Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 | DOI 10.3897/zse.100.117968 ee Ee BERLIN A survey of the genus Orchestina Simon, 1882 (Araneae, Oonopidae) from Xishuangbanna, China, with descriptions of five new species Chenxue Song", Yanfeng Tong', Dongju Bian*, Shugiang Li? 1 College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China 2 Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China 3 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China https://zoobank. org/03 EBDEC5-543B-4E3C-B71B-DB45873BA5D7 Corresponding authors: Yanfeng Tong (tyf68@hotmail.com); Dongju Bian (biandongju@163.com) Academic editor: Danilo Harms # Received 29 December 2023 @ Accepted 20 February 2024 @ Published 8 March 2024 Abstract Five new species and three known species of the genus Orchestina Simon, 1882 are recorded from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Prov- ince: O. clavulata Tong & Li, 2011 (@), O. colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019 (4@), O. concava Tong & Li, sp. nov. (3), O. menglun Tong & Li, sp. nov. (4), O. subclavulata Tong & Li, sp. nov. (@), O. truncatula Tong & Li, 2011 (4Q), O. wengnan Tong & Li, sp. nov. (4) and O. xui Tong & Li, sp. nov. (32). The males of O. colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019 is described for the first time. An identification key to species of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna is provided. Key Words Asia, goblin spiders, identification key, Orchestininae, taxonomy Introduction Xishuangbanna (Fig. 19), located in the south of Yun- nan Province, has the best preserved tropical rainforest of China and belongs to the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot (Myers 1988). Implementing an “All Species In- ventory” of spiders in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG, 1125-hectare area in total) has increased the spider species from fewer than 50 before 2006 to about 782 by the end of 2021 (Li 2021). Goblin spiders (Oonopidae Simon, 1890) are composed of tiny spiders between 1.0 and 3.0 mm. They have a nearly worldwide distribution, and mainly occur in leaf litter, under bark, and in the tree canopy (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006; Henrard and Jocqué 2012; Ubick and Dupérré 2017). Currently, 1940 extant described species in 115 genera of oonopid spiders have been recorded in the world (WSC 2024). The genus Orchestina Simon, 1882 is characterized by having an enlarged femur IV with which these species are capable of jumping. The genus is also characterized by having a well-sclerotized sperm duct, six well developed eyes with near H-shaped arrangement, a 4-4-3-3 pattern of raised receptors on the tarsal organs of the legs I-IV, respectively, and by lacking spines on all the legs (Hen- rard and Jocqué 2012; Platnick et al. 2012; Izquierdo and Ramirez 2017). Currently, 164 extant species have been described, in which 14 species have been recorded from China (Tong and Li 2011; Liu et al. 2016, 2019; Wang et al. 2021; Lin et al. 2024). The survey of oonopid spiders from Xishuangbanna has started relatively recently. To date, 20 species in 4 genera (Bannana Tong & Li, 2015, Camptoscaphiella Caporiac- co, 1934, Ischnothyreus Simon, 1893 and Opopaea Simon, 1892) have been recorded from Xishuangbanna (Tong and Li 2015a, b; Sun et al. 2019; Huang et al. 2021; Tong et al. Copyright Song, C. et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 256 2021). While studying spiders collected from Xishuang- banna, Yunnan Province, China, we found many Orches- tina specimens, and belonging to several different species. The present paper aims to provide the descriptions of five new species and three known species from this region. Materials and methods The specimens were examined using a Leica M20SC ste- reomicroscope. Details of body parts and measurements were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound micro- scope. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olym- pus BX51 compound microscope. Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. Photos were stacked using Helicon Focus 7.6.1 and processed using Adobe Photoshop 21.1.2. All measurements in the text are given in millimeters. Termi- nology and taxonomic descriptions follow Henrard and Jocqué (2012) and Tong and Li (2011). All material studied is deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, China. Key to Orchestina from Xishuangbanna Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; ARe = anterior re- ceptaculum; AUS = anterior uterine sclerite; Ex = dor- solateral extension; Exc = excavations; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes; Po = pocket; PP = posterior plate; Pr = protrusion; Se = serrula; TO = triangular outgrowth; XNNR = Xishuangban- na National Natural Reserve; XTBG = Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden. Taxonomy Family Oonopidae Simon, 1890 Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882 Type species. Schoenobates pavesii Simon, 1873; gender feminine. N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Ferchesti- na Saaristo & Marusik, 2004: 52 (type F) storozhenkoi Saaristo & Marusik, 2004) by Platnick et al. 2012: 37. O. concava, O. menglun, O. subclavulata and O. wengnan females unknown. i LUE) Sa: ee: 6a ee cnns sees + een S4s > Aken eeCaesty eh | 98: enn ES dere eee ve: | ee EE eRemnRR Dna bd 2 Fd Nei cpa arc eh Pst ee fA A ra I AO 2 na a A Ae Pnetec e 9 2 Bulb oval or roughly triangle shaped, embolus base thinner (Figs 7E, F, 12A, B) ...........ccccccceeceeeec eee ceeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeaeeees 3 ~ Bulb pear-shaped in lateral view, with ventral side strongly protruding proximally, embolus base thicker (e.g., Fig. ie) Bulb oval shaped (Fig. 12A, B); chelicerae with distal group of long converging setae (Fig. 10F); tibia | with a group of vVeritrobasal SOines-CRIG, LOD) ois cs henemcees tee eet vaenw doko hab persis tpl fs 1 «2 ait shire hk ek 5 O. truncatula Tong & Li, 2011 - Bulb triangle shaped (Fig. 7E, F); chelicerae with distal single long setae (Fig. 2D, F); tibia | without the aforementioned CHAPACUT with tasetisi tent tke deh edeen ct AL echt aoatss Mane LAA AR Leann Ltt tates fooler O. colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019 4 fal peal) Tislasch stincthy narrower Tham Olle; Cie 7 AL SED) o5.5 00 a cep cows come cess ates ieedeenseredetaatiiaderespoevnewadigass O. menglun sp. nov. - ralpalitibia-stronelysenlarged, atileast-as:wide-as bulp-66.27 Rig: TARC) 2... jcrekte oy eetitet yy clo es ey tiohdtees pin teenceh ey seed 5 5 sperm: duct with-2 loops: ih. prolateral VieWCFigs SA, LAA). ce csneg.denvn'ennt eves suv chaise dnatinen ns apstanigatereansinuse wes tisiveniecces dnqeld 6 Sperm, cluct withs loops: in-prelateral wiew-CRlgs A, GA, GAY. «<0. 5.0805 ode BE. ccaescarecbledacnesThohecdiscnesinddans cds beatae cceesstliSuere 7 6 Endites with deep excavations (Figs 4G, 5D)................ Endites without deep excavations (Figs 13G, 14D).......... Ol rod ghetto nde res Tea tk ber, eee is sm ee Pete O. concava sp. nov. bat wehbe Sine Pane ea ei A Oe Poe, SEO eee O. wengnan sp. nov. 7 Embolus with conspicuous dorsal flattened extension and acute tip (Fig. LGA—C) ...0... 2. eeeeeeeeee eee e eee O. Xul Sp. Nov. - Embolus gradually tapered (Figs 1A-D, 9A-C)................. 8 Endites with large triangular outgrowth (Fig. 9D) ............ - Endites lacking triangular outgrowth (Fig. 1E) DEE RARE CE CW ATE ASA LCT ee PITT RA O. subclavulata sp. nov. Ae eee Pe eat Wont Yewo. ope: Boe Bee Veer O. clavulata Tong & Li, 2011 i] Genitalia with posterior plate (PP); anterior uterine sclerite (AUS) with lateral protrusion (Pr) well developed ar nalts |e) ee eee Recs UO 1 ce en - Genitalia with two dorsolateral extensions (Ex) surrounding anterior uterine sclerite (AUS); AUS with lateral protrusion GFR SPOCLICE GC RUS S05), See yR cen ewe ae t rteas Ager ena aula taestien nites seed neon -eneee eerae oa ee sabia ee tinaec tt caend aah tance ae Cote ase somo 11 LOSsE pleaster with, Wworsimall,dank. SclerotizechPeckets (Alga LSC) 8 ts. oSecon13s ce eee Retire eet Rl hen abs cee O. Xul Sp. NOv. - Epigaster without two small, dark sclerotized pockets (Tong and Li 2011: fig. 4B).............. O. clavulata Tong & Li, 2011 11. Epigaster with distinctly medial marks in ventral view (Fig. 11G); anterior uterine sclerite (AUS) short, length/width ratio about 1.25 (Fig. L2F) .c.ccecccscccssssscsesecececesseesesesesecesesseeeee SE: Roa Rigs eM ee ae De le O. truncatula Tong & Li, 2011 - Epigaster without distinctly medial marks in ventral view (Fig. 3G); anterior uterine sclerite (AUS) long, length/width LAU OSAIOUE Psa Ste NN. ant eetts at wee est el oens eee Tee zse.pensoft.net ieee! ee tt 2 Ae 2 eee AL O. colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019 Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 Orchestina clavulata Tong & Li, 2011 Fig. 1 Orchestina clavulata Tong & Li, 2011: 38, figs 1C—D, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5D, 7A-F; Tong 2013: 47, figs 26C—D, 27B, 28B, 29B, 30D, 65A-F. Material examined. 1< (SYNU-777), Cuina, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XNNR, fogging, seasonal rain- forest, 48 km (21°58.764'N, 101°09.748'E), elev. 1038 m, 10 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg.; 24' (SYNU-778), fog- ging, Lvshilin, limestone monsoon rainforest (21°54.769'N, 101°16.959'E), elev. 599 m, 9 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg.; 24 (SYNU-890), fogging, mountaintop secondary rainforest, 55 Km (21°57.987'N, 101°12.167'E), elev. 1038 m, 10 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg. Figure 1. Orchestina clavulata Tong & Li, 2011, male (SYNU-777). A, C, D. Left palp, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal views; B. Left bulb, prolateral view; E. Endites and labium, ventral view. Abbreviation: Se = serrula. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. 257 Type material (examined). Paratypes: 603° (IZCAS Ar 19334), China: Hainan, Lingshu1, Diaoluoshan, Plank roadside, 963 m as.l., 18°43.631'N, 109°51.939'E, 7 August 2010, leg. G. Zheng. Diagnosis. This species is most similar to O. thorac- ica Xu, 1987 in having the net-shaped pattern on cara- pace and the pear-shaped bulb, but can be distinguished by the sperm duct with three loops in prolateral view (Fig. 1A, B; Tong and Li 2011: fig. 7A) vs. two loops in O. thoracica (Xu 1987: fig. 11), and by female genita- lia without marks (Tong and Li 2011: fig. 4B), vs. with elongate heart-shaped mark in O. thoracica (Xu 1987: fig. 9). Description. See Tong and Li (2011). Distribution. China (Hainan, Yunnan). zse.pensoft.net 258 Orchestina colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019 Figs 2, 3, 7E, 7F Orchestina colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, in Liu et al. 2019: 246, figs 1OA—H, 11A-F. Material examined. 1 (SYNU-841), Cama, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XTBG, trunk traps, Param- ichella baillonii plantation (21°54.772'N,101°16.043'E), elev. 556 m, 16-31 May 2007, Zheng leg; 1¢192 (SYNU-845-846), same data as above; 32 (SYNU-847- 849), same data as above; 14 (SYNU-843), XTBG, Fog- ging, same locality as above, 18 July 2007, Zheng leg.; 1d (SYNU-842), XTBG, fogging, rubber plantation (21°54.463'N,101°15.978'E), elev. 569 m, 21 July 2007, Zheng leg.; 1d’ (SYNU-844), XTBG, trunk traps, rubber plantation (21°55.551'N, 101°16.923'E), elev. 561 m, 1-15 June 2007, Zheng leg. Type material (unexamined). Holotype 9°, China, Jiangxi Province: Ji’an City, Jinggangshan County Lev- el City, Ciping Town, Xingzhou Vill., forest, 26.519°N, 114.193°E, 514m, 3.X.2015, Keke Liu, Zeyuan Meng, Lei Zhang, Jianyun Wen and Tianming Wang leg. (OON 75). Paratype: 1°, collected together with the holotype (OON 76). Diagnosis. Males of Orchestina colubrina is similar to O. multipunctata Liu, Xiao & Xu, 2016 (female unknown) in having a strongly swollen palpal tibia, the tube-shaped embolus and the same kind of modified setae in the labi- um, but can be distinguished by the triangle shaped bulb (Fig. 7E, F) vs. drop-shaped (Liu et al. 2016, fig. 8H, I). Females of O. colubrina resemble to those of O. vingge- zui Tong & Li, 2011 in having the long lateral extensions (Ex) surrounding anterior uterine sclerite (AUS), but can be distinguished by the narrow cylindrical sclerite (AUS) having Y-shaped lateral protrusions (Fig. 3H, I), vs. AUS with circular protrusions in O. yinggezui (Tong and Li 2011: fig. SH, 10B). Description. Male (SYNU-841). Total length 1.33, carapace length 0.72, carapace width 0.48, abdomen length 0.63. Habitus as in Fig. 2A, B. Color in alcohol: pale yellow. Carapace oval, with net-shaped pattern, pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view, with rounded posterolateral corners. Clypeus (Fig. 2D, F) margin unmodified, curved downwards in front view, sloping forward in lateral view. Sternum (Fig. 2E) longer than wide, with marginal band of tiny dark spots, surface smooth. Mouthparts (Fig. 2D, F): chelicerae straight, with a single distal long setae; labium rounded, not fused to sternum, anterior margin not indented at middle, with five modified, leaf-shaped setae; endites not strongly sclerotized, without serrula. Abdomen ovoid, with gray “-shaped pattern. Genitalia (Fig. 7E, F): tibia of palp strongly enlarged, length/ width ratio = 1.41, cymbium small; bulb triangle- shaped, about 0.76 times as wide as tibia; tapering apically; sperm duct not strongly sclerotized, barely zse.pensoft.net Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna visible through cuticle; embolus slender, tube-shaped, flattened at tip. Female (SYNU-846). Same as male except as not- ed. Body: habitus as in Fig. 3A, B; body length 1.36. Carapace: 0.66 long, 0.51 wide. Clypeus (Fig. 3F): an- terior margin straight. Mouthparts: chelicerae shorter; endites simple, with serrula. Abdomen: 0.67 long. Epi- gaster (Fig. 3G, H): without special external features; internal parts visible through integument. Endogyne (Fig. 31): with medial cylindrical sclerite (AUS), an- terior part of cylindrical sclerite (AUS) with pair of Y-shaped protrusions (Pr); AUS surrounded by narrow hoop (Ex). Distribution. China (Jiangxi, Yunnan). Orchestina concava Tong & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/528F B8F7-E56D-4CDF-9260-EE5CD2C30470 Figs 4, 5 Type material. Holotype: 3 (SYNU-771), CHINA, Yunnan, Jinghong City, Menghai Co., Meng’a Town, Wengnan Vill, sifting leaf litter, secondary forest (22°05.020'N, 100°22.086'E), elev. 1118 m, 24 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg. Paratypes: 13(SYNU-772),same data as for holotype. Etymology. The specific name comes from Latin, con- cavus, meaning hollowed, referring to the excavations of male endites. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to O. clavu- lata in having the strongly swollen palpal tibia and the pear-shaped bulb, but can be distinguished by the en- dites with deep excavations (Fig. 5D) vs. straight in O. clavulata (Fig. 1E) and the sperm duct with two loops in prolateral view (Fig. 5A) vs. three loops in O. clavulata (Fig. 1A, B). This new species is also similar to O. wengnan sp. nov. in having the pear-shaped bulb and the sperm duct with two loops in prolateral view, but can be distinguished by the endites with deep ex- cavations (Fig. 5D) vs. straight in O. wengnan sp. nov. (Fig. 14D). Description. Male (holotype). Total length 1.29, car- apace length 0.63, carapace width 0.46, abdomen length 0.64. Habitus as in Fig. 4A-C. Color in alcohol: cara- pace yellow, abdomen and legs pale yellow. Carapace oval, with net-shaped pattern, pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view, with rounded posterolateral corners. Clypeus (Fig. 4F): margin unmodified, curved downwards in front view, sloping forward in lateral view. Sternum (Fig. 4G) longer than wide, with marginal band and median area of radiating lines, surface smooth; setae sparse, needle-like, evenly scattered, without hair tufts. Mouthparts (Fig. 4F): chelicerae straight, anterior face unmodified; labrum rounded, not fused to sternum, an- terior margin not indented at middle; endites (Figs 4G, 5D) strongly sclerotized, with triangular outgrowth, out- er margin with serrula and excavations. Abdomen ovoid, Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 259 Figure 2. Orchestina colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019, male (SYNU-841). A, B. Habitus, dorsal and ventral views; C—F. Prosoma, dorsal, lateral, ventral and anterior views (arrows show the single distal seta). Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C—F). with gray “-shaped pattern. Genitalia (Fig. SA—C): tibia wide as tibia; the sperm duct strongly curved with two of palp strongly enlarged, length/width ratio= 1.63, cym- —__ loops; embolus slender. bium small; bulb pear-shaped in lateral view, with ventral Female. Unknown. side strongly protruding proximally, about 0.92 times as Distribution. Known only from the type locality. zse.pensoft.net 260 Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna Figure 3. Orchestina colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019, female (SYNU-846). A, B. Habitus, dorsal and lateral views; C-F. Prosoma, dorsal, lateral, ventral and anterior views; G. Epigaster, ventral view; H—I. Endogyne, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: AUS = anterior uterine sclerite; Ex = dorsolateral extension; Pr = protrusion. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C—G); 0.1 mm (H, I). zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 ie Z Sa ss 261 Go Figure 4. Orchestina concava sp. nov., holotype male. A—C. Habitus, dorsal, ventral and lateral views; D—G. Prosoma, dorsal, lateral, anterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A—C); 0.2 mm (D-G). Orchestina menglun Tong & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/EA D9BEBA-2A52-44BC-A6E8-0BA96462F79A Figs 6, 7A—D Type material. Holotype: ¢ (SYNU-775), CHINA, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XTBG, fogging, Lvyshilin, limestone monsoon rainforest (21°54.617'N, 101°16.843'E), elev. 738 m, 8 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg. Paratypes: 74 (SYNU-900-906), XTBG, fogging, secondary tropical seasonal moist forest (21°54.607'N, 101°17.005'E), elev. 633 m, 28 July 2007, Zheng leg. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. The new species 1s similar to O. clavulata in having the pear-shaped bulb and the net-shaped pattern on carapace, but can be distinguished by the palpal tibia distinctly narrower than bulb zse.pensoft.net 262 Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna Figure 5. Orchestina concava sp. nov., holotype male. A—C. Left palp, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal views; D. Endites and labium, ventral view. Abbreviations: Exc = excavations; Se = serrula; TO = triangular outgrowth. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. (Fig. 7A, B) vs. as wide as bulb in O. clavulata (Fig. 1A) and endites not strongly sclerotized, with smoothly curved outer margin (Figs 6G, 7D) vs. strongly sclerotized, with straight outer margin in O. clavulata (Fig. 1E). Description. Male (holotype). Total length 1.18, carapace length 0.61, carapace width 0.42, abdomen length 0.56. Habitus as in Fig. 6A—C. Color in alcohol: pale yellow. Carapace oval, with sepia net-shaped pat- tern, pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view, with rounded posterolateral corners. Clypeus (Fig. 6F) margin unmodified, curved downwards in front view, sloping forward in lateral view. Sternum (Fig. 6G) lon- ger than wide, with marginal band and median area of zse.pensoft.net radiating lines, surface smooth. Mouthparts: chelicer- ae Straight, anterior face unmodified; labium rounded, not fused to sternum, anterior margin not indented at middle; endites (Fig. 7D) not strongly sclerotized, outer margin smoothly curved, with serrula. Abdomen ovoid, with gray “-shaped pattern. Genitalia (Fig. 7A—C): tib- ia of palp enlarged, length/width ratio = 1.72, cymbi- um small; bulb pear-shaped in lateral view, with ventral side strongly protruding proximally, about 1.52 times as wide as tibia; the sperm duct strongly curved with three loops; embolus short. Female. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna Tropi- cal Botanical Garden). Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 263 Figure 6. Orchestina menglun sp. nov., holotype male. A—C. Habitus, dorsal, ventral and lateral views; D—G. Prosoma, dorsal, lateral, anterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A—C); 0.2 mm (D-G). zse.pensoft.net 264 Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna Figure 7. Orchestina menglun sp. nov., A—D, holotype male; Orchestina colubrina Liu, Henrard & Xu, 2019, E, F, male (SYNU- 841). A, E. Left palp, prolateral view; B, F. Left palp, retrolateral view; C. Left palp, dorsal view; D. Endites and labium, ventral view. Abbreviation: Se = serrula. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 Orchestina subclavulata Tong & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/FE9EC909-7 177-4E77-A 09F-15634499B087 Figs 8,9 Type material. Holotype: @ (SYNU-776), CHina, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XNNR, fog- ging, seasonal rainforest, 55 Km _ (21°57.953'N, 101°12.305'E), elev. 781 m, 13 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg. Paratypes: 53 (SYNU-819-823), same data as for holotype. Etymology. The specific name refers to the similari- ties to O. clavulata. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to O. clavulata and O. menglun sp. nov. in having the pear-shaped bulb and the net-shaped pattern on carapace, but can be dis- tinguished by the endites with triangular outgrowth (Figs 8G, 9D), vs. without triangular outgrowth in O. clavulata (Fig. 1E) and O. menglun (Fig. 7D), and the sperm duct overlapped at the margin of bulb (white arrow in Fig. 9A) vs. not overlapped in O. clavulata (Fig. 1B) and O. men- glun (Fig. 7A). Description. Male (holotype). Total length 0.96, carapace length 0.41, carapace width 0.39, abdomen length 0.48. Habitus as in Fig. 8A—C. Color in alcohol: carapace yellow, abdomen, legs and palp pale yellow. Carapace oval, with net-shaped pattern, pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view, with rounded postero- lateral corners. Clypeus (Fig. 8F) margin unmodified, curved downwards in front view, rounded forward in lateral view. Sternum (Fig. 8G) longer than wide, pale yellow, with marginal band and median area of radi- ating lines, surface smooth. Mouthparts: chelicerae elongate, anterior face unmodified; labium elongate, spade-shaped, not fused to sternum, anterior margin not indented at middle; endites (Figs 8G, 9D) strongly scle- rotized, with triangular outgrowth, outer margin with serrula. Abdomen ovoid, with “-shaped pattern. Genita- lia (Fig. 9A—C): tibia of palp strongly enlarged, length/ width ratio = 1.67, cymbium small; bulb pear-shaped in lateral view, with ventral side strongly protruding prox- imally, about 0.91 times as wide as tibia; the sperm duct strongly curved with three loops; embolus short, with sub-apical, opaque crest. Female. Unknown. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Orchestina truncatula Tong & Li, 2011 Figs 10-12 Orchestina truncatula Tong & Li, 2011: 39, figs IE-F, 2C, 3C—D, 4D, 5E, 8A-F; Tong, 2013: 48, figs 26E-F, 27C, 28C—D, 29D, 30E, 66A-F; Rajoria & Jadhao, 2016: 61, figs 1-5. Material examined. 2¢' (SYNU-773-774), CHmNa, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XTBG, fogging, Lvshilin, limestone monsoon rainforest (21°54.617'N, 265 101°16.843'E), elev. 738 m, 8 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg.; 12 (SYNU-783), sifting leaf litter, Bubang Vill. (21°36.640'N, 101°34.905'E), elev. 823 m, 10 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg.; 7459 (SYNU-874), sifting leaf litter, seasonal rainforest (22°09.765'N, 100°52.553'E), elev. 862 m, 22 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg. Type material (examined). Holotype 3 (IZCAS Ar 19320), China: Hainan, Baisha, Yinggeling, Ying- gezui Protection Station, 693 m as.l., 19°03.049'N, 109°33.751'E, 25 August 2010, leg. G. Zheng. Paratypes: 1 3, 19 (IZCAS Ar 19319), same data as holotype; 2 2 (UIZCAS Ar 19318), China: Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling, 997m a.s.l., 18°44.658'N, 108°50.435'E, 18 August 2010, leg. G. Zheng. Diagnosis. This species is similar to O. communis Henrard & Jocqué, 2012 in the large leaf-shaped setae on the diamond-shaped labium and the group of strong, converging setae on distal part of the male chelicerae, but can be distinguished by the small process at base of male chelicerae (Fig. 1OF, G; Tong and Li 2011: fig. 3C, D), vs. without the small process (Henrard and Jocqué 2012: figs 90, 93), and the shape of anterior uterine sclerite (AUS), the length/width ratio about 1.25 (Fig. 12F; Tong and Li 2011: fig. SE), vs. about 0.6 (Henrard and Jocqué 2012: fig. 104). Description. See Tong and Li (2011). Comment. Tong and Li (2011) described this species based on two male and three female specimens from for- est canopy of Hainan Island. The present study materi- als were collected by fogging and sifting leaf litter from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. Rajoria and Jadhao (2016) re- ported this species from Melghat region of Maharashtra, India based on a single male specimen. This suggests that O. truncatula may be widely distributed in Asia. In ad- dition, tibia I of male with a group of ventrobasal spines (Fig. 10D). This character was overlooked in the original publication. Distribution. China (Hainan, Yunnan); India. Orchestina wengnan Tong & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/58AO0DOE9-CBC 1-4742-B1C8-E9436A 18A7C3 Figs 13, 14 Type material. Holotype: ¢ (SYNU-767), CHINA, Yunnan, Jinghong City, Menghai Co., Meng’a Town, Wengnan Vill, sifting leaf litter, secondary forest (22°05.020'N, 100°22.086'E), elev. 1118 m, 24 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg. Paratypes: 13 (SYNU-768), sifting leaf litter, Mandazhai Vill., secondary forest (22°01.702'N, 100°23.697'E), elev. 1188 m, 28 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg.; 1d (SYNU-789), sifting leaf litter, Wengnan Vill., secondary forest (22°04.996'N, 100°22.223'E), elev. 1137 m, 25 July 2012, Zhao & Chen leg. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. zse.pensoft.net 266 Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna Figure 8. Orchestina subclavulata sp. nov., holotype male. A—C. Habitus, dorsal, ventral and lateral views; D—G. Prosoma, dorsal, lateral, anterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A—C); 0.2 mm (D-G). zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 267 Figure 9. Orchestina subclavulata sp. nov., holotype male. A—C. Left palp, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal views, white arrow shows the overlapped sperm duct, red arrow pointing on subapical crest of embolus; D. Endites and labium, ventral view. Abbrevi- ations: Se = serrula; TO = triangular outgrowth. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to O. zhiwui Liu, Xu & Henrard, 2019 in having median projection of clypeus and the net-shaped pattern on carapace, but can be distinguished by the endites with smoothly outer margin (Fig. 14D) vs. with triangular outgrowth in O. zhiwui (Liu et al. 2019: figs 12H,13A; Wang et al. 2021: figs 1H, 2G) and the sperm duct with two loops in prolateral view (Fig. 14A) vs. only half loops (Liu et al. 2019: fig. 13B; Wang et al. 2021: fig. 11). Description. Male (holotype). Total length 0.94, carapace length 0.48, carapace width 0.38, abdomen length 0.49. Habitus as in Fig. 13A—C. Color in alcohol: carapace yellow, abdomen and legs pale zse.pensoft.net 268 Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna Figure 10. Orchestina truncatula Tong & Li, 2011, male (SYNU-773). A-C. Habitus, dorsal, ventral and lateral views; D. Left leg I, prolateral view; E—H. Prosoma, dorsal, lateral, anterior and ventral views, arrow shows the characteristic distal setae. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A-C); 0.1 mm (D); 0.2 mm (E-H). yellow. Carapace oval, with net-shaped pattern, pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view, with rounded posterolateral corners. Clypeus (Fig. 13F) with a median projection in frontal view, rounded forward in lateral view. Sternum (Fig. 13G) longer than wide, with marginal band and median area of radiating lines, surface smooth. Mouthparts: chelicerae zse.pensoft.net straight, anterior face unmodified; labium rounded, not fused to sternum, anterior margin not indented at middle; endites (Figs 13G, 14D) strongly sclerotized, outer margin with serrula. Abdomen ovoid, with gray “-shaped pattern. Genitalia (Fig. 14A—C): tibia of palp strongly enlarged, length/width ratio = 1.72, cymbium small; bulb pear-shaped, about 1.0 times as wide Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 269 Figure 11. Orchestina truncatula Tong & Li, 2011, female (SYNU-783). A, B. Habitus, dorsal and lateral views; C—F. Prosoma, anterior, dorsal, lateral and ventral views; G. Epigaster, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A—F); 0.1 mm (G). as tibia, with distal part gradually tapered towards Female. Unknown. embolus; the sperm duct strongly curved with two Distribution. China (Yunnan: Menghai County, loops; embolus short. Meng’a Town). zse.pensoft.net Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna Figure 12. Orchestina truncatula Tong & Li, 2011, male (SYNU-773), female (SYNU-783). A—-C. Left palp, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal views; D. Endites and labium, ventral view; E, F. Endogyne, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: AUS = anterior uterine sclerite; Ex = dorsolateral extension; Pr = protrusion. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 271 F Figure 13. Orchestina wengnan sp. nov., holotype male. A—C. Habitus, dorsal, ventral and lateral views; D—G. Prosoma, dorsal, lateral, anterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A—C); 0.2 mm (D-G). zse.pensoft.net 272 Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna Figure 14. Orchestina wengnan sp. nov., holotype male. A—C. Left palp, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal views; D. Endites and labium, ventral view. Abbreviation: Se = serrula. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Orchestina xui Tong & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/B9604684-7F3 1-4D24-B20E-A90BEB9A2127 Figs 15-18 Type material. Holotype: ¢ (SYNU-769), CHINA, Yunnan, Mengla Co., Menglun Town, XNNR, fogging, mountaintop secondary rainforest, 55 Km (21°57.987'N, 101°12.167'E), elev. 842 m, 18 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg. Paratypes: 14 (SYNU-770), same data as for zse.pensoft.net holotype; 14 (SYNU-811), sifting leaf litter, Xiaolongha Vill., seasonal forest (21°24.330'N, 101°37.022'E), elev. 801 m, 30 June 2012, Zhao & Chen leg.; 1429 (SYNU- 790-792), sifting leaf litter, Xiaolongha Vill., second- ary forest (21°24.213'N, 101°37.995'E), elev. 834 m, 3 June 2012, Zhao & Chen leg.; 3422 (SYNU-805-809), XNNR, fogging, valley rainforest, 55 Km (21°57.883'N, 101°12.147'E), elev. 839 m, 15 August 2011, Zheng, Zhao & Gao leg. Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 273 Figure 15. Orchestina xui sp. nov., holotype male. A—C. Habitus, dorsal, ventral and lateral views; D—G. Prosoma, dorsal, lateral, anterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A—-C); 0.2 mm (D-G). zse.pensoft.net 274 Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna Me Figure 16. Orchestina xui sp. nov., holotype male. A, B, D. Left palp, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal views; C. Distal part of bulb, prolateral view; E. Endites and labium, ventral view. Abbreviations: Se = serrula; TO = triangular outgrowth. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Etymology. The specific name comes from the family name of Mr Yajun Xu, who worked extensively on the Chinese goblin spiders; noun. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to O. clavula- ta in having the pear-shaped bulb, the net-shaped pat- tern on carapace and the large posterior plate, but can be distinguished by the endites with large triangular outgrowth (Figs 15G, 16E), vs. straight outer margin in O. clavulata (Fig. 1E), the embolus with flattened exten- sion (Fig. 16A—D) vs. gradually narrower in O. clavulata (Fig. 1A—D), and the genital area with two small, dark sclerotized pockets (Fig. 18B, C) vs. without sclerotized zse.pensoft.net pockets (Tong and Li 2011: fig. 4B). The new species is also similar to O. subclavulata sp. nov. in the shape of male endites, but can be distinguished by the embolus with conspicuous dorsal flattened extension and acute tip (Fig. 16A, B), vs. embolus gradually tapered, with sub-apical, opaque crest (Fig. 9A, B). Description. Male (holotype). Total length 1.13, car- apace length 0.55, carapace width 0.43, abdomen length 0.58. Habitus as in Fig. 15A—C. Color in alcohol: pale yellow. Carapace oval, with net-shaped pattern, pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view, with round- ed posterolateral corners. Clypeus (Fig. 15F) margin Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 215 Figure 17. Orchestina xui sp. nov., paratype female. A—C. Habitus, dorsal, ventral and lateral views; D—F. Prosoma, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A—C); 0.2 mm (D-F). unmodified, curved downwards in front view, rounded forward in lateral view. Sternum (Fig. 15G) longer than wide, with marginal band and median area of radiating lines, surface smooth. Mouthparts: chelicerae elongate, anterior face unmodified; labium rounded, not fused to sternum, anterior margin not indented at middle; endites (Figs 15G, 16E) strongly sclerotized, with large triangu- lar outgrowth, outer margin with serrula. Abdomen ovoid, with gray “-shaped pattern. Genitalia (Fig. 16A—D): tibia of palp strongly enlarged, length/width ratio = 1.53, cym- bium small; bulb pear-shaped, about 0.88 times as wide as tibia, with distal part gradually tapered towards em- bolus; the sperm duct strongly curved with three loops; embolus flattened, with acute tip. Female (SYNU-792). Same as male except as noted. Body: habitus as in Fig. 17A—C; body length 1.18. Carapace: 0.52 long, 0.41 wide. Mouthparts: chelicerae shorter; endites simple, with serrula. Ab- domen: 0.67 long. Epigaster (Fig. 18B, C): with two small, dark sclerotized pockets; internal parts visible through integument. Endogyne (Fig. 18D): with stout medial clavate sclerite (AUS), anterior part of cylin- drical sclerite (AUS) with pair of lateral protrusions (Pr); anterior receptaculum (ARe) rounded, transpar- ent, slightly longer than AUS; with large posterior plate (PP). Distribution. China (Yunnan: Mengla County, Men- glun Town). zse.pensoft.net 2/6 Song, C. et al.: A survey of the genus Orchestina from Xishuangbanna Figure 18. Orchestina xui sp. nov., paratype female. A. Prosoma, anterior view; B. Epigaster, ventral view; C, D. Endogyne, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: ARe = anterior receptaculum; AUS = anterior uterine sclerite; Po = pocket; PP = posterior plate; Pr = protrusion. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A); 0.1 mm (B—D). Sichuan Chongqing Yunnan Guangxi Guangdong SANT Vietnam Figure 19. Locality of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (1) 2024, 255-277 Discussion The genus Orchestina is perhaps the dominant group in canopies (Henrard and Jocqué 2012). Occasionally, some of these spiders are also found under bark, in litter, grasses, and suspended litter, and even inside buildings (Izquierdo and Ramirez 2017). The diversity of Orchestina from China is still poorly known. Xu (1987) firstly reported two species from An- hui Province. Both species were collected from leaf litter by hand. Tong and Li (2011) reported six species collect- ed from forest canopy from Hainan Province. Liu et al. (2016, 2019) discovered five species from Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces. All species were collected by sifting leaf litter. Wang et al. (2021) recorded one species from Fenghuang Mountain, Liaoning Province by sifting leaf litter. So far, it is the northernmost locality of Orchestina in China. Recently, Lin et al. (2024) reported one species from Chongqing municipality. This species was collected from leaf litter by hand. In the 14 known Orchestina spe- cies of China, eight species were collected from leaf litter. As to the eight species of Orchestina from Xishuang- banna, O. concava and O. wengnan were collected by sifting leaf litter, O. clavulata, O. menglun and O. sub- clavulata were collected from forest canopy, O. trunca- tula and O. xui were collected from leaf litter and forest canopy, and O. colubrina was collected by fogging and trunk trap. At least three Chinese species, 1.e., O. colu- brina, O. truncatula and O. xui were collected from both leaf litter and forest canopy, suggesting that some spe- cies of the genus Orchestina can occupy a wide variety of habitats. Acknowledgements The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Arnaud Henrard (Tervuren, Belgium), Yuri M. Marusik (Magadan, Russia), the subject editor Danilo Harms (Hamburg, Germany) and one anonymous referee. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-32370479, 31972867). 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