Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (2) 2022, 305-312 | DO! 10.3897/zse.98.83671 > PENSUFT. Ate BERLIN Pycnogonida (Arthropoda) from Museu de Ciéncias Naturais, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Ruda Amorim Lucena‘, Martin Lindsey Christoffersen! 1 Graduate Program in Biological Sciences- Zoology, Federal University of Paraiba, University Campus, Jodo Pessoa, Paraiba, CEP: 58051-900, Brazil 2 Non-insect Invertebrate Biodiversity Lab, Federal University of Paraiba, University Campus, Jodo Pessoa, PB, CEP: 58051-900, Brazil https://zoobank. org/10FA5741-370A-4ABF-A432-98A 2DE65BCE3 Corresponding author: Ruda Amorim Lucena (rudalucenal 5@gmail.com) Academic editor: Pavel Stoev # Received 12 March 2022 # Accepted 5 July 2022 Published 20 July 2022 Abstract Five species were identified in the studied collection: Colossendeis megalonyx Hoek, 1881, first record for Uruguay, Ascorhynchus corderoi du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1952 and Pallenopsis candidoi Mello-Leitéo, 1949, with extended ranges, Pallenopsis patagonica (Hoek, 1881), a species complex recently analysed with molecular data and Ammothea tetrapoda, recorded previously for Uruguayan waters. Our study clarifies records based on morphology, provides new data on distributions and species ranges and correlates species with ecological conditions. Key Words biological collections, marine invertebrates, Pantopoda, sea spiders, South America, Uruguay Introduction Zoological collections contain a practically inexhaustible amount of information. In Brazil, there are about 26 million deposited specimens (Zaher and Young 2003). A large portion of this database has never been studied taxonomically (Lewinsohn and Prado 2006), mainly due to the lack of specialists (Marques and Lamas 2006). A study of these collections permits a mapping of the composition, spatial and temporal distribution and a study of biodiversity as a whole (Magalhaes et al. 2005; Egler et al. 2006; Franca and Callisto 2007; Winston 2007). Class Pycnogonida represents an exclusively marine group of arthropods (du Bois-Reymond Marcus 1952; Arnaud and Bamber 1987), with circa 1365 valid species (Bamber et al. 2022). In general, pycnogonids incite lit- tle interest, mainly on account of their low abundance, cryptic habits, small size (notably in shallow waters) and lack of economic value (Arango 2003; Arango and Krapp 2007). Their study in Brazil is concentrated be- tween the years of 1940 and 1970, based on small and punctual samples, like Marcus (1940), Mello-Leitao (1949) and du Bois-Reymond Marcus (1952). Through the decades of 1980 and 1990, the records were based on samples collected by large expeditions, for example Child (1982) and Stock (1986, 1992) (Lucena and Chris- toffersen 2018a). Recently, some important pycnogonid records to Brazil were made using, principally, materi- al deposited in biological collections, like Lucena et al. (2015, 2017, 2019a). A detailed overview of the research with pycnogonids in Brazil can be found in Lucena and Christoffersen (201 8a). Nonetheless, most Brazilian collections remain little explored (Lucena and Christoffersen 2018b), from large collections, such as the Zoology Museum of University of Sao Paulo, to small collections, such as Museu de Ciéncias Naturais do Rio Grande do Sul. The pycnogonid collection of Museu de Ciéncias Naturais, is a small collection composed of just eight lots, 45 specimens and five species, collected in different regions of Brazil and South America. The present contribution aims to record Copyright Lucena, R.A., Lindsey Christoffersen, M. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 306 Lucena, R.A. & Lindsey Christoffersen, M.: Pycnogonida from Museu de Ciéncias Naturais all the species found in the collection of the Museu de Ciéncias Naturais (except Ammothea tetrapoda Gordon, 1932, previously recorded in Lucena et al. (2019b)), formerly known as Fundacao Zoobotanica do Rio Grande do Sul (FZB-RS). Here, we extend the distribution of Ascorhynchus corderoi du Bois- Reymond Marcus, 1952, Pallenopsis candidoi Mello- Leitéo, 1949 and Pallenopsis patagonica (Hoek, 1881) and record for the first time Colossendeis megalonyx Hoek, 1881 for Uruguay. Materials and methods The material 1s deposited in the Museum of Natural Sci- ence (Museu de Ciéncias Naturais do Rio Grande do Sul — FZB-RS) and encompasses specimens of Pycnogonida collected from 1961 to 1978 in south-eastern Brazil, Uru- guay and Argentina (Fig. 1). Identification of the specimens followed Hoek (1881), Mello-Leitéo (1949), du Bois-Reymond Marcus (1952) and Fry and Hedgpeth (1969). Specimens were analysed using the stereomicroscope Nikon SMZ800 and the mi- croscope Olympus U-5RE-2. The pictures were made in the stereomicroscope Leica DFC450, utilising the soft- ware LAS V.4.5. Results Ascorhynchidae Hoek, 1881 Ascorhynchus Sars, 1877 Ascorhynchus corderoi du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1952 Fig. 2 Material examined. (FZB.Pyc—001) 31 specimens, Fer- nando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brazil, Dec 21, 1978; (FZB.Pyc—007) 5 specimens, Perequé, Nov 2, 1972. Distribution. Brazil: Sao Paulo and Paraiba (Lucena and Christoffersen 2018a; Lucena et al. 2019a). Sey- chelles (Aldabra Atoll), Mauritius, Oman and Tonga (Child 1998a; Bamber 2004). Depth. Shallow waters. Remarks. The species is recorded herein for the first time for the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, expanding its known distribution in north-eastern Brazil. All 31 specimens obtained from Fernando de Noronha were found associated with the epibiont hydrozoan Clytia? Lamouroux, 1812 (FZB.Pyc—001). The hydrozoans occurred on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the trunk (mainly near the dorsal tubercles and the lateral processes), on eggs and ovigers and more dense- ly on the legs (Fig. 2). Besides occurring on the proximal | ow ‘ ARG S = cae) BRAS T -30 -20 0- e— Fem ando de Noronha Atlantic Ocean -20- -30- -AQ- Figure 1. Map with the distribution of species present in the Museum of Natural Sciences of Rio Grande do Sul. Legend: black circle, Ascorhynchus corderoi; cross, Colossendeis megalonyx; diamond, Pallenopsis candidoi, triangle, Pallenopsis patagonica; white circle, Ammothea tetrapoda. Abbreviations: ARG, Argentina; BRA, Brazil; BOL, Bolivia; CHI, Chile; PAR, Paraguay; PER, Peru; URY, Uruguay; SC, Santa Catarina. zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (2) 2022, 305-312 articles, as observed by Pipe (1982), we also found them mainly on the distal articles, such as the tibia 2 and even on the propodus. Visual differences in epibiont density were not noted amongst ovigerous and non-ovigerous individuals. Colossendeidae Jarzynsky, 1870 Colossendeis Jarzynsky, 1870 Colossendeis megalonyx Hoek, 1881 Fig. 3 Colossendeis frigida Hodgson, 1902: 63. Colossendeis rugosa Hodgson, 1907: 64, pl. IX, fig. 3, pl. X, figs 5, 6. Colossendeis orcadense — Hodgson 1908: 184. Colossendeis scoresbii Gordon, 1932: 18-21, figs 5c, 6b, c, 7a, b. Material examined. (FZB.Pyc—002) | female, South At- lantic, July 8, 1964; (FZB.Pyc—O004) 5 females, off Mar del Plata, Argentina (38°22'S, 55°37'W), May 1961, col. L.R. Pontes; (FZB.Pyc—005) 1 female, Uruguay, Mar1961. Distribution. Circumpolar. Antarctic, Western South America and up to Buenos Aires (Argentina), South Africa, Madagascar, New Zealand, Eastern South America (Child 1995a; Munilla and Soler-Membrives 2009; Scarabino et al. 2019). This 1s the first record for Uruguayan waters. Depth. 7 to 4900 m in depth. 1mm a 307 Remarks. Colossendeis megalonyx is a very vari- able species (Fry and Hedgpeth 1969; Child 1998b) and may represent a group of cryptic species. Only the long proboscis, palp article 8 shorter than articles 9 and 10 and a tarsus longer than the propodus remain stable amongst all examined specimens (Child 1995a). Variable characters are the shape and size of the ocu- lar tubercle (elevated or short, conical or rounded), the occurrence of eyes (similar in size or larger anteriorly, well pigmented, white or even absent), the size of the proboscis (equal to, or longer than the trunk) and the size of the legs (either the femur or the tibia represent the longest article) (Child 1995a, 1998b; Cano-Sanchez and Lopez-Gonzalez 2007). Molecular studies confirm that a complex of species exists under the name C. megalonyx. Five species and an- other seven cryptic species were indicated (Krabbe et al. 2010; Dietz et al. 2015; Démel et al. 2020). These papers suggest the use of the name C. megalonyx for specimens from South America and the Subantarctic Region, the type locality (Krabbe et al. 2010; Dietz et al. 2015, 2019). Although morphology was not used for the delimitation of these species, subspecies were previously proposed by Fry and Hedgpeth (1969). This indicates that morphology can be used successfully for the delimitation of species (Cano-Sanchez and Lopez-Gonzalez 2007). 1 mm ‘ .* ‘ | mm Figure 2. Ascorhynchus corderoi (FZB.Pyc—001). A. Dorsal view; B. Lateral view; C. Distal articles of 3“ leg; D. Tibia 2, tarsus and propodus. zse.pensoft.net 308 Lucena, R.A. & Lindsey Christoffersen, M.: Pycnogonida from Museu de Ciéncias Naturais 5mm 2mm 2mm D 5mm Figure 3. Colossendeis megalonyx (FZB.Pyc—002), female. A. Dorsal view; B. Distal articles of palp; C. Distal articles of oviger; D. Tarsus and propodus. Specimens analysed thus should belong to C. megalo- nyx, as they were collected in Uruguay (the northernmost record for the species, a full two degrees of latitude north of the record provided by Child (1995a)). Further, they conform to the description of Hoek (1881). Yet, varia- tions in the shape of the ocular tubercle were observed, in some specimens this structure being conical and in others, rounded. All specimens had a proboscis 1.5 times as long as the trunk, on average, the same proportion observed by Stock (1963) for individuals identified as C. orcadensis. Although molecular analyses are an im- portant new source of evidence, their results need to be correlated with detailed morphological analyses, in order to corroborate or refute the recent results with the older morphological work available in literature. Pallenopsidae Fry, 1978 Pallenopsis Wilson, 1881 Pallenopsis candidoi Mello-Leitao, 1949 Fig. 4 Melloleitanianus candidoi Mello-Leitéo, 1955: 122—128, figs 1-4. Pallenopsis (Pallenopsis) candidoi — Stock 1974a: 1018 [key], 1030. Material examined. (FZB.Pyc—003) 2 females, Garopa- ba, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 24 June 1975. zse.pensoft.net Distribution. Scotia Sea, King George Island, Brazil: Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo. Brazil to USA (Georgia); Panama (Pacific) (Lucena and Christ- offersen 201 8a). Depth. Up to 430 m. Remarks. P. candidoi and P. fluminensis (Kroyer, 1844) are sympatric species, very frequent in depths be- tween 10 and 100 m. These are the commonest species of Pallenopsis along the Brazilian coast. The two species are very similar, varying mainly in the number of setae on the legs (larger and more numerous 1n P. candidoi) and in the number of articles in the female oviger, in which arti- cle 6 is smaller than article 5 and 8 and is less than half as long as article 7 in P. candidoi (article 6 is the same size as article 5 and article 8 is almost the same size as article 7 in P. fluminensis) (Marcus 1940; Mello-Leitéo 1949; Stock 1974; Lucena et al. 2017). Pallenopsis patagonica (Hoek, 1881) Fig. 5 Phoxichilidium patagonicum Hoek, 1881: 84—86, pl. XII, figs 6-9. Pallenopsis glabra Mobius, 1902: 184-185, taf. XX VIL, fig. 1-6. Pallenopsis hiemalis Hodgson, 1907: 17-20, pl. I, fig. 4, pl. I, fig. 3. Pallenopsis meridionalis Hodgson, 1914: 158-165. Pallenopsis moebiusi Pushkin, 1975: 80-83, fig. 4 a—m. Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (2) 2022, 305-312 1 mm 309 2mm 1mm Figure 4. Pallenopsis candidoi (FZB.Pyc—003), female. A. dorsal view; B. lateral view; C. oviger; D. propodus. Material examined. (FZB.Pyc—008) 1 female, St. 4512, 37°38'S, 56°56'W, Argentina, 25 Aug 1977. Distribution. Antarctic (Ross Sea, Weddell Sea) to southern Argentina (up to approximately 37°15'S), south- east Pacific (Strait of Magellan up to 33°S) (Weis et al. 2014; Scarabino et al. 2019). Depth. 15—720 m (Child 1995b). Remarks. Literature records large morphological vari- ations for this species (Hoek 1881; Hodgson 1907; Lo- man 1923; Gordon 1944; Child 1995b; Weis et al. 2014). These variations encompass mainly the proportion of the articles of the legs, the shape of the trunk, the structure of the propodus, the size and inclination of the abdomen and the size of the cement gland (Stock 1957; Pushkin 1993; Child 1995b; Cano-Sanchez and Lopez-Gonzalez 2019; Scarabino et al. 2019). Recent studies, based mainly on molecular data, have indicated the existence of cryptic species under the name P. patagonica, mainly from the Antarctic Region (Weis et al. 2014; Harder et al. 2015; Domel et al. 2017, 2019). These species form the P. patagonica sensu lato complex. Although no consensus exists concerning the number of possible new species (up to 19 clades have been proposed) and no morphological characterisation has been provided for the identified clades, specimens collected in the Falkland Islands and the Patagonian Region appear to belong to P. patagonica sensu stricto (Weis et al. 2014; Harder et al. 2015; Domel et al. 2017, 2019), the type locality of the species. The specimen analysed herein comes from northern Argentina, close to the northern range of the species (Child 1995b). This female individual has all the characters described by Hoek (1881), such as the indicated number of articles and the proportion established amongst the last articles of the ovigers, the same proportion amongst the articles of the legs and a similar body structure, with lateral processes separated by about less than half their own diameter and a cylindrical proboscis. In relation to subsequent descriptions, the present specimen is similar to P. meridionalis (today a synonym of P. patagonica), particularly in the shape of the ocular tubercle, structure of the propodus and ornamentation of the lateral processes (Pushkin 1993). However, the closest proximity is with P. yepayekae Weis et al. 2014, from which it may be distinguished by the number of articles on the oviger and in the number of setae on the abdomen (2 in the description, 4 in the individual at hand), including a cylindrical proboscis. However, we observed an undescribed character for P. patagoica, but reported for P. yepayekae and indicated as distinguishing the two species: the presence of brush- like setae in the ventral region of coxae 2 and 3. Hoek (1881) described the presence of setae in coxae 2 and zse.pensoft.net 310 Lucena, R.A. & Lindsey Christoffersen, M.: Pycnogonida from Museu de Ciéncias Naturais 1mm 2mm 1 mm Figure 5. Pallenopsis patagonica (FZB.Pyc—008), female. A. Dorsal view; B. Lateral view; C. Oviger; D. Propodus. 3, but did not illustrate them. In the cited material, such setae appear to be smaller and in lower number in the material analysed herein than in P. yepayekae. Great morphological variation has been reported for several species from polar, temperate and tropical re- gions, where the genus is quite diverse (Stock 1974). Our data are insufficient for advancing previous tax- onomic conclusions. It becomes necessary to conduct more in-depth morphological analysis and to extend the investigation to include samples from wider geo- graphical locations. Species-group and genus-level re- visions are necessary to distinguish diagnostic species characters from intrapopulational variations (Hennig 1950, 1968). Discussion The studied collection further includes one specimen of Ammotheatetrapoda, recorded previously for Uruguayan waters (Lucena et al. 2019b). Notwithstanding the low quantity of individuals (44) and species (4), we have herein provided the first record of Colossendeis megalonyx for Uruguay and extended considerably the known ranges of Ascorhynchus corderoi and zse.pensoft.net Pallenopsis candidoi. Furthermore, we recorded the occurrence of an epibiont hydrozoan (C/ytia?) on Ascorhynchus corderoi. Taxonomic studies such as the present one clarify records, provide new data on distributions and species ranges, correlate species with ecological conditions and provide information on species interactions. A survey of Pycnogonida is needed for southern Bra- zil. Although the studied collection represents one of the largest for the region, only two specimens of Pallenopsis candidoi from Santa Catarina were identified. The eight known species indicate a biodiversity below that encoun- tered in similar studies for other regions (see Lucena and Christoffersen 2018c). Acknowledgements We would like to thank Dr. Ricardo Ott, coordinator of the Arachnid section of the Museum of Natural Science, for providing the material in the collection for study. We are also grateful to Prof. Dr. Miodeli Nogueira Junior for the identification of hydrozoans and to the anonymous referees for their critical reviews, corrections and sugges- tions regarding the manuscript. Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (2) 2022, 305-312 References Arango CP (2003) Molecular approach to the phylogenetics of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) using partial sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28(3): 588-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00069-1 Arango CP, Krapp F (2007) A new species of Anoplodactylus (Arthrop- oda: Pycnogonida) from the Great Barrier Reef and discussion on the A. tenuicorpus-complex. Zootaxa 1435(1): 19-24. https://do1. org/10.11646/zootaxa. 1435.1.2 Arnaud F, Bamber RN (1987) The biology of Pycnogonida. 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