the maxillary palp (segments 3 and 4 of the maxillary palp swollen in £. urocerus) and thinner distal sclerite (Fig. 24F) (distal sclerite thicker in E. urocerus). Enicospilus tangi Shimizu, sp. nov. http://zoobank.org3CFC30CE-94A 9-4DSE-A3D7-F40D221C6127 Figs 2B, H, 25 Etymology. The specific name 1s dedicated to Dr Yuqing Tang who described E. /ongitarsis, which is morphologi- cally the most similar species to the one that is hereby de- scribed, and has contributed to the taxonomy of Ophion- inae in Asia, represented by the monograph of Chinese Enicospilus (Tang 1990). Material examined. |<: Nepal. Type series: holotype 4, Kakani (2,070 m), Nepal, 1-23. VIII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (NHMUK) (Figs 2B, H, 25). Distribution. Nepal. Description. Male (Holotype) (Figs 2B, H, 25). Body length ca 24.5 mm. Head with GOI = 2.5 (Fig. 25C). Lower face 0.9 as wide as high, moderately punctate with setae and shiny (Fig. 25B). Clypeus 1.7< as wide as high, moderately punctate with setae, moderately convex in profile, low- er margin impressed (Fig. 25B, C). Malar space 0.4 as long as basal mandibular width (Fig. 25B, C). Mandible weakly twisted by ca 25°, very long, proximally strongly narrowed, centrally to apically subparallel sided, its out- er surface with a diagonal setose deep groove between dorsoproximal corner to base of mandibular apical teeth (Figs 2B, 25B, C). Upper mandibular tooth 2.1 as long as lower one, stouter than lower one (Figs 2B, 25B). Frons, vertex and gena moderately shiny with fine setae dez.pensoft.net Lt2 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Figure 24. Enicospilus purifenestratus (Enderlein, 1921), 3. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 (Fig. 25B—D). Posterior ocellus close to eye, separated from eye by less than 0.1< its own maximum diameter (Fig. 25B—D). Ventral end of occipital carina joining oral carina. Antenna incomplete apically, right antenna with 64 flagellomeres and left antenna with 65 flagellomeres; first flagellomere 1.9x as long as second; 20" flagellomere 2.2 as long as wide. Mesosoma entirely moderately shiny with setae (Fig. 25E). Pronotum punctate dorsally and puncto- strigose centrally to ventrally (Fig. 25E). Mesoscutum 1.5x as long as its maximum width, densely and fine- ly punctate with setae, rather weakly shiny, and evenly rounded in profile (Fig. 25E). Notauli absent (Fig. 25E). Scutellum moderately convex, moderately punctate with setae, with lateral longitudinal carinae almost reaching posterior end (Figs 2H, 25E). Epicnemium densely punctate with setae. Epicnemial carina present, evenly weakly curved to anterior, its dorsal end not reaching anterior margin of mesopleuron (Fig. 25E). Mesopleu- ron entirely weakly to moderately punctostriate to retic- ulate-strigose longitudinally (Fig. 25E). Submetapleural carina almost parallel sided centrally and weakly broad- ened anteriorly (Fig. 25E). Metapleuron densely puncto- striate with setae (Fig. 25E). Propodeum almost evenly rounded in profile; anterior transverse carina complete centrally, its lateral end almost joining pleural carina; pleural carina vestigial; anterior area longitudinally stri- ate; spiracular area strongly shiny and finely punctures with setae; posterior area rather moderately rugose; propodeal spiracle elliptical, its outer margin not joining pleural carina by a ridge (Fig. 25E). Wings. Fore wing length ca 15.5 mm with AI = 0.4, CI = 0.4, DI = 0.3, ICI = 0.5, SDI = 1.3, SI= 0.1, SRI = 0.3; vein 1m-cu&M almost evenly curved; vein 2r&RS almost straight and RS evenly curved; fenestra and scler- ites of discosubmarginal cell as in Figure 25F; proximal sclerite triangular, confluent with distal sclerite, moder- ately pigmented; central sclerite absent; distal sclerite weakly pigmented; proximal corner of marginal cell uni- formly setose; posterodistal corner of second discal cell ca 95°; posterodistal corner of subbasal cell ca 90°; vein Icu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.3x Icu-a length (Fig. 25F). Hind wing with NI = 1.8, RI= 1.5; vein RS straight; vein RA with 6 uniform hamuli. Legs. Ventral 0.7 of outer surface of fore tibia with rather dense spines. Hind leg with coxa in profile 1.8x as long as deep; basitarsus 2.0x as long as second tarsomere; fourth tarsomere 0.7< as long as third tarsomere and 5.0x as long as wide; tarsal claw simply pectinate. Metasoma with PI = 2.8, DMI = 1.3, THI = 2.1; dorsal margin of tergite 1 slightly sinuous; thyridium elongate (Fig. 25A). Colour (Fig. 25). Entirely testaceous except for apex of mandible black. Wings hyaline; proximal scler- ite testaceous, distal sclerite very weakly pigmented; veins brown. 113 Variation. Unknown. Female. Unknown. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus tangi sp. nov. can be confused with E. kakanicus sp. nov., E. longitarsis, and FE. yonezawanus, all of which belong to the E. ramid- ulus complex. Among these species, E. tangi sp. nov. is most closely related to E. /ongitarsis, and these species are distinguished from the other Oriental species of Enic- ospilus by the triangular proximal sclerite (e.g. Fig. 25F), the absence of the central sclerite (e.g. Fig. 25F), moder- ately large value of SDI (over 1.3) (e.g. Fig. 25F), a diag- onal setose deep groove of the mandibular outer surface (e.g. Fig. 2B), moderately large fore wing fenestra (e.g. Fig. 25F), rather dense spines on the outer surface of the fore tibia, etc. Enicospilus tangi sp. nov. 1s distinguished from E. longitarsis by the following character states: scutellum narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 2H) (subquadrate in E. longitarsis), fore wing vein 1m-cu&M evenly curved (Fig. 25F) (slightly sinuous in E. /ongitarsis), lower face 0.9x as wide as high (Fig. 25B) (0.8 in E. /ongitarsis), GOI = 2.5 (Fig. 25C) (1.8 in E. /ongitarsis). Enicospilus tripartitus Chiu, 1954 Figs 2C, 26 Enicospilus tripartitus Chiu 1954: 36; holotype 2, Taiwan, TARI, examined. Material examined. 279 9106'3' and 2 unsexed: Nepal (242 98¢'¢ and lunsexed), China (19), India (13), Ja- pan (1 unsexed), Taiwan (29 9), unknown (13). Type series: holotype of Enicospilus tripartitus Chiu, 1954, 9, Taihoku, Taiwan, 27.VIII.1937, J. Sonan leg. (TARI); paratype of same species, 14, no data(NHMUK). Non-type series: 249 9844, Kakani (2,000 m), Nepal, VIIL.1982 (299), VI (49916), VI (499344), 1-23 (229233).VI 32213), IX (429), X 299).1983, 1-30.V (121), 1-14. VII (22 2).1984, M.G. Allen leg. (Figs 2C, 26); 1 unsexed, Sangu (ca 6,200"), Taplejung district, Nepal, 16—-29.X.1961; 19, ShinKaiSi (1,340 m), Mt Omei, Szechuen, China; 1, Kangra Valley (1,370 m), India, X.1899, Dudgeon leg. (all NHMUK); 1 un- sexed, Genka-yama, Okinawa-honté, Okinawa Pref., Ja- pan, 4.V.1964, T. Takara & T. Kakinohana leg. (MNHA); 12, Kuanhsi, Tatwan, 29. VHI.1968 (MsT) (TARI). Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Gauld and Mitchell (1981) recorded this species from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Figs 2C, 26B—D): GOI = 2.2-2.9; lower face 0.7—0.8x as wide as high; clypeus moderate- ly to strongly convex in profile, its lower margin more or less blunt; mandible rather weakly twisted by 10—20°, moderately long, proximally tapered and distally parallel sided, its outer surface flat but with conspicuous dense setae and a proximal deep concavity; upper mandibular dez.pensoft.net 114 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus _~ Figure 25. Enicospilus tangi Shimizu sp. nov., 3’, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view, D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. tooth 1.2—1.6x as long as lower one; posterior ocellus Mesosoma (Fig. 26E): mesopleuron entirely more or close to eye; antenna with 55-66 flagellomeres and 20" less densely punctate and submatt; scutellum with lateral flagellomere 2.2—2.4x as long as wide. longitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and conver- dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 5 Figure 26. esi tripartitus Chiu, 1954, 2. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. dez.pensoft.net 116 gent posteriorly; metapleuron densely punctate as meso- pleuron; propodeum weakly declivous, its posterior area moderately reticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 26F): fore wing with AI = 0.3-0.6, CI =0.3- 0.4, ICI=0.5-0.7, SDI = 1.2—1.6; fore wing vein 1m-cu&M almost evenly curved to slightly sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 26F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner distinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, sep- arated from distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite strongly pigmented and sclerotised, well-delineated oval and its major axis parallel to distal margin of fenestra, po- sitioned in mediodistal part of fenestra; distal sclerite ab- sent to weak; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein lcu-a subinterstitial to antefurcal to M&RS by less than 0.2 Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 26): body including interocellar area en- tirely reddish brown; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. Four Oriental Enicospilus spe- cies, E. laqueatus, E. pseudantennatus, E. vestigator, and E. tripartitus, have similar fenestra, sclerites, and fore wing veins (e.g. Figs 15F, 21F, 26F), as mentioned under E. laqueatus and E. pseudantennatus. Among them, E. tripartitus is readily distinguishable from other species by the outer mandibular surface: outer surface of man- dible with very dense setae and sharp and rather deep proximal concavity in E. tripartitus (Figs 2C, 26B, C), but more or less flat proximally with scattered setae in EF. laqueatus (Fig. 15B, C) E. pseudantennatus (Fig. 21B, C) and E. vestigator. Enicospilus yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928)* Figs 2D, 27 Henicospilus yonezawanus Uchida 1928: 218; lectotype 9, Japan, SEHU, designated by Townes et al. (1965: 337), examined. Enicospilus microstriatellus Uchida 1956: 95; holotype @, Ryikyd Island, SEHU, examined; synonymised by Gauld and Mitchell (1981: 337). Material examined. 2729983: Nepal (19), India (102 Q), Indonesia (19), Japan (29 27402), Laos (89 2), Malaysia (49 9), Papua New Guinea (12), Taiwan (1). Type series: lectotype of Henicospilus yonezawanus Uchida, 1928, 2, Yonezawa, Yamagata Pref., Honshd, Japan, 23. VII.1919, S. Matsumura leg. (SEHU); holotype of E. microstriatellus Uchida, 1956, 3, Sinmura, Ama- mi-dshima, Kagoshima Pref., Ryikyds, Japan, 7.1V.1954, T. Kumata leg. (SEHU). Non-type series: 19, Godaveri (1,550—1,700 m), Ne- pal, [Xx.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Figs 2D, 27); 1029, Andhra Pradesh, Patanchneru, India, [X.1980, Rhatnagar leg. (LT); 12, Medan, L. Fulmek, Sumatra, Indonesia (all NHMUK); 16), Isa (32°8'29.3"N, 130°33'13.7"E), dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Kagoshima Pref., Kydsht, Japan, 7.1X.2012, Y. Mat- subara & K. Fukuda leg. (MsT) (NSMT); 54, Isa (32°6'41.8"N, 130°31'38.4"E), Kagoshima Pref., Kyasht, Japan, 7.1X.2012, Y. Matsubara & K. Fukuda leg. (MsT) (CNC); 19, Hiji agricultural road (85 m, 26°43'16.8"N, 128°10'43.4"E), Hiji, Kunigami Vil., Kunigami County, Okinawa-hont6, Okinawa Pref., Ryfkyis, Japan, 2-3. VII.2016, S. Shimizu et al. leg. (LT) (MNHA); 499, Phou Khoun (19.250697 N, 102.254204 E), Luang Pha- bang, Laos, 21—22.IV.2018, H. Yoshitomi leg. (EUM); 429, Sala Phou Khoun (19°25'7.57"N, 102°25'41.6"E), Luang Phabang, Laos, 21.IV.2018, K. Yasuda leg. (LT) (EUM); 192, Serdang, Malaysia, [X.1979, Khashiyah leg.; 19, Carambola Farm, Serdang, Selangor, Malay- sia, XI.1979; 29 9, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, X (12) and XI (192).1979, I.D. Gauld leg.; 12, Morobe (1,000 m), Wau, Papua New Guinea, X.1979, I.D. Gauld leg. (all NHMUK); 1¢, Chihpen, Taitung, Taiwan, 17-18. 11.1982, L.Y. Chou & K.C. Chou leg. (TARI). Distribution. Australasian, Eastern Palaearctic, and Ori- ental regions (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Figs 2D, 27B—D): GOI = 2.9-3.2; lower face 0.7—0.8x as wide as high; clypeus moderate- ly convex in profile, 1ts lower margin impressed; mandi- ble weakly twisted by 10—20°, moderately long, evenly tapered, its outer surface with a diagonal setose groove between its dorsoproximal corner and base of mandibular apical teeth; upper mandibular tooth 1.2—1.5x as long as lower one; posterior ocellus almost touching eye; antenna with 63—70 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 2.0—2.2~ as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 27E): mesopleuron punctate to rather closely longitudinally striate; scutellum with lateral lon- gitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron punctate to striate; propodeum almost evenly rounded, its posterior area moderately re- ticulate, outer margin of propodeal spiracle joining pleu- ral carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 27F): fore wing with AI = 0.3—0.7, CI = 0.2-0.4, ICI = 0.4-0.6, SDI = 1.2—-1.3; fore wing vein lm-cu&M almost evenly curved to very slightly sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discos- ubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 27F; fenestra of fore wing not very long and its anterodistal corner dis- tinctly separated from proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, separated from distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite absent; distal sclerite absent proximally and weak distally; proximal corner of margin- al cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein 1cu-a antefur- cal to M&RS by 0.1-0.3* Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 27): body including interocellar area en- tirely testaceous; wings hyaline. Differential diagnosis. Enicospilus yonezawanus is one of the most common in the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions and more or less distinctive spe- cies based on some characters, such as mandibular and Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 AE, - Figure 27. Enicospilus yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928), 2. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. dez.pensoft.net 118 clypeal structure, shape of fore wing sclerites, and surface sculpture of mesopleuron, but can be confused with E. kakanicus sp. nov., E. longitarsis, and E. tangi sp. nov. However, FE. yonezawanus is distinguishable from E. ka- kanicus sp. nov. by the complete lateral longitudinal ca- rinae of the scutellum (lateral longitudinal carinae of the scutellum posteriorly absent in E£. kakanicus sp. nov., as in Figure 2F), from E. /ongitarsis and E. tangi sp. nov. by the scattered spines on the outer fore tibial surface (spines rather dense in E. /ongitarsis and E. tangi sp. nov.) and the separated proximal and distal sclerites (Fig. 27F) (proximal and distal sclerites confluent in E. /ongitarsis and E. tangi sp. nov. as in e.g. Figure 25F). Enicospilus zebrus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981* Fig. 28 Enicospilus zebrus Gauld and Mitchell 1981: 406; holotype 9°, Myan- mar, EMUS, examined. Material examined. 89 9304: Nepal (32 9243), Chi- na (29 913’), Myanmar (39 2). Type series: holotype of Enicospilus zebrus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, 9, Mt Victoria (2,800 m), Myanmar, V.1938, G. Heinrich leg. (EMUS); paratypes of E. ze- brus, 222, same data as holotype except for 2,400 m (NHMUK and EMUS). Non-type series: 16, Choche Lekh (3,500 m), Chau- tara Dist., Nepal, 17.VI.1983, G. Robinson leg.; 1, Phulchoki peak (2,700 m), Nepal, X.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 12, Phulchoki (2,500 m), Nepal, [X.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Fig. 28); 19, montane & oak forest (2,760 m), Phulchoki, Nepal, VHI.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 19, Nauling Lekh (9,000'), Gobre, Nepal, VI.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 29 914), Yu Lung Mountain (3,200 m), Likiang, Yunnan, PR. China, 15—21.VI.2009, A.C. Galsworthy leg. (LT) (all NHMUK). Distribution. Oriental region (Yu et al. 2016). Newly recorded from Nepal. Diagnosis. Head (Fig. 28B—D): GOI = 3.0-3.2; lower face 0.6—0.7x as wide as high; clypeus slightly convex in profile, its lower margin acute; mandible weakly twisted by 10—20°, moderately long, proximally tapered and dis- tally more or less parallel sided, its outer surface without a diagonal structure; upper mandibular tooth 1.2—1.3x as long as lower one; posterior ocellus almost touching eye; antenna with 58-61 flagellomeres and 20" flagellomere 2.6—2.7x as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 28E): mesopleuron punctate to rather coarsely longitudinally striate; scutellum with lateral lon- gitudinal carinae reaching posterior end and convergent posteriorly; metapleuron rather coarsely striate; propode- um evenly weakly rounded, its posterior area more or less coarsely irregularly wrinkled with strong posterior trans- verse carina laterally, outer margin of propodeal spiracle joining pleural carina by a ridge. Wings (Fig. 28F): fore wing with AI=0.5, CI =0.3-0.4, ICI = 0.4—0.5, SDI = 1.4—1.5; fore wing vein 1m-cu&M dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus very slightly sinuous, 2r&RS almost straight; fenestra and sclerites of discosubmarginal cell of fore wing as in Figure 28F; fenestra of fore wing very long and its an- terodistal corner very close to proximal end of vein RS; proximal sclerite triangular, confluent with distal one, strongly pigmented; central sclerite moderately pigment- ed and sclerotised, ill-delineated semicircular to oval, its major axis parallel to distal margin of fenestra, positioned in very distal and slightly anterior part of fenestra; distal sclerite entirely moderately pigmented; proximal corner of marginal cell of fore wing uniformly setose; vein lcu-a antefurcal to M&RS by 0.1 Icu-a length. Colour (Fig. 28): body entirely black with pale yellow patterns, interocellar area not infuscate; wings hyaline but fore wing with three strongly infumate areas around an- terocentral part of discosubmarginal cell, proximal part of second discal cell, and central part of marginal cell. Differential diagnosis. Gauld and Mitchell (1981) suggested that F. zebrus is related to the E. signativentris species-group and very close to E. biumbratus (Morley, 1912) on body and wing colour pattern as well as other characters, but E. zebrus is distinguished from FE. bium- bratus by many characters, such as the longer fore wing fenestra (Fig. 28F), smaller and semicircular to oval cen- tral sclerite (Fig. 28F), etc. Species inquirendae and pending taxonomic acts Some morphospecies and species-groups listed below are tentatively treated as species inquirendae pending taxonomic acts. Two morphospecies (Enicospilus sp. 1 (Fig. 29) and Enicospilus sp. 2 (Fig. 30)) are likely to be undescribed species, but the only available specimens are in poor condition, so they are not be described here. Also, the E. erythrocerus species-group is currently taxonomi- cally challenging. Type specimens must be re-examined and integrative taxonomic methods should be included to delimit and redefine species. Three morphospecies are included in Nepalese specimens of the FE. erythrocerus group (Fig. 31), and at least one of these 1s potentially an undescribed species. Enicospilus sp. 1 Fig. 29 Material examined. | unsexed: Nepal. 1 unsexed, Phulchoki (2,000 m), Nepal, VHI.1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (NHMUK) (Fig. 29). Comments. The mandibular structure of this species in- dicates it is associated with the E. ramidulus complex. En- icospilus sp. 1 does not key out to any species in Gauld and Mitchell’s (1981) and Tang’s (1990) keys and is possibly an undescribed species. It may potentially be found to be closely related to E. choui Tang, 1990 or E. sinicus Tang, 1990. However, only one broken specimen is known, so I tentatively treat this species as a species inquirenda. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 BN view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Enicospilus sp. 2 Fig. 30 Material examined. 1: Nepal. 14, Terai (200 m), Chitwan, Nepal, 12—13.III.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (NHMUK) (Fig. 30). Comments. The material examined is not in bad con- dition except for incomplete antennae. However, antennal Figure 28. Enicospilus zebrus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, 9. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal Aline) characters are often useful and important for distinguish- ing Enicospilus species, as previous studies suggested (e.g. Broad and Shaw 2016). Therefore, antennae should be complete to describe a new species. The affinities of this species are not clear, but, as with Enicospilus sp. 1, tt also does not key out to any species in Gauld and Mitchell’s (1981) or Tang’s (1990) keys, in- dicating that it is potentially an undescribed species. dez.pensoft.net 120 So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Figure 29. Enicospilus sp. 1, unsexed, 2. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Meso- soma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. Enicospilus erythrocerus species-group Fig. 31 Material examined. 89 91944: Nepal. 1914, Godaveri (1,550-1,700 m), Nepal, VI (1), IX (12).1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 14, Chauta- dez.pensoft.net sa (6,000'), Nepal, 24.1X.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (Fig. 31A, B); 192, Kakani (2,070 m), Nepal, VI.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 19, secondary vegetation (1,500 m), Kathmandu, Nepal, 10.VI.1984, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 14, Godaveri (1,550—-1,700 m), Nepal, 5.VII.1984, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Fig. 31C, D); 19, Kakani Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 121 Figure 30. Enicospilus sp. 2, @. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. dez.pensoft.net 122 F Figure 31. Nepalese specimens of the Enicospilus erythrocerus species-group spp. A-B. 3 from Chautasa: A. habitus, B. central part of fore wing; C-D. ¢ from Godaveri: C. habitus, D. central part of fore wing; E-F. 2 from Kathmandu: E. habitus, F. central part of fore wing. (2,070 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Allen leg. (LT); 3991594, Kathmandu (1,300 m), Nepal, X (30), XI (3991294).1982, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (Fig. 31E, F, 12); 19, Kakani (2,070 m), Nepal, VII.1983, M.G. Al- len leg. (LT); 14, Pokhara (950 m), Nepal, M.G. Allen leg. (LT) (all NHMUK). Comments. The E. erythrocerus species-group is moderately large and one of the most taxonomically confusing groups within Enicospilus. It consists of rath- er large wasps with the fore wing fenestra lacking any trace of sclerites, SDI more than 1.2, lateral longitudi- nal carinae of the scutellum almost always reaching the posterior end, moderately sized fore wing fenestra, etc. In this study, I examined 27 Nepalese specimens of this Species-group and recognised at least three morphospe- cies (Fig. 31). However, further research is needed to identify or describe them. Therefore, I tentatively treat all specimens of the FE. erythrocerus species-group as Species inquirenda. dez.pensoft.net So Shimizu: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus ee ~~, 49 = - ten x -— = Discussion Many species of Nepalese Enicospilus were recognised from middle elevations, and the median value of eleva- tion for 83% of Nepalese Enicospilus fauna is between 950—2,070 m (Fig. 32). These species are generally widely distributed in the mountainous areas of the (sub)tropical Oriental region and, in some species, such as E. /ineola- tus and E. yonezawanus, also in the Eastern Palaearctic region. On the other hand, three species (i.e. E. capensis, E. kanshirensis, and E. pudibundae) have been collected only at lower elevations, from 200-330 m (Fig. 32). These Species are also widely distributed in the Oriental region, as with the middle-elevation species, and in particular E. capensis 1s a very widespread Old World species known from the Afrotropical, Australasian, Oceanic, and Oriental regions (Gauld and Mitchell 1981). However, E. zebrus has been collected only at higher elevations (Fig. 32), above 2,500 m, suggesting that this species is restricted Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 67 (1) 2020, 69-126 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 Elevation (m) 1500 1000 500 E. capensis E, nepalensis E. nikami E. biharensis E. ashbyi -— 5 3 4 $ = a) E, phulchokiensis E. pseudantennatus E. kanshirensis E, pudibundae E.grammospilus E. flavocephalus 123 Figure 32. Elevational distribution pattern of the Enicospilus in Nepal. to the northern high-elevational margin of the continen- tal Oriental region and endemic to the southern slope and eastern highlands of the Himalayas. This is a preliminary study of the Nepalese fauna of Enicospilus, as well as of Ophioninae; the sample size is small and the sampling bias of the materials used in the present study is not known, but trends of elevational distribution patterns are indicat- ed. These elevational and distribution patterns of Nepalese Enicospilus species are fairly consistent with those pro- posed by Gauld and Mitchell (1981) and Gauld (1985a). The Nepalese fauna of Enicospilus has trebled through this study, even though it 1s a preliminary work. Based on Species represented by more than two specimens, no en- demicity of the Nepalese fauna is recognised, with most species common to other Oriental countries. Moreover, several common Oriental Enicospilus species, such as E. abdominalis (Szépligeti, 1906), E. aciculatus (Taschen- berg, 1875), E. concentralis Cushman, 1937, E. dasychi- rae Cameron, 1905, E. dolosus (Tosquinet, 1896), E. ex- aggeratus Chiu, 1954, E. nigropectus Cameron, 1905, E. riukiuensis (Matsumura & Uchida, 1926), FE. shinkanus (Uchida, 1928) and E. signativentris (Tosquinet, 1903), have not been found in Nepal yet, but they may be pres- ent in the country. Considering the Enicospilus fauna of adjacent areas of Nepal and that of the Old World, at least 60 species are potentially found in Nepal. Therefore, ad- ditional studies and greater sampling efforts are needed to reveal the true Enicospilus diversity in Nepal. “ 2&8 & S = 2 ef eS § 8 8 § & € € = § § a ao0 ‘Se ye Sek Se ee cSt + bers 8. wt os & €© 38 &8& |. Ss 38 2 8 Sie be ze 2£ &§ € S& B® 2 § §$ & B&B F tj 5s 8 = so ms 2 § § & 5 "JS s "8 me ew MN Pe > og 2 op Msn & EF yy Ry os *, = > A rates Q a kj I thank José Fernandez-Triana, Kazuhiko Konishi, Davide Dal Pos, and Kyohei Watanabe for reviewing and commenting the manuscript of this paper; Gavin Broad (NHMUK) for commenting on and checking the English grammar on an early draft of this paper; Akihiko Shinohara (NSMT), Andrew Bennett (CNC), Chi-Feng Lee (TARI), David Wahl (EMUS), Hiraku Yoshitake (NIAES), Hiroyuki Yoshitomi (EUM), José Fernandez-Triana (CNC), Junsuke Yamasako (NIAES), Kazuhiko Konishi (EUM), Masahiro Ohara (SEHU), Shinichi Yoshimatsu (NIAES), Yoshiaki Hashimo- to (MNHA), and Yoshihiro Senda (HMNH) for their kind help during investigations in collections; Alessan- dro Rodrigues Lima (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) for providing photos of the type of E. grammospilus, Hiroaki Fujikawa (Okina- wa), Masato Ito (Ké6be University), and Y6to Komeda (Kytshti University) for their kind help during field- work in Okinawa, Japan; and finally my parents, Mr Ryo Shimizu and Ms Yumiko Shimizu (Niigata), for encouraging my Darwin wasp studies. This research is partially supported by the Grant-in- Aid for JSPS Fellows (Grant Number 18J20333) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the JSPS Overseas Challenge Program for Young Researchers to carry out research at NHMUK. dez.pensoft.net 124 References Agassiz LJR (1846) Nomenclator zoologicus, index universalis. Jent et Gassman, Soloduri, 1135 pp. Alvarado M (2014) Revision of the South American wasp genus A/opho- Phion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae). Revista Peruana de Biologia 21(1): 3-60. https://doi.org/10.15381/ rpb.v21i1.8245 Ashmead WH (1900) Classification of the Jchneumon flies, or the super- family Ichneumonoidea. Proceedings of the United States National Mu- seum 23(1206): 1-220. https://do1.org/10.5479/si.00963801.23-1206.1 Ashmead WH (1904) A list of Hymenoptera of the Philippine Islands with descriptions of new species. Journal of the New York Entomo- logical Society 12: 1-22. 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