ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024) DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 #ZooKeys Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Malloch (Diptera, Lauxaniidae, Homoneura) from Jiangjin District, southwestern Chongging, China Xulong Chen'®, Pengyan You2®, Wenliang Li?®, Zhisheng Zhang'® 1 Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China 2 College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China Corresponding authors: Wenliang Li (wenliangli@haust.edu.cn); Zhisheng Zhang (zhangzs327@qq.com) OPEN Qaccess Academic editor: Owen Lonsdale Received: 7 April 2024 Accepted: 11 May 2024 Published: 2 July 2024 ZooBank: https://Zoobank.org/ A39A64C8-5BE5-4643-AA43- 03026F8DD268 Citation: Chen X, You P, Li W, Zhang Z (2024) Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Malloch (Diptera, Lauxaniidae, Homoneura) from Jiangjin District, southwestern Chongqing, China. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/ zookeys.1206.124892 Copyright: © Xulong Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0). Abstract Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura are described, Homoneura (Homoneura) biconica Chen & Li, sp. nov., Homoneura (Homoneura) dilatata Chen & Li, sp. nov., Homoneura (Homoneura) jiangjinensis Chen & Li, sp. nov., Homoneura (Homoneura) mi- crotricha Chen & Li, sp. nov., Homoneura (Homoneura) multiseta Chen & Li, sp. nov., Homoneura (Homoneura) serrulata Chen & Li, sp. nov., Homoneura (Homoneura) simi- anshana Chen & Li, sp. nov., which were collected from Jiangjin District, southwestern Chongqing, China and are assigned to the henanensis group. A key to all of the 53 spe- cies of this species group in China is presented. Key words: Homoneurinae, illustration, morphology, new taxon, taxonomy Introduction The Lauxaniid fauna in southwestern China is relatively well-known, but new species are continuously discovered in the humid parts and especially in southern Yunnan and southwestern Guizhou, where significantly higher spe- cies richness and endemism are found (Gao and Yang 2002, 2005; Shi et al. 2009, 2017a, 2020; Li and Yang 2012, 2013, 2015; Shi and Yang 2015; Li et al. 2019, 2020a, 2020b, 2020c, 2020d, 2020e, 2020f, 2021a, 2021b, 2023; Zhao et al. 2022). Compared to these areas, research on the diversity of lauxaniid flies in Chongqing is relatively weak, and currently only nine species in five genera are known; four Homoneura species were described more recently by You et al. (2023) from Yintiaoling Nature Reserve, Chongging, China. Jiangjin District is located in southwestern Chongging, adjacent to Guizhou Province to the southeast and Sichuan Province to the west and southwest. The geographical coordinates are between 105°49'—106°38' east longitude and 28°28'-29°28' north latitude. It has a subtropical humid monsoon climate, with a mild climate and abundant precipitation, high vegetation abundance and rich humus and fungi, providing a good environment for the habitat and reproduc- tion of many organisms. 45 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Homoneura (Homoneura) Malloch, 1927 is the largest subgenus of genus Homoneura Wulp, 1891 with more than 700 species distributed worldwide. The Chinese fauna of H. (Homoneura) is richly represented with more than 220 spe- cies, which are sorted into 21 species groups based on external characters and male genitalia morphology (Shi and Yang 2014). Seven new species described in this paper are assigned to the henanensis group of the subgenus Homoneura Malloch by the the wing having five brown spots, which are respectively located between the r-m and apical spot on R,.,, crossvein dm-cu and the tips of R R,,.. and M.. At present, there are 46 known species of henanensis group in China (Kertész 1915; Matsumura 1916; Malloch 1926; Yang et al. 1999, 2001, 2003; Gao and Yang 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005; Wang et al. 2012; Papp and Gaimari 2013; Shi and Yang 2014; Shi et al. 2017b; Gao and Shi 2019; Chen and Li 2022; You et al. 2023). Seven new species were found among recently collected specimens from Jiangjin District, Chongqing in southwestern China. In present paper, the descriptions and illustrations of male genitalia of these new species are provid- ed, increasing the number of species of the Homoneura henanensis group to 53 species in China, with 11 in Chongqing. 4+5! 243! Materials and methods General terminology follows Cumming and Wood (2017) and Gaimari and Miller (2021). Genitalia preparations were made by removing and macerating the apical portion of the abdomen in pancreatin for six hours (Alvarez-Padilla and Hormiga 2007), then rinsing them with distilled water for dissection and study. After ex- amination in glycerin, they were transferred to fresh glycerin and stored in a mi- crovial pinned below the specimen. Specimens examined were deposited in the Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China (HAUST). Taxonomy Key to species of Homoneura (Homoneura) henanensis group in China (modified from Gao and Shi 2019; You et al. 2023) 1 Wing with brown spot at tip of Sc and R, elongating along costal margin....2 = Sving-without brownspot-attip-OfSe GiGi ts.c.ccmurcennie ene 3 2 Basal edge of brown apical spot on R,,, behind vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; wing with brown spot at tip of Sc and R, slightly elongating along costal margin; surstylus claviform with 3 long setulae, postgonite long co- niform with 5 short setulae.............. H. (H.) hirayamae (Matsumura, 1916) - Basal edge of brown apical spot onR,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; wing with brown spot at tip of Sc and R,, extending closely to brown apical spot on R,,, along costal margin; surstylus without long setu- la, short claviform with a subapical concavity in posterior view; postgonite hook-like and sharp at apex.............. H. (H.) similicurvata Gao & Shi, 2019 3 Basal edge of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as crossvein ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 46 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura 4 Palpus yellow except for black at tip; surstylus broad, sheet-like with short apical setulae in lateral view and curved apically in posterior view............. tek cut ns et ay a at nase St a ta ios eR H. (H.) dadongshanica Shi & Yang, 2014 - Palpus entirely yellow; surstylUS NOt AS ADOVE ......... cece cccecssececeeesteeeeees 5 5 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 6 irregular roWS.............:::cceseeees 6 —- Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 8-10 irregular rowsS.................05 7 6 Arista with longest ray slightly < 1/2 height of first flagellomere; surstylus with a small triangular process with several setulae in lateral view............. Resebuet Jovstea te Ooktaul © Petre. a tents kee. aoy H. (H.) dagupingensis Gao & Shi, 2019 - Arista with longest ray as long as height of first flagellomere; surstylus with a long digitiform process in lateral view and without subapical con- CAMily =e ne ee H. (H.) wuxica You, Chen & Li, 2023 7 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 8 irregular rOWS.............c::ccceseeeees baauedeit cadbtun ee daccsdteege gut tocaledet eghaswidcvndesuSttden cghed H. (H.) brevis Gao & Yang, 2004 - Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 10 irregular rows ...............0:cee 8 8 Wing with brown apical spots on R,,,, R,,., and M, entirely separated Lc PRY 7a a Ae ws eel Iie RNa, Se H. (H.) jiangjinensis sp. nov. - Wing with brown apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M, confluent, or brown api- cal spots on R,,. and M, confluent, separated from apical spot on R,,,.....9 +5 9 Subcostal cell hyaline (Fig. 42)..........cccceeeeeees H. (H.) multiseta sp. nov. = SubeCoestaleeelli pale BrOWIWN:. 41.101 Rk os eeneteeaeosaresee eaves hens 10 10 Ultimate and penultimate sections of M, in proportion of 1.2: 1............0. pete TBARS ee cad es H. (H.) yaromi Yang, Hu & Zhu, 2001 —- Ultimate and penultimate sections of M, in proportion of 1: 1............... 11 11 Brown apical spots on R,,. and M, confluent, separated from apical spot - Brown apical spots onR,,,., R,,.,and M, slightly confluent and forming pale brown connecting area between 3 apical Spots.............ccccsseecesseeeeteees 13 12 Abdominal tergites 2-5 without brown posterior margin; syntergosternite with 2 or 3 setulae around spiracle; surstylus consisting of wide knife-like process and triangular process in lateral view; postgonites symmetrical in VENA VIG WS nbe.f newdata tathiich one Slice H. (H.) stepheni Shi, Gao & Shen, 2017 - Abdominal tergites 2-5 each with brown posterior margin; syntergoster- nite without setula around spiracle; surstylus long and furcated in lateral view; postgonites asymmetrical in ventral ViQW............::cccecceceesteeceesteeeeenaees A Pak et nd eee a are: Pel rer aed H. (H.) anadaequata Gao & Shi, 2019 13 Male tergites 2-5 each with blackish brown posterior margin (Fig. 55); ctenidium with 14 short setae on fore femur; inner process of surstylus evaginable apically with serrulate margin in posterior view (Fig. 57).......... Per Recess ceetetices ordal deve Shere eeesas eee ne taicec act iad decok peu. H. (H.) serrulata sp. nov. - Male tergites 2-5 each with brown posterior margin; ctenidium with 18- 20 short setae on fore femur; surstylus NOt AS ADOVE ............ceeeeeeeeees 14 14 Fore femur with 8 posterior dorsal setae, 6 posterior ventral setae; mid fe- mur with 6 or 7 anterior setae; brown apical spots on R,,, longer, at least 2/3 length of ultimate section of M,; brown median spot on R,,,. at middle point of distance between r-m and dm-cu....H. (H.) shunhuangshana Chen & Li, 2022 - Fore femur with 9 posterior dorsal setae, 4 posterior ventral setae; mid femur with 5 anterior setae; brown apical spots on R,,, shorter, as long as 1/2 length of ultimate section of M, (Fig. 62); brown median spot on R,,, ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 47 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura 15 16 17 18 19 20 23 behind middle point of distance between r-m and dm-cu (Fig. 62)............. A er pedi Pee Se Cees ee Tt xs es lat PAK H. (H.) simianshanica sp. nov. Basal edge of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as apical spot on R,,.; apical spot on R,,. close to brown spot on crossvein dm-cu or atleast:2/3. length:omultimate-SeCuonrO TM és petctagrnenr te Mawar 16 Basal edge of brown apical spot on R,,. behind vertical level as apical spot on R,,.; apical spot on R,,. far from brown spot on crossvein dm-cu and <<2/3 length of ultimate Section Ol Me 8 2. it 5..ctens veces aceaee emacs 19 Apical spot on R,,, close to brown spot on crossvein dm-cu; ctenidium with 16 short setae on fore femur; surstylus apically acute in lateral view; pregonite absent; postgonite consisting of a furcated process and a sub- uliform process in ventral view.......... H. (H.) denticulata Shi & Yang, 2014 Apical spot on R,,. ~ 2/3 length of ultimate section of M,, not close to brown spot on crossvein dm-cu; ctenidium with 12-14 short setae on fore femur; surstylus apically blunt in lateral view, pregonite with inverse U-shaped process and postgonite consisting a pair of subuliform process- OST VEN MAR VIC WE 64 8 vetoed ect as Aa stcdeoes ered Mem etend reticle tvndea tonne thats in Mal vbadeee 17 Hypandrium with a short ventral process; pregonite with a pair of inverse U-shaped processes in ventral view; postgonite short and acute, but pre- gonite longer than postgonite in ventral VieW...............cccccsscecssstceeereeeeeees 18 Hypandrium with a long ventral process; shape of pregonite and postgo- nite not as above, but pregonite shorter than postgonite in ventral view.... Pierad ote ds icbihe, I Meera ET H. (H.) pseudograndis Papp & Gaimari, 2013 Phallus with a pair of lateral teeth subapically in ventral view; 2 arms of inverse U-shaped pregonite asymmetrical distinctly .......... eee eeeeree eres Pe es Hr NOES ot 2 H. (H.) simigrandis Shi & Yang, 2014 Phallus without a pair of lateral teeth subapically in ventral view; 2 arms of inverse U-shaped pregonite almost symmetrical in length....................06 Eee pe nts Are SE Leet ee H. (H.) grandis (Kertész, 1915) Wing with brown string-like spot on R,,, and apical spots on R,,. and M,,; epandrium slender and surstylus apically acute with a long seta in lateral NOW Prcte Cercle tenn arid eee aN rhe as H. (H.) curvispina Gao & Yang, 2003 Wing with round, elliptical or quadrate spot on R,,., R,,., and M,; epandri- LIKI ARIES UFSTVIUS: MOL SAD OVENS 4. cathe sea aitt dntchiate wenden tie cacti ie acewecoane 20 Wing with brown apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M, entirely confluent, or slightly confluent and forming pale brown connecting area between apical SDOESIONINIR Yael pO MMONN Chae beset att caveat a Vien atatass ee Winners seein Aeon aamtaec tS 21 Wing with brown apical spots on R,,. and M, confluent, separated from api- cal spot on R,,., or apical spots on R,,,, R,,., and M, entirely separated.....27 Brown medial spot on R,,. separated from brown cloud on crossvein GIVI GU igs cag vtec ePID Ree a De hae J eRe ra See Mees ests J Boone Sed sueee ey Tees tetrad De 22 Brown medial spot on R,,. confluent with brown cloud on crossvein (Cah 6 elie) Le = eer O.. Penio ns SeNaee 1 e-E Onn Aaa een ae OC eene 2 Deen 25 Abdominal tergites 2-5 without blackish brown posterior margin; synter- gosternite with long hairs around Spiracle ..............cccccccceessececeeesseeeeeeeneaes 23 Abdominal tergites 2—5 with blackish brown posterior margin; syntergos- ternite without long hair around Spiracle ..............ccececeeesscceessteeeeesteeeeeaees 24 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 8 irregular rows; fore femur with 3 posterior ventral setae; syntergosternite without ventral process; surstylus ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 48 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura 24 25 26 24. 31 blunt apically; phallapodeme normal apically «0.0.0.0... eeesscceeesseeeesteeeeens Aes ct Alle A MUO. ei i ha H. (H.) martini Shi, Gao & Shen, 2017 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 10 rows (Fig. 14); fore femur with 5 posterior ventral setae (Fig. 13); syntergosternite with a trapeziform ven- tral process (Fig. 18); surstylus furcated into 2 curved, short processes in lateral view (Fig. 16); phallapodeme expanded apically (Fig. 20)................ Some AAT eradh ine AN CAG, Poe UAT Eh Pa A Le RS a H. (H.) dilatata sp. nov. Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 8 irregular rows; fore femur with 10 posterior dorsal setae and ctenidium with 12 short setae; subcostal cell pale brown apically; surstylus with concavity apically in lateral view... peesuceetinsen tee ducsocccontN oe acereneecdeccn atten H. (H.) apiconcava You, Chen & Li, 2023 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 10 irregular rows (Fig. 4); fore fe- mur with 8 posterior dorsal setae and ctenidium with 16 short setae (Fig. 3); subcostal cell hyaline (Fig. 2); surstylus consisting of a longer subulli- form process and a shorter subuliform process in lateral view (Fig. 6)...... eatec sella aectira uaimee Remand Mbe ceteris tates tae ae mre M ea ence H. (H.) biconica sp. nov. Fore femur with 4 posteroventral setae; syntergosternite circular .......... 26 Fore femur with 6 posteroventral setae; syntergosternite semicircular ...... EAI tokens tnaian: AP PeeR iy oes otra sir) Sy H. (H.) yangi Gao & Yang, 2005 Abdominal tergites 2—5 without blackish brown posterior margin; surstylus indistinct, blunt apically; hypandrium Y-shaped; phallus without triangular median process in ventral view...... H. (H.) guizhouensis Gao & Yang, 2002 Abdominal tergites 2-5 with blackish brown posterior margin; surstylus distinctly digitiform in lateral view; hypandrium H-shaped; phallus with a pair of triangular median process in ventral VIEW ............cccccsccesseeeeteeeeeeeees PO eens SPE acenear ira es cee a H. (H.) yintiaolingica You, Chen & Li, 2023 Wing with brown apical spot on R,,. and M, slightly confluent and forming pale brown connecting area between 2 apical spots; apical spot on R,,, distinctly separated from apical SPOt ON Ry, .....ccccccesesesetesseeeeeseeeteeeeees 28 Wing with brown apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M, entirely separated ......42 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 10 rowS ............c cc cecccecceeeenteeees 29 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 6-8 rOWS...........cceeseceeeteeeeeeeeees 32 SUBCOSTAL MNVENIMG Annee cece sccnhasssenatesstoeey Peamanatale statins mecsnnteeessoectcas caatel, 30 Subcostal cell pale brown or brown apically ..............cccccecescccessseeceesreeeeeees 31 Surstylus bulged claviform, with long setulae in lateral view; abdominal terg- ites 2-5 with pale brown posterior margin; arista with longest ray as long as height of first flagellomere; ctenidium with 16 or 17 short setae on fore femur; hypandrium Y-shaped........... H. (H.) bispinalis Yang, Hu & Zhu, 2001 Surstylus T-shaped and rounded apically in lateral view; abdominal tergites 2-5 without pale brown posterior margin; arista with longest ray shorter than height of first flagellomere; ctenidium with 10 short setae on fore femur; hypandrium H-shaped .....H. (H.) fujianensis Yang, Zhu & Hu, 2003 Mesoscutum with 1 square or oval brown spot before scutoscutellar su- ture, scutellum with 1 square brown spot at middle; fore femur with 7 or 8 posterior dorsal setae, ctenidium with 22 short setae; surstylus long and spine-like in lateral view, without inner PrOCeSS ...........ceeeceeesseceeesteeeeeeeeeees Beceger piled sch nenses tabi nossunaeety leat hohe H. (H.) maculiscutellata Chen & Li, 2022 Mesoscutum without spot before scutoscutellar suture, scutellum with- out brown spot; fore femur with 5 posterior dorsal setae, ctenidium with ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 49 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura 32 34 36 3/7 38 39 40 41 12 short setae; surstylus with 1 short, claviform inner process in lateral ALE et aaa at Mele dere i a el H. (H.) tianeensis Gao & Yang, 2004 Abdomen yellow or pale brown, at least tergites 2-5 with black or brown DOSTSURDTE MMR GN set en ce-ch ean ad can elas teeroeitea te ee dee Oe cad ocd taht ete aa aaron 33 Abdomen yellow, tergites 1-6 without brown posterior margin.............. 35 Abdomen pale brown; surstylus straight and claviform in lateral view ....... Free ached Mi tecmia RRtea prtcecet ne nA moe i H. (H.) serrata Gao & Yang, 2002 Abdomen yellow; surstylus subuliform in lateral view.................:ccceeee 34 Arista with longest ray as long as 1/2 height of first flagellomere; ultimate section of CuA, ~ 1/9 of penultimate; hypandrium inverse U-shaped; post- gonite short, with 2 teeth-like processes in lateral view; phallus curved backwards apically and acute at apex in lateral ViCW.............ccccccceeeeseeeeees Lice ft tte Piece tel aR. Deities 1d Dean H. (H.) longiacutata Gao & Shi, 2019 Arista with longest ray as long as height of first flagellomere (Fig. 31); ulti- mate section of CuA, ~ 1/5 of penultimate (Fig. 32); hypandrium H-shaped (Fig. 39); postgonite long spine-like in lateral view (Fig. 40); phallus not curved backwards apically, without acute tip in lateral view (Fig. 40)......... Sec PP VL RIE) EAD a PRE et H. (H.) microtricha sp. nov. Mid femur with 5 or 6 anterior Setae@....... ccc ce sceeeseseesesseeseeeens 36 Mid femur with 4 anterior Setae ......... cece cece cccceceesseeesseseseessesssseeeeeesens 39 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 6 rOWS ............ccceececeseseseceeeseeeeeess 37 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 8 rowS .............ccccceeeeeeseseseseeeeeees 38 Arista with longest ray as long as 4/5 height of first flagellomere; surstylus long and curved at apex in lateral view.....H. (H.) longicurva Gao & Shi, 2019 Arista with longest ray slightly shorter than height of first flagellomere; surstylus short and narrow in lateral VieW ..............cceecccceesseeeeentecenerseeeeseeeees a A Ra LS BL De i H. (H.) chonggingensis You, Chen & Li, 2023 Fore femur with 6 posterior dorsal setae, 2 posterior ventral setae and ctenid- ium with 12 short setae; surstylus consisting of a small acute apical process, directed downward and a slender knife-like process with dense setulae on dorsal margin in lateral view.......... H. (H.) henanensis Yang, Zhu & Hu, 1999 Fore femur with 8 posterior dorsal setae, 4 posterior ventral setae and ctenidium with 15-17 short setae; surstylus claviform in lateral view ....... Can letines eres ido ASW Cs se RS H. (H.) pangae Shi, Gao & Shen, 2017 Wing with a brown spot between r-m and apical spot on R,,. distinctly or slightly confluent with brown spot on crossvein dm-cu; surstylus claviform 2] a (STA Uhre nin pemmiect wares tn, see PoCr a ee RIE PRL, lA PE 12h he POORER See TPR 40 Wing with a brown quadrate spot between r-m and apical spot on R,,. sep- arated from brown spot on crossvein dm-cu; surstylus not as above.....41 Ctenidium with 15 short setae on fore femur; surstylus absent; pregonite short, broad, and acute apically in ventral view; postgonite consisting of a furcated process and a subuliform process in ventral VieW..............cccceee Pets ee.) re Se eee H. (H.) curvispinosa Yang, Hu & Zhu, 2001 Ctenidium with 13 short setae on fore femur; surstylus digitiform with long setulae in lateral view; pregonite and postgonite furcated apically, pregonite shorter than postgonite in ventral VieW................cccccsccceeeesseeeeees sda eieeed za abe sbactsnttinds lus Uncae teeter tel hc acaten H. (H.) zonalis Yang, Zhu & Hu, 1999 Fore femur with 3 posteroventral setae; epandrium blunt triangular api- cally; surstylus separated from epandrium and originated from anterior ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 50 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura 42 43 44 47 48 49 ventral corner of epandrium, with dense tiny setulae on apical 2/3............ a Moctccns Renae artic Me ccel aed antemte H. (H.) tianjingshanica Shi & Yang, 2014 Fore femur with 4 posteroventral setae; epandrium and surstylus fused, blunt round apically.................. H. (H.) tianmushana Yang, Hu & Zhu, 2001 Ctenidium with 17-19 short setae on fore feMUl...............ccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeees 43 Ctenidium with 10-16 short setae on fore feMUTD.......... eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 44 The first flagellomere ~ 1.8 x longer than high; surstylus narrow and co- lumnar in lateral view and broad with tiny setulae in posterior view; post- gonites triangular with sharp apex in lateral Vi@W..............::ccccceeeesteeeeeteeeees Batson est teem Menara tale a H. (H.) zhangjiajiensis Shi & Yang, 2014 The first flagellomere ~ 2.3 x longer than high; surstylus light color and narrow at base while dark yellow and broad at apex, nearly trapeziform with 2 long setulae in lateral view; postgonite hook-like in lateral view ...... bsutieit cestutirshandi tins segbet cand iinitel ofhastterindalsutesea eg H. (H.) bicolorata Gao & Shi, 2019 Pregonite and postgonite subuliform in ventral view or short and triangu- FARM ate Fal AVIS W sete. ctrostenc aed ecm a cous seasendpaemeaedtvas ac candy ontwaciven teeer ates obec eed 45 Pregonite and postgonite not aS ADOVE............. ce ceeccesessseeseseeeseseeeeeseneees 47 Surstylus without acute or triangular process, blunt and rounded apically and slightly rolled up with several setulae in lateral view..................ccccceeee saasusntne deel he Nasi ORL Me) craarteh LP AM ahs accent htae™ H. (H.) miaoae Gao & Shi, 2019 Surstylus with acute or triangular process, not as above in lateral view...46 Surstylus very broad ball-like with a triangular process apically in lateral view; hypandrium H-shaped; phallus acute subapically in lateral view ....... rddaeees Ses Sate ted ev ec ait tee H. (H.) kuankuoshuiensis Wang & Yang, 2012 Surstylus narrow, acute apically in lateral view; hypandrium Y-shaped; phallus blunt and subapically rounded in lateral View ................cccceceeeseeeeees iN 2 «ReMi he ti A c H. (H.) chinensis Malloch, 1926 Subcostal cell hyaline or pale yellow apically..............cccceccecsssseeeeseeeeees 48 Subéostal:celbdarke-apicallivs, A521... S5 tras Seco Bae ore bese te Mace 50 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 6 regular rows; surstylus curved and knife-like in lateral view; postgonite absent ..............cccccceeseeeseeeeeneees Ponte eo er eee eee, ed H. (H.) spectabilis Gao & Shi, 2019 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 10 irregular rows; surstylus not as Basal edge of brown apical spot on R,,. at same vertical level as apical spot on M.; surstylus consisting of a slender knife-shaped process and a furcated process with several setulae on subapical and apical margin and a small tooth on lateral margin in lateral VieW................cssccccsessecessseeeeeneeeees PRCA Cusr at | ramen JN A) Sn ee NEN H. (H.) caoi Wang & Yang, 2012 Basal edge of brown apical spot on R,,. behind vertical level as apical spot on M.; surstylus short and broad, with a row of long apical setulae ........... ue cae be ar a a H. (H.) jiangxiensis Shi, Gao & Shen, 2017 Syntergosternite elliptic without sternal part flat; surstylus broad and slight- ly curved apically in lateral view...... H. (H.) platimarginata Gao & Shi, 2019 Syntergosternite circular, but with sternal part flat; surstylus not as above Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 8 rOWS ...........ccccccceessceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeees Trataas teal ER ccs amet ese Muksene stat fs Succes H. (H.) curvata Yang, Zhu & Hu, 1999 Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in 10 irregular rows ................. 52 ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 51 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura 92 A brown elliptical spot present between r-m and apical spot on R,,,; mid femur with 6-8 anterior setae; surstylus curved knife-like, acute apically in lateral view; postgonite longer than phallus, elongate subuliform, curved forwards apically in lateral view ........ H. (H.) longispina Gao & Yang, 2004 - Abrown square spot present between r-m and apical spot on R,,.; mid femur with 4 anterior setae; surstylus short, triangular, and acute apically, with sev- eral long setae on dorsal margin and a row of short setulae on ventral margin in lateral view; both pregonite and postgonite shorter subuliform, ~ % length of phallus in ventral View ...............:006 H. (H.) acutata Yang, Zhu & Hu, 1999 Species descriptions Homoneura (Homoneura) biconica Chen & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/FA24E555-3C34-4BC 7-8DBA-8C8BCA604CC2 Figs 1-10 Chinese name: XZ 4fe [el Hk 2a he Type material. Holotype: <, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian- shan Natural Reserve, Zhenggiangou, 28°36'59.54"N, 106°26'25.88"E, 1273 m, 14.V1.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Paratypes: 6<'¢, same data as holotype; 103; CHINA, Chongging City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Dahong- hai, 28°35'34.27"N, 106°26'34.93"E, 1144 m, 15.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Etymology. The specific name comes from the combination of the prefix bi- (meaning two) and the Latin word, conica (meaning cone-shaped), referring to the surstylus consisting of two subuliform processes in lateral view. Diagnosis. Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in ten irregular rows. Basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, behind vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M, slightly confluent; subcostal cell hya- line. Male tergites 2-5 with blackish brown posterior margin. Surstylus con- sisting of two subuliform processes in lateral view. Pregonite and postgonite inwardly curved, pregonite with one long setula. Phallus long and knife-like with an acute subapical tooth in lateral view. Description. Male. Body length 8.4—8.6 mm, wing length 8.3-8.4 mm. Head (Fig. 1) yellow. Frons as long as wide and parallel-sided; ocellar triangle yellow, ocellar seta developed, longer than anterior fronto-orbital seta, anterior fronto-orbital seta shorter than posterior fronto-orbital seta. Gena ~ 1/7 height of eye. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere ~ 2.0 x longer than high; arista black except pale brown at base, long plumose, with longest ray as long as height of first flagellomere. Proboscis and palpus yellow. Thorax (Fig. 4) yellow, with gray pruinosity. 0+3 dorsocentral setae, an- teriormost postsutural dorsocentral seta far from scutal suture, acrostichal setulae in ten irregular rows. Legs yellow. Fore femur with eight posterior dorsal setae, five posterior ventral setae and ctenidium with 16 short setae; fore tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with five or six anterior setae and one apical posterior seta; mid tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and three strong apical ventral setae. Hind femur with several weak anterior ventral setae and one preapical ante- rior dorsal seta; hind tibia with one weak dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Wing (Fig. 2) slightly yellow, basal margin of brown apical ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 52 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura / Al a “i. Fz Li 2 dorsal view 5 abdomen, dorsal view. Zookeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 53 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Figures 6-10. Homoneura (Homoneura) biconica sp. nov. male 6 syntergosternite and epandrium, lateral view 7 epan- drial complex, posterior view 8 syntergosternite, anterior view 9 phallic complex, ventral view 10 phallic complex, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 54 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura spot on R,,, behind vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown apical spots on R47 Ry, and M, slightly confluent and forming pale brown connecting area between apical spots on R,,,, R,,,, and M,; brown median spot on R,,.. sepa- rated from brown cloud-like spot on crossvein dm-cu; subcostal cell hyaline; eight short hairs present at base of R,,.; costa with 2" (between R, and R,,,,), 34 (between R,,, and R,,.), and 4" (between R,,. and M,) sections in propor- tion of 4: 1: 0.8; r-m before middle of discal cell; ultimate and penultimate sections of M, in proportion of 3.5: 3.3; ultimate section of CuA, ~ 1/8 of penultimate. Haltere yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 5) yellow, tergites 2—5 with blackish brown posterior margin. Male genitalia (Figs 6-10): syntergosternite circular, with a triangular ventral process and with several dorsal setulae. Epandrium broad in lateral view; sur- stylus consisting of a longer subuliform process and a shorter subuliform pro- cess in lateral view. Hypandrium H-shaped. Pregonite and postgonite curved inwards, pregonite with one long setula. Phallus long, knife-like, and with an acute subapical tooth in lateral view. Phallapodeme shorter than phallus. Female. Unknown. Distribution. China (Chongqing). Remarks. The new species resembles Homoneura (Homoneura) apiconca- va in the habitus and abdominal tergites 2—5 with blackish brown posterior margin [see You et al. 2023: figs 3, 5], but it can be distinguished from the latter by the following: mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in ten irregular rows; fore femur with eight posterior dorsal setae and ctenidium with 16 short setae; subcostal cell hyaline; surstylus consisting of a longer subuliform pro- cess and a shorter subuliform process in lateral view. In H. (H.) apiconcava, mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in eight irregular rows; fore femur with ten posterior dorsal setae and ctenidium with 12 short setae; subcostal cell pale brown apically; surstylus with concavity apically in lateral view [see You et al. 2023: figs 2-6]. Homoneura (Homoneura) dilatata Chen & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/8E80C793-E526-48DD-B79B-88B1DF3D89BF Figs 11520 Chinese name: }i8 [Fl uk 4a He Type material. Holotype: <, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian- shan Natural Reserve, Zhenggiangou, 28°36'59.54"N, 106°26'25.88"E, 1273 m, 14.V1.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Paratypes: 1<', CHINA, Chongging City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Dawopu, 28°34'11.28"N, 106°20'26.96'E, 1007 m, 6.1X.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Etymology. The specific name refers to the phallapodeme expanded apically in lateral view. Diagnosis. Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in ten irregular rows. Basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, behind vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown apical spots onR,,,., R,,., and M, slightly confluent. Syntergosternite with a setula around spiracle. Surstylus furcated into two short, curved processes in lateral view. Hypandrium with one short subuliform ventral process. Phallapo- deme expanded apically in lateral view. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 55 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura ) i if Wy Ni Ki Figures 11-15. Homoneura (Homoneura) dilatata sp. nov. male 11 head, anterior view 12 wing 13 habitus, lateral view 14 thorax, dorsal view 15 abdomen, dorsal view. Zookeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 56 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura 19 Figures 16-20. Homoneura (Homoneura) dilatata sp. nov. male 16 syntergosternite and epandrium, lateral view 17 epandrial complex, posterior view 18 syntergosternite, anterior view 19 phallic complex, ventral view 20 phallic com- plex, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 57 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Description. Male. Body length 7.7-8.1 mm, wing length 7.9-8.0 mm. Head (Fig. 11) yellow. Frons as long as wide and parallel-sided; ocellar tri- angle yellow, ocellar seta developed, as long as anterior fronto-orbital seta, anterior fronto-orbital seta shorter than posterior fronto-orbital seta. Gena ~ 1/8 height of eye. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere ~ 2.0 x longer than high; arista black except pale brown at base, long plumose, with longest ray as long as height of first flagellomere. Proboscis and palpus yellow. Thorax (Fig. 14) yellow, with gray pruinosity. 0+3 dorsocentral setae, an- teriormost postsutural dorsocentral seta far from scutal suture, acrostichal setulae in ten irregular rows. Legs pale yellow. Fore femur with nine posterior dorsal setae, five posterior ventral setae and ctenidium with 16 short setae; fore tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with five anterior setae and one apical posterior seta; mid tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and three strong apical ventral setae. Hind femur with several weak anterior ventral setae and one preapical anterior dorsal seta; hind tibia with one weak dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Wing (Fig. 12) slightly yellow, basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, behind vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M, slightly confluent and forming pale brown connecting area between apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M,; brown median spot on R,,. separated from brown cloud-like spot on crossvein dm-cu; subcostal cell pale brown apically; three short hairs present at base of R,,.; costa with 2" (between R, and R,,,), 3" (between R,,, and R,,.), and 4" (between R,,. and M,) sections in proportion of 10.5: 2.7: 2.2; r-m before middle of discal cell; ultimate and penultimate sec- tions of M, in proportion of 1: 1; ultimate section of CuA, ~ 1/6 of penultimate. Haltere yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 15) yellow. Male genitalia (Figs 16-20): syntergosternite cir- cular with a trapeziform ventral process, with several dorsal setulae and a set- ula around spiracle. Epandrium broad in lateral view; surstylus hairy, furcated into two short, curved processes in lateral view. Hypandrium H-shaped, with one short subuliform ventral process. Pregonite V-shaped in ventral view, acute apically, postgonite curved, claviform. Phallus with one small, curved hook in lateral view. Phallapodeme expanded apically in lateral view, slightly shorter than phallus. Female. Unknown. Distribution. China (Chongqing). Remarks. The new species resembles Homoneura (Homoneura) martini in brown apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M, slightly confluent, abdominal tergites 2-5 without blackish brown posterior margin and syntergosternite with long hairs around spiracle [see Shi et al. 2017b: figs 10, 13, 14, 16], but it can be distinguished from the latter by the following: mesonotum with acrostichal set- ulae in ten rows; fore femur with five posterior ventral setae; syntergosternite with a trapeziform ventral process; surstylus furcated into two short, curved processes in lateral view; phallapodeme expanded apically. In H. (H.) martini, mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in eight irregular rows; fore femur with three posterior ventral setae; syntergosternite without ventral process; sursty- lus blunt apically; phallapodeme normal apically [see Shi et al. 2017b: figs 12, 16, 17, 19]. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 58 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Homoneura (Homoneura) jiangjinensis Chen & Li, sp. nov. https://Zzoobank.org/5EEEC1 1 1-1B29-44FD-89EC-8F7616B7D0D1 Figs 21-30 Chinese name: 33! /5] Hk Za he Type material. Holotype: <, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian- shan Natural Reserve, Zhenggiangou, 28°36'59.54'N, 106°26'25.88"E, 1273 m, 14.V1.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Paratypes: 1<', same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality Jiangjin District. Diagnosis. Basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown apical spots onR,,., R,,., and M, entirely separated. Syntergosternite with several setulae above right spiracle, ventral process with several hairs at middle. Surstylus consisting of a long spinous process and a hairy blunt process in lateral view. Hypandrium with a pair of tooth-like ventral processes at middle. Pregonite consisting of a short spinous process and a long curved spinous process, postgonite curved and spine-like in lateral view. Phallus with a subapical tooth in lateral view. Description. Male. Body length 7.0-7.1 mm, wing length 6.9 mm. Head (Fig. 21) yellow. Frons as long as wide and parallel-sided; ocellar trian- gle yellow, ocellar seta developed, longer than anterior fronto-orbital seta, an- terior fronto-orbital seta shorter than posterior fronto-orbital seta. Gena ~ 1/8 height of eye. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere ~ 2.0 x longer than high; arista black except yellow at base, long plumose, with longest ray as long as height of first flagellomere. Proboscis and palpus yellow. Thorax (Fig. 24) yellow, with gray pruinosity. 0+3 dorsocentral setae, anterior- most postsutural dorsocentral seta far from scutal suture, acrostichal setulae in ten irregular rows. Legs yellow. Fore femur with ten posterior dorsal setae, five or six posterior ventral setae and ctenidium with 16 short setae; fore tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with five anterior setae and one apical posterior seta; mid tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and three strong apical ventral setae. Hind femur with several weak anterior ventral setae and one preapical anterior dorsal seta; hind tibia with one weak dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Wing (Fig. 22) slightly yellow, basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, at same ver- tical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M, entirely separated; brown median spot on R,,. separated from brown cloud-like spot on crossvein dm-cu; subcostal cell pale brown apically; costa with 2"? (between R, and R,,,,), 34 (between R,,, and R,,.), and 4" (between R,,. and M.) sections in proportion of 4: 1.2: 0.8; r-m before middle of discal cell; ultimate and penulti- mate sections of M, in proportion of 1.1: 1; ultimate section of CuA, ~ 1/7 of penultimate. Haltere yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 25) yellow. Male genitalia (Figs 26-30): syntergosternite cir- cular with a trapeziform ventral process, with several dorsal setulae and several setulae above right spiracle, ventral process with several hairs at middle. Epan- drium broad in lateral view; surstylus consisting of a long spinous process and a blunt and hairy process in lateral view. Hypandrium H-shaped, with a pair of tooth-like ventral processes at middle. Pregonite consisting of a short spinous process and a long curved spinous process, postgonite curved and spine-like ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 59 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura ta Figures 21-25. Homoneura (Homoneura) jiangjinensis sp. nov. male 21 head, anterior view 22 wing 23 habitus, lateral view 24 thorax, dorsal view 25 abdomen, dorsal view. Zookeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 60 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Figures 26-30. Homoneura (Homoneura) jiangjinensis sp. nov. male 26 syntergosternite and epandrium, lateral view 27 epandrial complex, posterior view 28 syntergosternite, anterior view 29 phallic complex, ventral view 30 phallic com- plex, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 61 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura in lateral view. Phallus curved backwards, with a subapical tooth in lateral view. Phallapodeme shorter than phallus. Female. Unknown. Distribution. China (Chongqing). Remarks. The new species resembles Homoneura (Homoneura) caoi in the habitus, mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in ten irregular rows and brown apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M, entirely separated [see Wang et al. 2012: figs 12, 14, 15], but it can be distinguished from the latter by the following: fore femur with ten posterior dorsal setae and ctenidium with 16 short setae; subcostal cell pale brown apically; abdominal tergites 2-5 without brown posterior margin; syntergosternite with several setulae above right spiracle; surstylus consisting of a long spinous process and a blunt hairy process in lateral view; hypandrium with a pair of tooth-like ventral processes at middle; pregonite consisting of a short spinous process and a long curved spinous process, postgonite curved and spine-like in lateral view. In H. (H.) caoi, fore femur with seven or eight pos- terior dorsal setae and ctenidium with 12 or 13 short setae; subcostal cell hya- line; abdominal tergites 2-5 with brown posterior margin; syntergosternite with- out setula around spiracle; surstylus trifurcated; gonopod with three inwardly curved arc-shaped processes [see Wang et al. 2012: figs 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21]. Homoneura (Homoneura) microtricha Chen & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/3070733C-4EF9-48F9-BBC2-45424FC52630 Figs 31-40 Chinese name: (=A) ka He Type material. Holotype: ¢, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Sim- ianshan Natural Reserve, Zhenggiangou, 28°36'59.54'N, 106°26'25.88'E, 1273 m, 15.V1.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Paratypes: 432462 9, CHINA, Chonga- ing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Zhenggiangou, 28°36'59.54"N, 106°26'25.88"E, 1273 m, 14.VI.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 16, CHINA, Chongging City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Zhengq- iangou, 28°36'59.54"N, 106°26'25.88"E, 1273 m, 26.V1.2022, leg. Pengyan You; 3734899, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Re- serve, Dahonghai, 28°35'34.27'N, 106°26'34.93"E, 1144 m, 15.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 544, CHINA, Chongging City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Nat- ural Reserve, Mohuayan, 28°35'15.67"N, 106°22'7.36"E, 1017 m, 14.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 24312, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian- shan Natural Reserve, Zhenzhutan, 28°35'50.74"N, 106°25'25.70"E, 1226 m, 15.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 24'5'22 9, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin Dis- trict, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Tudiyan, 28°37'24.45"N, 106°24'6.69'E, 1126 m, 15.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 14299, CHINA, Chongqing City, Ji- angjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Chaoyuanguan, 28°38'53.38'N, 106°20'23.84"E, 920 m, 14. VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 14, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Taihe Management and Protection Station, Heishenmiao, 28°48'9.21"N, 106°15'46.04"E, 836 m, 14.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 1<, CHI- NA, Chongging City, Jiangjin District, Dayuandong National Forest Park, Kong- zimiao, 28°53'9.68"N, 106°15'24.28"E, 709m, 12.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 1419, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Dayuandong National Forest ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 62 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Park, Shuijingwan, 28°53'10.96'N, 106°14'19.32"E, 717 m, 13.VII.2022, leg. Xu- long Chen; 2¢4'19, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Dayuandong Na- tional Forest Park, Tian’ehu, 28°52'54.45'"N, 106°15'14.53"E, 728 m, 13.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 43'91299, CHINA, Chongging City, Jiangjin District, Dayuan- dong National Forest Park, Diaojiaolou, 28°53'5.89"N, 106°15'42.18"E, 731 m, 13.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Etymology. The specific name comes from the combination of the prefix mi- cro- (meaning small) and the Latin word, tricha (meaning hair), referring to the surstylus covered by small hairs. Diagnosis. Mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in eight irregular rows. Brown apical spots on R,,. and M, slightly confluent, separated from apical spot on R,,.; brown median spot on R,,. slightly fused with brown cloud-like spot on crossvein dm-cu. Surstylus subuliform in lateral view. Pregonite knife- like in ventral view, connected with postgonite; postgonite long and spine-like in lateral view. Phallus with two pairs of subapical teeth in lateral view. Description. Male. Body length 5.8-6.3 mm, wing length 5.6-6.1 mm. Head (Fig. 31) yellow. Frons as long as wide and parallel-sided; ocellar triangle yellow, ocellar seta developed, longer than anterior fronto-orbital seta, anterior fronto-orbital seta shorter than posterior fronto-orbital seta. Gena ~ 1/8 height of eye. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere ~ 2.0 x longer than high; arista black except yellow at base, long plumose, with longest ray slightly shorter than height of first flagellomere. Proboscis pale yellow, palpus yellow. Thorax (Fig. 34) yellow, with gray pruinosity. 0+3 dorsocentral setae, anterior- most postsutural dorsocentral seta far from scutal suture, acrostichal setulae in eight irregular rows. Legs yellow. Fore femur with seven posterior dorsal se- tae, four posterior ventral setae, and ctenidium with 14 or 15 short setae; fore tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with four or five anterior setae and one apical posterior seta; mid tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and three strong apical ventral setae. Hind femur with one preapical anterior dorsal seta; hind tibia with one weak dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Wing (Fig. 32) slightly yellow, basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, behind vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown apical spots on R,,. and M, slightly confluent, separated from apical spot on R,,,, brown median spot on R,,.. slightly fused with brown cloud-like spot on crossvein dm-cu; subcostal cell pale brown apically; costa with 2"4 (between R, and R,,,,), 37 (between R,,, and R,,.), and 4" (between R,,. and M.) sections in proportion of 9.7: 2.7: 2; r-m before middle of discal cell; ultimate and penulti- mate sections of M, in proportion of 3: 2.3; ultimate section of CuA, ~ 1/5 of penultimate. Haltere pale brown. Abdomen (Fig. 35) yellow, tergites 2-5 with pale brown posterior margin. Male genitalia (Figs 36-40): syntergosternite circular, with a trapeziform ven- tral process and with several dorsal setulae. Epandrium broad in lateral view; surstylus hairy, subuliform in lateral view. Hypandrium H-shaped. Pregonite knife-like in ventral view, connected with postgonite; postgonite long and spine- like in lateral view. Phallus with two pairs of subapical teeth in lateral view. Phallapodeme as long as phallus. Female. Body length 5.9-6.3 mm, wing length 6.0-6.2 mm. Distribution. China (Chongqing). ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 63 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Ane , Figures 31-35. Homoneura (Homoneura) microtricha sp. nov. male 31 head, anterior view 32 wing 33 habitus, lateral view 34 thorax, dorsal view 35 abdomen, dorsal view. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 64 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Figures 36-40. Homoneura (Homoneura) microtricha sp. nov. male 36 syntergosternite and epandrium, lateral view 37 epandrial complex, posterior view 38 syntergosternite, anterior view 39 phallic complex, ventral view 40 phallic com- plex, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 65 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Remarks. The new species resembles Homoneura (Homoneura) longiacuta- ta in the habitus and surstylus that is subuliform in lateral view [see Gao and Shi 2019: figs 35, 41-42], but it can be distinguished from the latter by the fol- lowing: arista with longest ray as long as height of first flagellomere; ultimate section of CuA, ~ 1/5 of penultimate; hypandrium H-shaped; postgonite long and spine-like in lateral view; phallus not curved backwards apically, without acute tip in lateral view. In H. (H.) longiacutata, arista with longest ray as long as 1/2 height of first flagellomere; ultimate section of CuA, ~ 1/9 of penultimate; hypandrium inverse U-shaped; postgonite short, with two teeth-like processes in lateral view; phallus curved backwards apically and acute at apex in lateral view [see Gao and Shi 2019: figs 36, 40, 44, 45]. Homoneura (Homoneura) multiseta Chen & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/8749E02C-8EC1-4C65-93E8-6478A74D82D4 Figs 41-50 Chinese name: #4 22/5] fuk 4a Type material. Holotype: ¢, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Sim- ianshan Natural Reserve, Dahonghai, 28°35'34.27"N, 106°26'34.93'E, 1144 m, 15.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Paratypes: 1<, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Zhenggiangou, 28°36'59.54'N, 106°26'25.88"E, 1273 m, 14.V1.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Etymology. The specific name comes from the combination of the prefix multi and the Latin seta, referring to the epandrium covered by many setae. Diagnosis. Basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown apical spots on R,,,., R,,., and M, slightly confluent. Male tergites 2-5 with brown posterior margin. Surstylus blunt and rolled up in ventral view. Hypandrium U-shaped. Pregonite broad and postgonite long, spine-like. Phallus with small sharp process in lateral view. Description. Male. Body length 8.7—8.8 mm, wing length 8.5 mm. Head (Fig. 41) yellow. Frons as long as wide and parallel-sided; ocellar trian- gle yellow, ocellar seta developed. Gena ~ 1/8 height of eye. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere ~ 2.0 x longer than high; arista black except yellow at base, long plumose, with longest ray shorter than height of first flagellomere. Probos- cis and palpus yellow. Thorax (Fig. 44) yellow, with gray pruinosity. 0+3 dorsocentral setae, anterior- most postsutural dorsocentral seta far from scutal suture, acrostichal setulae in ten rows. Legs yellow. Fore femur with nine posterior dorsal setae, four posterior ventral setae and ctenidium with 18 short setae; fore tibia with one dorsal preapi- cal seta and one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with five or six anterior setae and one apical posterior seta; mid tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and three strong apical ventral setae. Hind femur with several weak anterior ventral setae and one preapical anterior dorsal seta; hind tibia with one weak dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Wing (Fig. 42) slightly yellow, basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown api- cal spots on R,,,., R,,., and M, slightly confluent and forming pale brown connect- ing area between apical spots on R,,.,, R,,., and M,; brown median spot on R,,. separated from brown cloud-like spot on crossvein dm-cu; subcostal cell hyaline; ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 66 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Figures 41-45. Homoneura (Homoneura) multiseta sp. nov. male 41 head, anterior view 42 wing 43 habitus, lateral view 44 thorax, dorsal view 45 abdomen, dorsal view. Zookeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 67 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Figures 46-50. Homoneura (Homoneura) multiseta sp. nov. male 46 syntergosternite and epandrium, lateral view 47 epandrial complex, posterior view 48 syntergosternite, anterior view 49 phallic complex, ventral view 50 phallic com- plex, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 68 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura seven short hairs present at base of R,,.; costa with 2" (between R, and R,,,,), 3° (between R,,, and R,,.), and 4" (between R,,. and M.,) sections in proportion of 4: 1: 0.8; r-m before middle of discal cell; ultimate and penultimate sections of M, in proportion of 1: 1; ultimate section of CuA, ~ 1/7 of penultimate. Haltere yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 45) yellow, tergites 2—5 with brown posterior margin. Male gen- italia (Figs 46-50): syntergosternite circular with a trapeziform ventral process, with several dorsal setulae. Epandrium broad in lateral view; surstylus blunt in later- al view, hairy and rolled up in ventral view. Hypandrium U-shaped. Pregonite broad, with a small tooth apically, postgonite long spine-like. Phallus curved backwards, with a small sharp process in lateral view. Phallapodeme shorter than phallus. Female. Unknown. Distribution. China (Chongqing). Remarks. The new species resembles Homoneura (Homoneura) shunhuangsha- na in the habitus, basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm-cu and mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in ten rows [see Chen and Li 2022: figs 7B-D], but it can be distinguished from the latter by the following: subcostal cell hyaline; brown apical spots on R,,, shorter, as long as 1/2 length of ultimate section of M,; brown median spot on R,,, behind middle point of dis- tance between r-m and dm-cu; surstylus blunt, rolled up in ventral view; hypandrium U-shaped. In H. (H.) shunhuangshana, subcostal cell pale brown apically; brown api- cal spots on R,,, longer, at least 2/3 length of ultimate section of M,; brown median spot on R,.. at middle point of distance between r-m and dm-cu; surstylus horn- +5 shaped in lateral view; hypandrium H-shaped [see Chen and Li 2022: figs 7B, 8A, D]. Homoneura (Homoneura) serrulata Chen & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/0D01DD62-421 D-43DC-8745-9EE3F678F714 Figs 51-60 Chinese name: 42:24 [Fi] fk 2a 8 Type material. Holotype: <, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Dayu- andong National Forest Park, Shuijingwan, 28°53'10.96'N, 106°14'19.32'E, 717 m, 13.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Paratypes: 1<, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Dayuandong National Forest Park, Tian’ehu, 28°52'54.45'N, 106°15'14.53"E, 728 m, 13.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Etymology. The specific name refers to the inner process of surstylus with serrulate margin in posterior view. Diagnosis. Basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm-cu. Male tergites 2-5 with blackish brown posterior margin. Syntergosternite with a setula around spiracle. Inner process of surstylus evag- inable apically with serrulate margin in posterior view, outer process long spine- like. Pregonite crossed at front of phallus in ventral view, postgonite digitiform and curved apically. Phallus tapering apically in lateral view. Description. Male. Body length 7.7 mm, wing length 7.8-7.9 mm. Head (Fig. 51) yellow. Frons as long as wide and parallel-sided; ocellar trian- gle yellow, ocellar seta developed. Gena ~ 1/10 height of eye. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere ~ 2.0 x longer than high; arista black except yellow at base, long plumose, with longest ray as long as height of first flagellomere. Proboscis pale yellow, palpus yellow. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 69 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Figures 51-55. Homoneura (Homoneura) serrulata sp. nov. male 51 head, anterior view 52 wing 53 habitus, lateral view 54 thorax, dorsal view 55 abdomen, dorsal view. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 70 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Figures 56-60. Homoneura (Homoneura) serrulata sp. nov. male 56 syntergosternite and epandrium, lateral view 57 epandrial complex, posterior view 58 syntergosternite, anterior view 59 phallic complex, ventral view 60 phallic com- plex, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 71 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Thorax (Fig. 54) yellow, with gray pruinosity. 0+3 dorsocentral setae, anterior- most postsutural dorsocentral seta far from scutal suture, acrostichal setulae in ten rows. Legs yellow. Fore femur with eight posterior dorsal setae, four or five posterior ventral setae and ctenidium with 14 short setae; fore tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with five or six anterior setae and one apical posterior seta; mid tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and three strong apical ventral setae. Hind femur with several weak anterior ventral setae and one preapical anterior dorsal seta; hind tibia with one weak dor- sal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Wing (Fig. 52) slightly yellow, basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm- cu; brown apical spots on R,,,, R,,., and M, slightly confluent and forming pale brown connecting area between apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M,; brown median spot on R,,. separated from brown cloud-like spot on crossvein dm-cu; subcos- tal cell pale brown apically; seven short hairs present at base of R,,.; costa with 2" (between R, and R,,.,), 3° (between R,,, and R,,.), and 4" (between R,,. and M.) sections in proportion of 7.5: 2: 1.5; r-m before middle of discal cell; ultimate and penultimate sections of M, in proportion of 1.1: 1.2. Haltere yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 55) yellow, tergites 2—5 with blackish brown posterior margin. Male genitalia (Figs 56-60): syntergosternite circular with a trapeziform ven- tral process, with several dorsal setulae and setula around spiracle. Epandrium broad in lateral view; surstylus consisting of inner process and outer process, in- ner process evaginable apically with serrulate margin in posterior view, outer pro- cess long spine-like. Hypandrium H-shaped. Pregonite acute apically, crossed at front of phallus in ventral view, postgonite digitiform and curved apically. Phallus tapering apically in lateral view. Phallapodeme shorter than phallus. Female. Unknown. Distribution. China (Chongqing). Remarks. The new species resembles Homoneura (Homoneura) anadaequa- ta in the habitus, basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm-cu and mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in ten rows [see Gao and Shi 2019: figs 1, 4, 7], but it can be distinguished from the latter by the following: brown apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M, slightly confluent; synter- gosternite with a setula around spiracle; inner process of surstylus evaginable apically with serrulate margin in posterior view; postgonites symmetrical in ventral view. In H. (H.) anadaequata, brown apical spots on R,,, and M, conflu- ent, separated from apical spot on R,,,, syntergosternite without setula around spiracle; surstylus long and furcated in posterior view; postgonites asymmetri- cal in ventral view [see Gao and Shi 2019: figs 7, 9, 10, 11]. Homoneura (Homoneura) simianshana Chen & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/10AC3A27-80B5-41 BD-8E58-221 DAE4F0838 Figs 61-70 Chinese name: VU [ft iL [rl ik 2h Type material. Holotype: <, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simi- anshan Natural Reserve, Dawopu, 28°34'11.28"N, 106°20'26.96"E, 1007 m, 6.1X.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Paratypes: 3<3', same data as holotype; 40.19, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Zhengq- ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 72 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura iangou, 28°36'59.54"N, 106°26'25.88"E, 1273 m, 14.VI.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 432439 2, CHINA, Chongging City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Tudiyan, 28°37'23.62'"N, 106°24'4.02"E, 1128 m, 7.1X.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 1, CHINA, Chongaing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Qinjiagou, 28°37'6.32'N, 106°23'53.40"E, 1131 m, 15.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 16, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Zhenzhutan, 28°35'50.74'N, 106°25'25.70"E, 1226 m, 15.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 16, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simianshan Natural Reserve, Dahonghai, 28°35'34.27'N, 106°26'34.93"E, 1144 m, 15.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 1419, CHINA, Chongging City, Jiangjin District, Dayuandong National Forest Park, Diao- jiaolou, 28°52'16.19"N, 106°15'18.47"E, 759 m, 8.1X.2022, leg. Xulong Chen; 16, CHINA, Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Dayuandong National Forest Park, Diao- jiaolou, 28°53'5.89"N, 106°15'42.18"E, 731 m, 13.VII.2022, leg. Xulong Chen. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality Simianshan Natu- ral Reserve. Diagnosis. Basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown apical spots on R,,,., R,,., and M, slightly confluent. Male tergites 2-5 with brown posterior margin. Surstylus inwardly curved api- cally in posterior view. Postgonite consisting of a pair of asymmetric sclerites, furcated in lateral view. Description. Male. Body length 8.6-8.8 mm, wing length 8.5-8.6 mm. Head (Fig. 61) yellow. Frons as long as wide and parallel-sided; ocellar tri- angle yellow, ocellar seta developed, slightly longer than anterior fronto-orbital seta, anterior fronto-orbital seta shorter than posterior fronto-orbital seta. Gena ~ 1/6 height of eye. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere ~ 2.0 x longer than high; arista black except brown at base, long plumose, with longest ray slightly short- er height of first flagellomere. Proboscis pale yellow; palpus yellow. Thorax (Fig. 64) yellow, with gray pruinosity. 0+3 dorsocentral setae, anterior- most postsutural dorsocentral seta far from scutal suture, acrostichal setulae in ten irregular rows. Legs yellow. Fore femur with nine posterior dorsal setae, four posterior ventral setae. and ctenidium with 18-20 short setae; fore tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Mid femur with five anteri- or setae and one apical posterior seta; mid tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and three strong apical ventral setae. Hind femur with several weak anterior ventral setae and one preapical anterior dorsal seta; hind tibia with one dorsal preapical seta and one short apical ventral seta. Wing (Fig. 62) slightly yellow, basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm-cu; brown apical spots on R,,., R,,., and M, slightly confluent and forming pale brown area between apical spots on R,,., R,,.. and M,; brown median spot on R,,, separated from brown cloud-like spot on crossvein dm-cu; subcostal cell pale brown apical- ly; four short hairs present at base of R,,., costa with 2™ (between R, and R,,.), 3° (between R,,, and R,,..), and 4" (between R,,. and M.) sections in proportion of 5.5: 1.5: 1; r-m before middle of discal cell; ultimate and penultimate sections of M, in proportion of 1: 1; ultimate section of CuA, ~ 1/8 of penultimate. Haltere yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 65) yellow, tergites 2-5 with brown posterior margin. Male genitalia (Figs 66-70): syntergosternite circular, with a trapeziform ventral pro- cess and with several dorsal setulae. Epandrium broad in lateral view; surstylus long digitiform in lateral view, inwardly curved apically in posterior view. Hypan- drium H-shaped. Pregonite long digitiform and curved apically in ventral view, ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 73 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura | \\ . ‘ Figures 61-65. Homoneura (Homoneura) simianshana sp. nov. male 61 head, anterior view 62 wing 63 habitus, lateral view 64 thorax, dorsal view 65 abdomen, dorsal view. ZooKkeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 74 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Figures 66-70. Homoneura (Homoneura) simianshana sp. nov. male 66 syntergosternite and epandrium, lateral view 67 epandrial complex, posterior view 68 syntergosternite, anterior view 69 phallic complex, ventral view 70 phallic com- plex, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 75 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura postgonite consisting of a pair of asymmetric sclerites, furcated in lateral view. Phallus curved backwards in lateral view. Phallapodeme as long as phallus. Female. Body length 8.8 mm, wing length 8.5-8.6 mm. Distribution. China (Chongqing). Remarks. The new species resembles Homoneura (Homoneura) shunhuang- shana in the habitus, mesonotum with acrostichal setulae in ten rows, basal margin of brown apical spot on R,,, at same vertical level as crossvein dm-cu and tergites 2—5 each with brown posterior margin [see Chen and Li 2022: figs 7B-E], but it can be distinguished from the latter by the following: fore femur with nine posterior dorsal setae, four posterior ventral setae; mid femur with five anterior setae; brown apical spots on R,,, shorter, as long as 1/2 length of ultimate section of M,; brown median spot on R,,, behind middle point of distance between r-m and dm-cu. In H. (H.) anadaequata, fore femur with eight posterior dorsal setae, six posterior ventral setae; mid femur with six or seven anterior setae; brown apical spots on R,,, longer, at least 2/3 length of ultimate section of M,; brown median spot on R,,. at middle point of distance between r-m and dm-cu [see Chen and Li 2022: fig. 7B, C]. Discussion Homoneura (Homoneura) henanensis species group is species rich in Oriental and Palearctic species, with 53 described species, and is now the largest group of the subgenus Homoneura. The species of the henanensis group are almost unified in external morphological characters (i.e., large body size, antennal first flagellomere ~ 2.0 x longer than high, wing with five large brown spots), but are not sufficient for species identification. Interestingly, the male genitalia of henanensis group are extremely complex and variable, and different species ex- hibit distinctive shapes and forms; therefore, the male genitalia structures can provide the most reliable diagnostic characters for species delimitation, while the value of the female genitalia is relatively limited for species identification. Seven new species of the henanensis group are described in this paper, of which six species have extremely characteristic male genitalia, except for H. (H.) mi- crotricha sp. nov. that resembles H. (H.) longiacutata in the shape of surstylus, but the new species can be separated from the latter by the following male gen- italia characters: 1) the H-shaped hypandrium; 2) the long spine-like postgonite in lateral view; 3) the not curved phallus, blunt and round apically. In H. (H.) longi- acutata, the hypandrium is U-shaped, the postgonite is short and the middle part depressed, and the phallus is curved backwards apically and acute at the apex. The henanensis group is diverse in Chinese moist and shaded herb habitats (Fig. 71; including Shaanxi, Chongqing, Henan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang), and suitable habitats can attract a large number of species that survive and reproduce here, which may be the reason they are abundant in collections, as well as contribute to the discovery of new species. However, it is surprising that only one species of this group has been found in Yunnan province, which has the highest species richness of lauxaniid flies in China; such distributional gaps may be the result of insufficient sampling for this group. There is no doubt that additional species await discovery in unsampled primary forests throughout southwestern China. ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 76 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Figure 71. Habitat and plants in Simianshan Natural Reserve, Zhengqiangou. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to the editor and reviewers for their comments that improved this paper. Additional information Conflict of interest The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Ethical statement No ethical statement was reported. Funding The research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32070477). Author contributions All authors have contributed equally. Author ORCIDs Xulong Chen ® https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0787-3333 Pengyan You © https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7485-8056 Wenliang Li © https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9019-1223 Zhisheng Zhang ® https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9304-1789 ZooKeys 1206: 45-80 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124892 77 Xulong Chen et al.: Seven new species of the subgenus Homoneura Data availability All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text. Reference Alvarez-Padilla F, Hormiga G (2007) A protocol for digesting internal soft tissues and mounting spiders for scanning electron microscopy. The Journal of Arachnology 35(3): 538-542. https://doi.org/10.1636/Sh06-55.1 Chen XL, Li WL (2022) Four new species of the subgenus Homoneura from Hunan Prov- ince, China (Diptera: Lauxaniidae: Homoneura). Oriental Insects 56(4): 437-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2021.2022546 Cumming JM, Wood DM (2017) 3. Adult morphology and terminology. 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