Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (1) 2022, 151-164 | DOI 10.3897/zse.98.83109 ae BERLIN Phylogenetic relationships of a new catfish of the genus 7richomycterus (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) from the Brazilian Cerrado, and the role of Cenozoic events in the diversification of mountain catfishes Wilson J. E. M. Costa!, José Leonardo O. Mattos!, Wagner M. S. Sampaio’, Patricia Giongo’, Frederico B. de Almeida?, Axel M. Katz! 1 Laboratory of Systematics and Evolution of Teleost Fishes, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68049, CEP 21941-971, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2 Instituto de Pesquisa em Fauna Neotropical, Vigosa, MG, Brazil 3 Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Vigosa, Vigosa, MG, Brazil http://zoobank.org/F75C5C03-4C7E-4A F6-BD19-AF4182AFC24A Corresponding author: Wilson J. E. M. Costa (wcosta@acd.ufr].br) Academic editor: Nicolas Hubert # Received 4 March 2022 # Accepted 5 May 2022 # Published 23 May 2022 Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado highlands shelter the headwaters of the three largest South American hydrographic basins, where a great Species diversity is concentrated, but some biological groups are still insufficiently known. The focal taxa of this study are trichomycterid catfishes of the subgenus Cryptocambeva, genus Trichomycterus, endemic to mountain areas of south-eastern Brazil. The primary objective of this study is to test through a molecular phylogeny if a new species collected in streams of the upper Rio Parana basin draining the Serra da Canastra is sister to 7? macrotrichopterus, endemic to the upper Rio Sao Francisco at another facet of the Serra da Canastra, as suggested by morphological data. The analysis corroborated sister group relationships between these two species, besides supporting four main clades in Cryptocambeva, each of them endemic to distinct mountain regions. A time-calibrated analysis supported the divergence timing between the new species and 7: macrotrichopterus at the Pliocene, which is chronologically compatible with the final period of intense fluvial configuration re-arrangement, when So Francisco headwater streams were captured by the Parana basin. The new species herein described is similar to 7’ macrotrichopterus and distinguished from all other species of Cryptocambeva by having a long pectoral-fin filament. These two species are distinguished from each other by characteristics of the latero-sensory system, colour pattern and bone morphology. Key Words molecular systematics, mountain biodiversity, osteology, paleo-drainages, Rio Parana basin Introduction Studies on the Cerrado biota have quickly increased since the 1980s (Oliveira and Marquis 2002). However, some groups are still insufficiently known, including mountain catfishes of the Trichomycterinae (hereafter trichomyc- terines), the largest subfamily of the Neotropical siluri- form family Trichomycteridae (Katz et al. 2018; Costa and Katz 2021). Trichomycterines occur in all areas of the Cerrado, but they are particularly diverse in mountain ranges of south-eastern Brazil (Costa 1992: Triques and Vono 2004; Alencar and Costa 2006; Barbosa and Costa 2010; Costa and Katz 2021; Costa et al. 2021a, b). The great trichomycterine species diversity concentrated in mountain ranges of south-eastern Brazil is probably a consequence of the past Cenozoic scenario, characterised by intense re-arrangements of the hydrographic systems due to generalised uplift during the Neogene (Riccomini et al. 2004; Valadaéo 2009). Events of drainage capture by neighbouring basins were frequent Copyright Costa, W.J.E.M. et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 152 Costa, W.J.E.M. et al.: Relationships of a new catfish from the Brazilian Cerrado until the Pliocene (Rezende et al. 2018), probably shaping the distribution pattern of fish species (Costa and Katz 2021; Costa et al. 2022a, b).Substantial evidence supports the upper and middle sections of the Rio Grande drainage, presently a main tributary of the upper Rio Parana basin, as being formerly connected to the Rio Sao Francisco basin, a configuration that was changed after the capture of the Rio Grande drainage by the Rio Parana basin during the Middle Miocene (Rezende et al. 2018). The main focus of this study is an undescribed species of Trichomycterus, subgenus Cryptocambeva_ Costa, 2021, from the upper Rio Araguari drainage, upper Rio Parana basin. Cryptocambeva comprises 16 species and is diagnosable by a unique morphology of the latero- posterior portion of the neurocranium and adjacent posterior region, including a relatively small posttemporo- supracleithrum separated by large interspaces from adjacent bones, and a narrow and long lateral extremity of the pterotic, with its tip extending beyond the lateral margin of the neurocranium (Costa 2021). The new taxon here described exhibits a long pectoral-fin filament, suggesting it is closely related to 7’ macrotrichopterus Barbosa & Costa, 2010, the only other species of Cryptocambeva having a similar long filament (Barbosa and Costa 2010). More interestingly, these two species were only found in rivers drainages separated by the Serra da Canastra, a mountain range of about 3,000 km? that is part of a series of mountain ranges situated between the upper Rio Parana and upper Rio Sao Francisco basins. The northeastern facet of the Serra da Canastra is a major watershed divide between the headwaters of the Rio Araguari drainage, of the Rio Paranaiba drainage, upper Rio Parana basin, where the new taxon was found, and the headwaters of the main course of the Rio Sao Francisco basin, where can be found the type locality of 7. macrotrichopterus (Costa & Barbosa, 2010). The primary objectives of this study are to perform a multigene phylogenetic analysis to test the phylogenet- ic positioning of the new taxon and to provide a formal description to it. The secondary objective is to conduct a dating analysis in order to establish if the estimated divergence timing for Cryptocambeva lineages from south-eastern Brazil is compatible with the available model for the temporal drainage network evolution. Materials and methods Specimens Material used in this study included specimens previously deposited in ichthyological collections: Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), and Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo (MZUSP); and specimens collected in recent field studies using small dip nets (40 X 30 cm) and sieves (diameter 40-60 cm), and deposited in Centro de Ciéncias Agrarias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhao (CICCAA). Collecting zse.pensoft.net permits were given by ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conserva¢ao da Biodiversidade; permit numbers: 76588- land 38553-11) and IEF (Instituto Estadual de Florestas; permit number: 040/2020). Photographs of live specimens here presented were taken between about one-and-a- half hours and three hours after fish capture. Euthanasia followed methods approved by CEUA-CCS-UFRJ (Ethics Committee for Animal Use of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; permit number: 065/18), using a buffered solution of tricaine methane sulphonate (MS-222) at a concentration of 250 mg/L, following AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) Guidelines (Leary et al. 2013) and the European Commission DGXI consensus for fish euthanasia (Close et al. 1996, 1997). Specimens were fixed in formalin for two weeks, and subsequently preserved in 70% ethanol, except specimens used in molecular analysis that were fixed in absolute ethanol. Comparative material is mainly deposited in UFRJ, but also includes specimens deposited in MZUSP, as well as in Museu de Ciéncias e Tecnologia, Pontificia Universidade Catolica, Porto Alegre (MCP), Muséum national d’ Histoire Natural, Paris (MNHN), and Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ): Trichomycterus brasiliensis Litken, 1874: MNHN 9575, 1 syntype (photograph); MNHN 18890303, 1 syntype (radiograph); UFRJ 4833, 5 ex.; UFRJ 4834, 3 ex. (C&S); UFRJ 4923, 2 ex.; UFRJ 4223, 2 ex.; Rio das Velhas basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus brunoi Barbosa & Costa, 2010: UFRJ 6030, holotype; UFRJ 5649, 11 paratypes; UFRJ 5658, 5 paratypes (C&S); UFRJ 5660, 2 paratypes; Rio Itabapoana basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus candidus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1949): MNRJ 5209, holotype; MNRJ 11762, 14 paratypes; MNRJ 5356, 21 ex.; UFRJ 4926, 31 ex.; UFRJ 4928, 5 ex. (C&S); Rio Grande basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus claudiae Barbosa & Costa, 2010: UFRJ 6027, holotype; UFRJ 5684, 9 paratypes; UFRJ 5685, 3 paratypes (C&S); Rio Paraiba do Sul basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus fuliginosus Barbosa & Costa, 2010: UFRJ 6029, holotype; UFRJ 718, 5 paratypes; UFRJ 5207, 2 paratypes (C&S); UFRJ 3248, 1 paratype; MNRJ 18177, 7 (4 C&S) paratypes; Rio Paraiba do Sul basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus giarettai Barbosa & Katz, 2016: UFRJ 10109, holotype; UFRJ 9676, 8 paratypes; UFRJ 9739, 3 paratypes (C&S); Rio Paranaiba basin, central Brazil. Trichomycterus macrotrichopterus Barbosa & Costa, 2010: UFRJ 6031, holotype; UFRJ 5775, 3 paratypes; UFRJ 5776, 2 (C&S); UFRJ 8354, 1 ex.; upper Rio Sao Francisco basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus mariamole Barbosa & Costa, 2010: UFRJ 6026, holotype; UFRJ 5666, 17 paratypes; UFRJ 5142, 15 paratypes; UFRJ 5400, 3 paratypes (C&S); UFRJ 5401, 3 paratypes (C&S); UFRJ 5247, 15 paratypes; UFRJ 5688, 6 paratypes; UFRJ 7609, 4 ex; UFRJ 7604, 6 ex; UFRJ 1147, 2 ex.; Rio Paraiba do Sul basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus mimonha Costa, 1992: MZUSP 43343, holotype; MZUSP 43344,7 paratypes; UFRJ 641, 7 paratypes; UFRJ 5209, 1 ex. (C&S); UFRJ 4731, 22 ex.; UFRJ 5665, 2 ex.; Rio Paraiba do Sul basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus mirissumba Costa, 1992: UFRJ ito Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (1) 2022, 151-164 642,3 paratypes; UFRJ 4729,12 ex.; UFRJ 4730, 5 ex. (C&S); UFRJ 1300, 5 ex.; UFRJ 3391, 2 ex.; UFRJ 4729, 12 ex.; UFRJ 10486, 3 ex.; UFRJ 11843, 1 ex.; UFRJ 11656, 1 ex.; UFRJ 3864, 1 ex.; UFRJ 11677, 4; UFRJ 1638, 1 ex.; UFRJ 3366, 7 ex.; UFRJ 4100, 2 ex.; Rio Paraiba do Sul basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus potschi Barbosa & Costa, 2003: MCP 29061, holotype; UFRJ 4727, 11 paratypes; MCP 29062, 2 paratypes; UFRJ 4728, 5 paratypes (C&S); UFRJ 1636, 2 ex.; UFRJ 11002, 17 ex.; UFRJ 719, 10 ex.; Rio de Janeiro coastal river basins, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus novalimensis Barbosa & Costa, 2010: MZUSP 104536, holotype; MZUSP 37145, 15 paratypes; Rio das Velhas basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus rubiginosus Barbosa & Costa, 2010: MZUSP 104537, holotype; MZUSP 37168, 20 paratypes; Rio Paraopeba basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus vermiculatus (Eigenmann, 1917): FMNH 58077, holotype (x-rays); UFRJ 11787, 21 ex.; UFRJ 6095, 3 ex.; UFRJ 5462, 8 ex.; UFRJ 5465, 3 ex. (C&S); UFRJ 5463, 3 ex. (C&S); UFRJ 12564, 1 ex.; UFRJ 12563, 1 ex.; UFRJ 5464, 4 ex.; UFRJ 582, 12 ex.; UFRJ 7241, 2 ex.; UFRJ 3592, 16 ex.; UFRJ 571, 1 ex.; UFRJ 1143, 4 ex.; UFRJ 1131, 5 ex.; UFRJ 720, 3 ex.; Rio Paraiba do Sul basin, southeastern Brazil. Morphological data Measurements were made using landmarks proposed by Costa (1992) as modified by Costa et al. (2020a) and presented as percent of standard length (SL), or head length in measurements of head parts. Fin-ray counts and formulae were according to Bockmann and Sazima (2004), modified by Costa et al. (2020a), in which lower case Roman numerals indicate procurrent unsegmented unbranched rays of unpaired fins, upper case Roman nu- merals indicate segmented unbranched rays of any fin, and Arabic numerals indicate segmented branched rays of any fin. Vertebra counts included all free vertebrae, considering the compound caudal centrum as a single element. Taylor and Van Dyke’s (1985) methodology was used to clear and stain specimens for osteological examination. Osteological terminology followed Costa (2021), and latero-sensory system terminology followed Arratia and Huaquin’s (1995) pore nomenclature, mod- ified by Bockmann and Sazima (2004). Illustrations of bones were made in a stereomicroscope Zeiss Stemi SV 6 with camera lucida. Bone landmark measurements were according to Costa and Katz (2021). Comparative materi- al is listed in Costa (2021). DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing DNA was extracted from muscle tissues of the caudal peduncle, using DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen), according to manufacturer’s protocol. Amplification of DNA fragments was made using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, with primers RAG2 TRICHO F and RAG2 TRICHO R (Costa et al. 2020b), and RAG2 MCF and RAG2 MCR (Cramer et al. 2011) for nuclear gene recombination activating 2 (RAG2); Cytb Siluri F and Cytb Siluri R (Villa- Verde et al. 2012) for the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b (CYTB); and ND4 H3 L11935 and H12857 (Palumbi et al. 1991) for the mitochondrial gene NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4). Double-stranded PCR amplifications were made in 60 ul reactions with reagents at the following concentrations: 5x GreenGoTaq Reaction Buffer (Promega), 3.2 mm MgCl2, 1 um of each primer, 75 ng of total genomic DNA, 0.2 mm of each dNTP and 1 U of standard Taq polymerase or Promega GoTaq Hot Start polymerase. The thermocycling profile was: initial denaturation for 2-5 min at 94-95 °C; 35 cycles of denaturation for 0.5— 1 min at 94-95 °C, annealing for 1—1.5 min at 45—52 °C and extension for 1—1.5 min at 72 °C; and terminal extension for 4-8 min at 72 °C. In all PCR reactions, negative controls without DNA were used to check contaminations. The PCR products were purified using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega). Sequencing reactions were made using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Mix (Applied Biosystems). Cycle sequencing reactions were performed in 20 ul reaction volumes containing 4 ul BigDye, 2 ul sequencing buffer 5x (Applied Biosystems), 2 wl of the amplified products (10 -40 ng), 2 ul primer and 10 wl deionized water. The thermocycling profile was as follows: (1) 35 cycles of 10 s at 96 °C, 5s at 54 °C and 4 min at 60 °C. Phylogenetic analyses The new species and twelve species representing all lineages of Cryptocambeva were included as terminal taxa in the analyses, besides four trichomycterine out-groups: Trichomycterus albinotatus Costa, 1992, a member of the subgenus Humboldtglanis Costa, 2021 that is sister to Cryptocambeva (Costa 2021); Trichomycterus nigricans Velenciennes, 1832, a distantly related species (Costa 2021); Cambeva cf. cubataonis (Bizerril, 1994), a member of the clade sister to Trichomycterus s.s. (Katz et al. 2018); and ‘7richomycterus’ areolatus Valenciennes, 1846, a trichomycterine that is distantly related to Trichomycterus s.s. (Katz et al. 2018). GenBank accession numbers are provided in the Suppl. material 1: Tables S1, S2. Alignment was conducted in Clustal W (Chenna et al. 2003) algorithm implemented in MEGAX (Kumar et al. 2018). No gap was found in alignments. The concatenated dataset was 2545 pb (1033 for CYTB, 693 for ND4, 819 for RAG2). This dataset was first analysed using a Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach in IQTREE 1.6.12 (Nguyen et al. 2015; Trifinopoulos et al. 2016), with partitions including each codon position for each gene, for which the best-fitting models as of molecular evolution, as described by Chernomor et al. (2016), were calculated using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) of ModelFinder (Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017), zse.pensoft.net 154 Costa, W.J.E.M. et al.: Relationships of a new catfish from the Brazilian Cerrado implemented in IQ-TREE. The list of partitions and their respective models of nucleotide substitution appear in the Suppl. material 1: Tables S1, S2. Three methods for assessing the reliability of internal branches were used in the ML analysis: the Shimodaira-Hasegawa- like procedure support (SH-aLRT; Guindon et al. 2010), the Bayesian-like transformation of SH-aLRT support (aBayes; Anisimova et al. 2011) and the ultrafast bootstrap support (UFBoot; Minh et al. 2013; Hoang et al. 2018), using 1000 replicates and default parameters as implemented in IQ-TREE. The concatenated dataset was additionally analysed using Bayesian Inference (BI) with Mrbayes 3.2.5 (Ron- quist et al. 2012), using the best partition scheme and best-fit models of substitution (Suppl. material 1: Tables S1, S2) identified according to the Bayesian information criterion (BIC; Schwarz 1978) of PartitionFinder 2.1.1 (Lanfear et al. 2016), with the following parameters: two independent Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) runs of two chains each for 30 million generations, with a tree sampling frequency of every 1000 generations. The convergence of the MCMC chains and the burn-in value were assessed by evaluating the stationary phase of the chains using Tracer 1.7.1 (Rambaut et al. 2018). The BI final consensus tree and the Bayesian posterior probabili- ties were generated with the remaining tree samples after removing the first 25% samples as burn-in. Divergence-time estimation Terminal taxa were the same as above, but including additional outgroups: the trichomycterines Scleronema minutum (Boulenger, 1891) and /tuglanis boitata Ferrer, Donin & Malabarba, 2015; Microcambeva ribeirae Costa, Lima & Bizerril, 2004, a member of the Microcambevinae that is sister to the Trichomycterinae (Costa et al. 2020b); Trichogenes longipinnis, a basal trichomycterid (Katz et al. 2018); Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus, 1758), a member of the loricarioid family Callichtyidae; Nematogenys inermes (Guichenot, 1848), the sister group to all other loricarioids (Betancur-R et al. 2015); and Diplomystes nahuelbutaensis Arratia, 1987, a basal member of the clade sister to the Loricarioidei (Sullivan et al. 2006; Betancur-R et al. 2015), Cambeva cf cubataonis Trichomycterus nigricans Trichomycterus albinotatu 747179 0.88 g9g/*/* * 73/-/60 96/*/98 * iad al al 0.02 98/*/96 omycterus cf candidus SMM-clade — Trichomycterus macrotrichopterus a Trichomycterus araxa CAN-clade r— Trichomycterus fuliginosus | | a \— Trichomycterus brunoi NMM-clade | } - Tri -homyctonus brasiliensis 3 omycterus rubiginosus : erus novalimensis ESP-clade Trichomycterus mimonha Cryptocambeva Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree generated by Maximum Likelihood analysis for 13 species of Cryptocambeva and four trichomycterine outgroups (most external out-group, ‘7richomycterus’ areolatus, not depicted in the figure), using a multigene data set (CYTB, ND4 and RAG2, total of 2545 bp); numbers above branches are: SH-aLRT support (%) / aBayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support (%); numbers below branches are posterior probabilities from the Bayesian Inference; asterisks indicate maximum support values; minus sign indicate support values below 0.8 for aBayes support and posterior probability, and below 50% for SH-aLRT support and ultrafast bootstrap support. CAN-clade means Canastra clade; ESP-clade, Espinhaco clade; NMM-clade, northern Mantiqueira-Mar clade, and SMM-clade, southern Mantiqueira-Mar clade. zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (1) 2022, 151-164 in which the analysis was rooted. DNA markers were the same as above; in addition, the best partition scheme and best-fit models were also calculated as above. The analysis was performed in BEAST v.1.10.4 (Suchard et al. 2018) using a relaxed molecular clock approach (uncorrelated relaxed molecular clock), and a Birth-Death process for the tree prior (Gernhard 2008). A single secondary calibration point was placed at the stem of the clade Trichomycteridae (normal prior distribution with mean age of 103.2 Mya, minimum age of 100.3 Mya, and standard deviation 1.5), an age estimated by Betancur-R et al. (2015). Two independent runs of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), each runs with 50 x10° generations were performed with sample frequency of 1000. The value of parameters of the analyses, convergence of the MCMC chains, effective sample size and the stationary distribution were evaluated using Tracer v. 1.7.1. Generated trees were combined in LogCombiner v.1.10.4 (Suchard et al. 2018) after applying a burn-in of the first 25% in each run. TreeAnnotator v.1.10.4 (Suchard et al. 2018) was used to obtain the maximum credibility tree and posterior probabilities. Taxonomic accounts Osteological structures included in the description are those that have informative variability to diagnose species of the eastern South American trichomycterine clade (e.g. Costa et 1 - Trichomycterus brasiliensis 2 - Trichomycterus brunoi 3 - Trichomycterus candidus 14 - Trichomycterus claudiae 5 - Trichomycterus fuliginosus 6 - Trichomycterus giarettai 7 - Trichomycterus maracaya 8 - Trichomycterus mariamole | 9 - Trichomycterus mimonha 10 - Trichomycterus mirissumba | 11 - Thichomycterus macrotrichopterus | 12 - Trichomycterus novalimensis 13 - Trichomycterus pirabitira 14 - Trichomycterus potschi 1 15 - Trichomycterus rubiginosus || 16 - Trichomycterus vermiculatus | 3 - Trichomycterus araxa (type location) i tk - Trichom cterus araxa _ ft 155 al. 2021c), comprising the mesethmoid and adjacent bones, jaw suspensorium and adjacent opercular bones, and the parurohyal. In the list of specimens, C&S means specimens cleared and stained for osteological examination. Geograph- ical names are not tentatively translated to English, but fol- low Portuguese regional terms, making easier field identifi- cation and avoiding common errors when translating them. Results Phylogenetic analyses and divergence dating The phylogenetic analyses generated identical trees, which corroborated the new taxon as sister to TL. macrotrichopterus with high support values (Fig. 1). Like in previous analyses (e.g. Costa 2021), Trichomycterus mimonha Costa, 1992 appeared as sister to a clade containing all other species belonging to Cryptocambeva. This inclusive clade comprises four major well-supported clades that are geographically disjunct (Fig. 2): 1) the southern Mantiqueira-Mar clade (hereafter SMM-clade), comprising species endemic to river basins draining the southern Serra da Mantiqueira and the adjacent portion of the Serra do Mar; 2) the Canastra clade (hereafter CAN-clade), sister to the SMM-clade and comprising species endemic to the river basins draining the Serra da Canastra; 3) the northern Figure 2. Geographical distribution of Cryptocambeva. CAN-clade means Canastra clade; ESP-clade, Espinha¢go clade; NMM- clade, northern Mantiqueira-Mar clade, and SMM-clade, southern Mantiqueira-Mar clade. zse.pensoft.net 156 Costa, W.J.E.M. et al.: Relationships of a new catfish from the Brazilian Cerrado 77.69 1.33 Trichomycterus claudiae 1.75|- Trichomycterus potschi 2.031. Trichomycterus mirissumba 3.71 | Trichomycterus cf candidus A Trichomycterus pirabitira 39] Irichomycterus araxa 5.4 i Trichomycterus macrotrichopterus 6.291| 1.17 Trichomycterus fuliginosus _ Trichomycterus brunoi Trichomycterus brasiliensis Trichomycterus rubiginosus Trichomycterus novalimensis Trichomycterus mimonha Trichomycterus albinotatus Trichomycterus nigricans Cambeva cf cubataonis 7.95) [1-740 13.46, | 297 tan|_| __24.82 bs 31.28 | a Scleronema minutum 52.38 20.65 ——— ‘Trichomycterus’ areolatus Ituglanis boitata Microcambeva ribeirae Trichogenes longipinnis Callichthys callichthys Nematogenys inermis Diplomystes nahuelbutaensis 50 25 0) Figure 3. Time-scaled maximum credibility tree obtained from the Bayesian analysis in Beast for 13 species of Cryptocambeva and 11 outgroups, using a multigene data set (CYTB, ND4 and RAG2, total of 2545 bp). Numbers above the branches indicates the average age of the nodes and bars represent the 95% highest posterior densities intervals for the ages. Red dots indicate the nodes with posterior probabilities values inferior to 80. The time scale is express in millions of years. Mantiqueira-Mar clade (hereafter NMM-clade), sister to the SMM-clade plus CAN-clade, and comprising species endemic to the river basins draining the northern Serra da Mantiqueira and the adjacent portion of the Serra do Mar; 4) and the Espinhaco clade (hereafter ESP- clade), sister to the SMM-clade plus CAN-clade plus NMM-clade, and comprising species endemic to the river basins draining the Serra do Espinhaco (Fig. 1). The time-calibrated analysis (Fig. 3) indicated an initial diversification of Cryptocambeva, with the splitting of 7. mimonha and the clade containing the remaining species of the genus, during the Late Miocene, at about 8 Ma. According to the analysis, the divergence between the new species and 7! macrotrichopterus occurred during the Pliocene, at about 4 Ma. Taxonomical accounts Trichomycterus araxa sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/367D112A-6969-43 16-8456-D7AA9DE987AE Figs 4-7, 8A-C, Table 1 Holotype. UFRJ 7029, 53.6 mm SL; Brazil: Minas Gerais State: Araxa Municipality: stream tributary to Rio Capi- vara, a tributary of Rio Quebra Anzol, a tributary of the Rio Araguari subdrainage, Rio Paranaiba drainage, Rio Parana basin, at Reserva Particular do Patrim6nio Natural Sao Sebastiao, 19°40'26"S, 47°02'24"W, about 970 m asl; A.M. Katz et al., 3 November 2021. zse.pensoft.net Paratypes. All from Brazil: Minas Gerais State: Araxa Municipality: Rio Araguari subdrainage, Rio Paranaiba drainage, Rio Parana basin. UFRJ 7030, 18 ex., 28.1- 60.7 mm SL; CICCAA 05603, 10 ex., 28.5—-56.3 mm SL; all collected with holotype. - UFRJ 7031, 3 ex. (C&S), 36.7—57.7 mm SL; about 1.7 km below the type local- ity, 19°40'02"S, 47°01'34"W, about 940 m asl; W.MLS. Sampaio et al., 5 August 2021. - MZUSP 114937, 9 ex., 19.6-64.0 mm SL; stream tributary to Rio Quebra An- zol, 19°36'27"S, 46°54'57"W, about 983 m asl; O.T. Oyakawa et al., 26 June 2013. - MZUSP 114925, 15 ex., 14.4-55.2 mm SL; stream tributary to Rio Quebra Anzol at Araxa City, 19°35'37"S, 46°52'57"W, about 963 m asl; O.T. Oyakawa et al., 25 June 2013. - MZUSP 114918, 13 ex., 16.4-52.4 mm SL; stream tributary to Rio Que- bra Anzol near Santuario Nossa Senhora de Fatima, 19°35'56"S, 46°54'51"W, about 1020 m asl; O.T. Oyaka- wa et al., 26 June 2013. Additional specimens (non-types). MZUSP 109239, 2 ex.; Domo de Salitre; L.F. Salvador & M.J. Pozza, no date. Diagnosis. 7richomycterus araxa is distinguished from all other species of the subgenus Cryptocambeva by the presence of a black median longitudinal stripe on the caudal fin in juvenile specimens below about 40 mm SL (Fig. 6; vs. black median longitudinal stripe always absent). Trichomycterus araxa differs from all other species of Cryptocambeva, except T. macrotrichopterus, by having a long pectoral-fin filament, its length about 40-60% of pectoral-fin length in specimens about 50 mm SL or larger (vs. short, about Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (1) 2022, 151-164 A = . a i 157 dies si oe ae © _* aa 9 aie. th r att | 3 4 Bs = . 2, 4 i. FF aid Figure 4. Trichomycterus araxa sp. nov., holotype, UFRJ 7029, 53.6 mm SL A. Left lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. Ventral view. 5—20%). Trichomycterus araxa is also distinguished from TY macrotrichopterus by the presence of the anterior infraorbital canal, supported by an elliptical antorbital (Fig. 8A; vs. anterior infraorbital canal absent, antorbital circular, Fig. 8D), a moderately deep opercular odontode patch (Fig. 8B; vs. slender, Fig. 8E), posterior margin of the metapterygoid, anterior margin of the hyomandibula anterior outgrowth and dorso-posterior margin of the quadrate slightly curved (Fig. 8B; vs. strongly waved, Fig. 8E), and absence of a prominent projection on the lateral margin of the lateral ethmoid, ventrally overlapping the sesamoid supraorbital (Fig. 8A; vs. presence, Fig. 8C). Description. General morphology (Figs 4—7). Morpho- metric data appear in Table 1. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical, slightly depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth at vertical immediately anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, about straight on caudal peduncle. Anus and urogenital papilla at vertical just an- terior to middle of dorsal-fin base. Head sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view. Anterior profile of snout slightly convex in dorsal view. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, about equidistant from mouth and posterior border of opercle. Posterior nostril nearer anterior nostril than orbit. Tip of nasal barbel posteriorly reaching opercle or area slightly zse.pensoft.net 158 Costa, W.J.E.M. et al.: Relationships of a new catfish from the Brazilian Cerrado Figure 5. Live holotype of Trichomycterus araxa sp. nov., UFRJ 7029, 53.6 mm SL, left lateral view. Table 1. Morphometric data of Trichomycterus araxa sp. nov. Holotype Paratypes (n = Mean 10) Standard length (mm) 53.6 43.3-64.0 53:5 Percent of standard length Body depth 19:3 15.8-20.9 18.5 Caudal peduncle depth 14.7 13.4-15.8 14.7 Body width bla, 10.4-13.2 1233 Caudal peduncle width 4.1 3.8-5.6 4.6 Pre-dorsal length 64.2 63.2-67.5 65.3 Pre-pelvic length 59.6 58.0-62.3 60.0 Dorsal-fin base length 11.6 11.4-14.2 12.4 Anal-fin base length 8.7 9.0-11.6 9.8 Caudal-fin length 19.0 17.3-20.2 18.9 Pectoral-fin length 15.0 12.3-14.6 13.3 Pelvic-fin length bOee 9.7-11.3 10.5 Head length 20.2 19.4-21.6 20.1 Percent of head length Head depth 54.9 51.0-67.9 56.2 Head width 83.4 82.8-95.7 87.7 Snout length 47.2 42.4-48.7 45.9 Interorbital length 30.2 25,.4-33.5 29.4 Preorbital length D6 9.4-13.6 Tiles Eye diameter ele] 9.2-11.1 10.2 posterior to it; tip of maxillary barbel posteriorly reach- ing pectoral-fin base; rictal barbel posteriorly reaching area between interopercular patch of odontodes and pec- toral-fin base. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth irregularly arranged, pointed, 35-49 in premaxilla, 32-45 in dentary. Head and trunk skin with minute skin papillae. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 10 or 11 G-— + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 9 (11 + II + 5); anal-fin origin at vertical through base of 5 branched dorsal-fin ray. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray terminating in long filament, reaching about 40-60% of pectoral-fin length in specimens above about 50 mm SL; total pectoral- fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its posterior extremity at vertical through middle of dorsal-fin base and posterior to urogenital aperture; pelvic-fin bases medially in contact; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (+ 4). Caudal zse.pensoft.net fin subtruncate, posterior corners rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 20-23 (xix—xxii + I), total ventral procurrent rays 16 or 17 (xv—xvi + I). Laterosensory system. Supraorbital sensory canal con- tinuous, posteriorly connected to posterior section of infra- orbital canal. Supraorbital pores 3, all paired: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent and just posterior to medial margin of posterior nostril; s6, at trans- verse line through posterior half of orbit. Pores s6 nearer its symmetrical homologous pore than orbit. Infraorbital sensory canal arranged in 2 segments; anterior section 1so- lated, with two pores: il, at transverse line through ante- rior nostril, 13, at transverse line just anterior to posterior nostril; posterior segment posteriorly connected to postor- bital canal, with 2 pores: i110, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, 111, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: pol, at vertical line above posterior portion of interopercu- lar patch of odontodes, po2, at vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 1 pore just posterior to head. Osteology (Fig. 8A—C). Mesethmoid T-shaped in dor- sal view, cornu extremity rounded. Antorbital elliptical, short, dorso-posteriorly carrying thin latero-sensory canal. Sesamoid supraorbital slender, without process- es. Premaxilla sub-rectangular in dorsal view, slightly narrowing laterally. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, shorter than premaxilla. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dor- sal view when excluding its postero-lateral process, its width about half its length including anterior cartilage; medial margin slightly sinuous, lateral margin about straight; posterolateral process well-developed, sub- triangular, its length slightly shorter than autopalatine length excluding anterior cartilage. Lateral ethmoid with minute lateral projection. Metapterygoid sub-triangular, slightly longer than deep. Quadrate L-shaped, vertical branch wider, dorsoposterior margin in close proximity to hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyoman- dibula slightly concave. Opercle slender, with moderately Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (1) 2022, 151-164 A 159 Figure 6. 7richomycterus araxa sp. nov., paratype, UFRJ 7030, 26.4 mm SL: A. Left lateral view; B. Dorsal view; C. Ventral view. deep odontode patch with 12—16 odontodes transversely arranged. Opercular odontodes pointed, anterior odon- todes narrow and straight, posterior odontodes slightly broader, slightly curved. Dorsal process of opercle short. Opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with prom- inent rounded extension, articular facet for preopercle well developed, rounded. Interopercular patch of odon- todes long, about four fifths of hyomandibula length, with 26-31 odontodes. Interopercular odontodes pointed, ar- ranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle slender, narrowing anteriorly. Parurohyal robust, lateral process subtriangular, lat- ero-posteriorly directed, tip pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen oval circular; posterior process long, slightly shorter or equal to distance between ante- rior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of pos- terior process. Branchiostegal rays 8. Vertebrae 35. Ribs 12 or 13. Dorsal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 19" vertebra; anal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 22"! or 23% vertebra. Two dorsal hypural plates, cor- responding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively; single zse.pensoft.net 160 Costa, W.J.E.M. et al.: Relationships of a new catfish from the Brazilian Cerrado me i ;& Figure 7. Live paratypes of 7richomycterus araxa sp. nov., UFRJ 7030, left lateral view: A. 40.6 mm SL; B. 39.3 mm SL; C. 53.7 mm SL; D. 45.8 mm SL; E. 45.8 mm SL. zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (1) 2022, 151-164 ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2, and parhypural. Colouration (Figs 4—7). Colouration of preserved specimens in alcohol similar to colouration in live specimens, except for yellow colouration being paler after preservation. Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with variably shaped dark brown to black marks in adults. Smaller specimens (14.4—21.8 mm SL) with unspotted colouration and black narrow stripe along flank longitudinal midline. In specimens above about 25 mm SL, dark marks variably arranged and shaped, gradually changing in larger specimens, becoming more spotted and longitudinal midline stripe becoming fragmented or disappearing. Some specimens with dark marks arranged in three longitudinal zones (Fig. 7A—C), often forming large, coalesced blotches along dorsal region. In other specimens, longitudinal zones little or not distinct (Figs 4,5, 7D, E), with spots being smaller and more scattered on flank in some specimens (Fig. 7E). Venter always white to yellowish white, paired fins hyaline. In smaller juveniles, about 14-40 mm SL (Fig. 6), fins hyaline, caudal fin with broad median black stripe anteriorly joined to flank midline stripe; in larger specimens, A maxilla premaxilla mn, mesethmoid antorbital lateral ethmoid autopalatine sesamoid supraorbital j ‘i D premaxilla maxilla ; mesethmoid antorbital lateral ethmoid lee sesamoid supraorbital frontal 161 unpaired fins gradually becoming faintly spotted on their bases, and caudal black stripe becoming inconspicuous in larger specimens (Figs 4, 5, 7). Etymology. The name araxa is a reference to the occurrence of the new species in the region of Araxa, a historical Brazilian city founded in the 18™ century, during the colonial period. The word araxa is possibly derived from the Tupi-Guarani to designate some native people formerly inhabiting the region. Distribution and habitat notes. 7richomycterus araxa occurs in the Rio Quebra Anzol drainage, which is part of the Rio Paranaiba drainage, a main tributary of the upper Rio Parana basin, in altitudes about 940— 1020 m asl (Fig. 2). In the type locality area, the new species was collected in shallow, moderate fast-flowing streams, about 40-50 cm deep, and about 3-5 m wide, with a well-preserved marginal vegetation. The stream bottom comprised gravel, sand and pebbles. The new species was collected buried in the stream bank, but smaller specimens were sporadically seen swimming above gravel substratum. See Costa et al. (2022a) for a list of species occurring in this area, where this species is identified as Trichomycterus sp. B metapterygoid hyomandibula preopercle se Figure 8. Osteological features in Trichomycterus araxa sp. nov (A—-C) and 7: macrotrichopterus (D, E). A, D. Mesethmoidal region, middle and left portions, dorsal view; B, E. Left jaw suspensorium and opercular apparatus, lateral view; C. Parurohyal, ventral view. lee, lateral ethmoid expansion. Larger stippling represents cartilages. zse.pensoft.net 162 Costa, W.J.E.M. et al.: Relationships of a new catfish from the Brazilian Cerrado Discussion Phylogenetic relationships Cryptocambeva occurs in a broad area of eastern South America, comprising different river basins and mountain ranges of south-eastern Brazil (Fig. 2; Costa 2021). Trichomycterus araxa is the second species of Cryptocambeva described from the Rio Paranaiba drainage. The first one was Trichomycterus giarettai Barbosa & Katz, 2016, occurring in another area of the drainage, at lower elevation, about 590 m asl (Barbosa and Katz 2016). Material of this species was not available for the present molecular phylogenetic analysis, but morphological data suggest that 7 giarettai is closely related to Trichomycterus candidus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1949), not to T. araxa. Trichomycterus giarettai shares with 7) candidus a thin premaxilla with few teeth (23-30), a condition that does not occur in 7: araxa (1.e. 51—58 teeth) and in other species of Cryptocambeva and closely related subgenera, besides 7’ giarettai and T: candidus sharing a similar colour pattern, consisting of minute dark brown to black dots over a pale brownish yellow ground (Barbosa and Costa 2003: fig. 1; Barbosa and Katz 2016: fig. 1). The phylogenetic analyses highly supported 7 araxa as sister to 7? macrotrichopterus (Fig. 1). However, the only morphological character state found to corroborate this sister group relationship was the presence of a long pectoral-fin filament, a condition not occurring in other species of Cryptocambeva, but sporadically occurring in other subgenera of 7richomycterus from eastern South America (Costa 1992). On the other hand, 7’ araxa does not exhibit any of the unique osteological features that are present in 7. macrotrichopterus, including a prominent projection on the lateral margin of the lateral ethmoid (Fig. 8C), a strongly waved margin of the posterior margin of metapterygoid, anterior margin of hyomandibula anterior outgrowth and dorso-posterior margin of quadrate (Fig. 8D), and a distinctively slender opercular odontode patch (Fig. 8D), three conditions that do not occur in any other congener of the subgenus Cryptocambeva. In addition, it is remarkable that these species were found in different habitats, with 7? araxa occurring in moderate fast-flowing streams with predominantly gravel bottom, and 7. macrotrichopterus found in a fast-flowing river with large rocks on the bottom, just below waterfalls. Timing of species diversification and biogeographical implications Recent studies have shown a high concentration of closely related trichomycterine species in different South American regions, often exhibiting geographical distribution patters restricted to some neighbouring river drainages around mountain and high plateau areas (e.g. Hayes et al. 2020; Costa et al. 2021c). However, the factors responsible for such distribution patterns and the high concentration of spe- cies in these areas have not been investigated. Herein we zse.pensoft.net tentatively associate the great species diversity of mountain trichomycterine catfishes concentrated between the head- waters of the Parana and Sao Francisco basins with Ceno- zoic paleogeographic episodes that resulted in the present hydrographic configuration. The estimated age for the start of species diversification in Cryptocambeva, at the Middle Miocene, is chronologically compatible with the generalised uplift relief of south-eastern Brazil at this period as proposed by recent geological studies (Valadéo 2009; Rezende et al. 2018). After an initial divergence during the Late Miocene, at about 8 Ma, separating 7’ mimonha lineage from another lineage comprising the most recent common ancestor of a clade containing all other species of Cryptocambeva, four main clades had their origins almost synchronically at about 6 Ma, still during the Late Miocene (Fig. 3). These clades are geographically disjunct, each one involving different mountain ranges and river basins (Figs 1, 2). The divergence timing between T araxa from the upper Rio Araguari and its sister group, 7. macrotrichopterus, from the upper section of the main canal of the Rio Sao Francisco, at the Pliocene (Fig. 3), is also compatible with the period of intense fluvial re-arrangement reported for the region (Rezende et al. 2018). The upper Paranaiba uplift separating the Parana and Sao Francisco river basins occurred in an older period, still in the Cretaceous (Campos and Dardenne 1997), but events of river segment captures changing river basin configuration in the upper Rio Parana basin were frequent between the Middle Miocene and Pliocene (Rezende et al. 2018). Therefore, the divergence between 7° araxa and T. macrotrichopterus estimated to have occurred at the Pliocene, is possibly derived from a drainage capture of the upper Sao Francisco by the upper Paranaiba drainage in the northeastern facet of the Serra da Canastra. This was a common paleogeographic event occurring in the region, well documented for the Rio Grande drainage, which captured a river drainage from the upper Sao Francisco basin (Rezende et al. 2018). However, this hypothesis should be still tested through the phylogenetic study of other fish groups inhabiting the same areas. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Valter M. Azevedo-Santos, for discussion about fish distribution patterns in the upper Parana basin and help during type material collection. The manuscript benefitted from reviews provided by Francisco Langeani and Paulo Brito. Thanks are also due to the Meio Ambiente team of the Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineracao, for allowing collections and use of specimens from the farms comprising the RPPN Sao Sebastiéo and Monte Alto, and to Aléssio Datovo and Michel Gianeti by the loan of specimens. This work was partly supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnoldgico (CNPq; grant 304755/2020-6 to WJEMC), Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ; grant E-26/201.213/2021 to WJEMC, E-26/202.005/2020 to AMK, and E-26/202.327/2018 to JLM). This study was also supported by CAPES Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (1) 2022, 151-164 (Coordenacgéo de Aperfeigoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Finance Code 001) through Programa de Pos- Gradua¢ao em: Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva /UFRJ; Genética/UFRJ; and Zoologia, Museu Nacional/UFRJ. 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Valadéo RC (2009) Geodinaémica de Superficies de Aplanamento, Ichthyological Desnudacao Continental e Tecténica Ativa como condicionantes da Megageomorfologia do Brasil Oriental. Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia 10(2): 77-90. https://doi.org/10.20502/rbg. v10i2.132 Villa-Verde L, Lazzarotto H, Lima SQM (2012) A new glanapterygine catfish of the genus Listrura (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from southeastern Brazil, corroborated by morphological and molecular data. Neotropical Ichthyology 10(3): 527-538. https:// doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252012000300005 Supplementary material | Tables S1, S2 Authors: Wilson J. E. M. Costa, José Leonardo O. Mattos, Wagener M. S. Sampaio, Patricia Giongo, Frederico B. de Almeida, Axel M. Katz Data type: pdf file Explanation note: Table $1. Terminal taxa for molecular phylogeny and_ respective GenBank accession numbers. Table S82. Best-fitting models. Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacom- mons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Data- set while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.83109.suppl1