#ZooKeys ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024) DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 Research Article First record of subgenus Synaldis Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae, Dinotrema Foerster) from Chile, with description of ten new species Franciélle Dias de Oliveira’, Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias2© 1 Programa de Pos-Graduagao em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13 565-905, Sao Carlos, SP Brazil 2 Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, CP 676, CEP 13 565-905, Sao Carlos, SP Brazil Corresponding authors: Franciélle Dias de Oliveira (fdoliveiral1 @gmail.com); Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias (angelica@ufscar.br) OPEN Qaccess Academic editor: Filippo Di Giovanni Received: 1 April 2024 Accepted: 11 June 2024 Published: 10 July 2024 ZooBank: https://Zoobank. org/879E4E4E-8904-4879-8F 28- 8FOEADOAE9FC Citation: Dias de Oliveira F, Penteado- Dias AM (2024) First record of subgenus Synaldis Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae, Dinotrema Foerster) from Chile, with description of ten new species. Zookeys 1206: 275-314. https://doi. org/10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 Copyright: © Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias. This is an open access article distributed under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0). Abstract Synaldis is a taxon within the Aspilota group with a contentious taxonomic history, cur- rently classified as a subgenus of the genus Dinotrema. Species of Synaldis were only documented in the Neotropical region in 201 7, and until then, the Neotropical fauna of this subgenus was represented by five species from Brazil. In this study, Synaldis is reported for the first time in Chile, with the description and illustration of ten new species, namely: Dinotrema (Synaldis) acarinareolatum sp. nov., D. (S.) brunneum sp. nov., D. (S.) chilense sp. nov., D. (S.) daltoni sp. nov., D. (S.) flavum sp. nov., D. (S.) latusdentertium sp. nov., D. (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov., D. (S.) pilosicaudatum sp. nov., D. (S.) puyehue sp. nov., and D. (S.) verae sp. nov. The studied specimens were collected during expeditions to southern Chile, in the Valdivian temperate rainforest at Parque Nacional de Puyehue. This study also includes a dichotomous identification key for Neotropical species of Synaldis, as well as a discussion of the primary morphological characters used to distinguish spe- cies within the Neotropical and Nearctic regions. Key words: Alysiini, Aspilota group, endoparasitoid wasp, Ichneumonoidea, koinobiont, Neotropical region, parasitoid of Diptera, taxonomy Introduction The subfamily Alysiinae Leach, 1815 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) contains koinobiont endoparasitoids exclusively of cyclorrhaphous Diptera larvae (Wharton 1984; van Achterberg 1993). Alysiinae is morphologically character- ized by having exodont mandibles (outwardly directed, non-overlapping even when they are closed), and total loss of the occipital carina (van Achterberg 1993; Wharton 2017). This subfamily is subdivided into two tribes, Alysiini and Dacnusini, which differ by the presence of the fore wing vein r-m in Alysiini and its absence in Dacnusini (Shenefelt 1974; Yu et al. 2016). Within Alysiini, the Aspilota group (sensu van Achterberg 1988) stands out as a remarkably large and complex group of genera. Members of this group are characterized by having a nearly glabrous apical portion of the ovipositor sheath, with its obtuse apex, and a host-spectrum nearly exclusively comprised 275 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile of dipteran Phoridae. They are typically small, with a body length of 1-2 mm (less frequently ~ 3 mm), the body color is predominantly dark brown, and they are often found in decaying organic matter (van Achterberg 1988). Two of the largest related genera in the Aspilota group, Dinotrema Foerst- er, 1863 and Aspilota Foerster, 1863 are morphologically distinguished by the size states of the paraclypeal fovea (anterior tentorial pit). In Dinotrema, this structure is small and clearly separated from the eye, whereas in Aspilota, the paraclypeal fovea is enlarged and almost reaching the margin of the eye (van Achterberg 1988). The genera Dinotrema, Aspilota, and related taxa are known for being among the most taxonomically complex within Braconidae. In addi- tion to the predominantly small size of their representatives, the complexity is attributed to the limited characteristics used to distinguish species. Moreover, these diagnostic characters exhibit variability, sometimes significant, there- by obscuring the distinctions between closely related taxa (Belokobylskij and Tobias 2007). Currently, the genus Dinotrema comprises three subgenera: the nomina- tive Dinotrema, Synaldis Foerster, 1863, and Synaldotrema Belokobylskij & To- bias, 2002 (Zhu et al. 2017). Synaldotrema is distinguished by its anomalous metasomal structure, i.e., clearly narrowed towards the apex (in lateral view), with the apical sternites (and ovipositor) distinctly retracted under the long and protruding apical tergites, and fourth tergite very elongate (Belokobylskij and Tobias 2002, 2007). Synaldis differs from Dinotrema by the complete absence of vein 2-SR in the fore wing (consequently the first and second submarginal cells are confluents), while in the subgenus Dinotrema this vein is present, and the first and second submarginal cells are separated. With a historically contentious taxonomic status, Synaldis was initially pro- posed as a genus by Foerster (1863). The generic validity of Synaldis has been questioned due to the variability in the reduction of certain veins among the Aly- siini (Wharton 1980, 2002), including the 2-SR vein in specimens of the Aspilota group, as demonstrated by Koenig (1972). In 1988, van Achterberg re-estab- lished the genus Dinotrema and synonymized the species of “Synaldis” (having the paraclypeal fovea separated from the eye) with Dinotrema. Alternatively, Synaldis continued to be treated as a genus by several authors, and many spe- cies were either described in or transferred to it (Fischer 1993a, 1993b, 2003; Papp 1996, 2000; Belokobylskij 2002, 2004; Peris-Felipo et al. 2014a; Peris-Fe- lipo and Belokobylskij 2017). Finally, Zhu et al. (2017) proposed recognizing Synaldis as a subgenus of Dinotrema for convenience, until a comprehensive phylogenetic study of the genus Dinotrema can support the recognition of Syn- aldis as a subgenus or genus, a Classification that was employed in this study. Synaldis has approximately 100 species described worldwide, and its mem- bers are often reared from agaric mushrooms and recorded as parasitoids of Phoridae and possibly Drosophilidae larvae (Peris-Felipo and Belokobylskij 2020). Peris-Felipo and Belokobylskij (2017) provided the initial record of Syn- aldis in the Neotropical region, along with an identification key for the previously known Nearctic and Neotropical species of the subgenus. Until then, five Neo- tropical species had been registered from Brazil: Dinotrema (Synaldis) brasiliense (Peris-Felipo, 2017), Dinotrema (Synaldis) fritzi (Peris-Felipo, 2017), Dinotrema (Synaldis) longiflagellaris (Peris-Felipo, 2017), Dinotrema (Synaldis) magniocu- lis (Peris-Felipo, 2017), and Dinotrema (Synaldis) novateutoniae (Peris-Felipo, ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 276 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile 2017). In this study, we report the first record of Synaldis from Chile, with the description and illustration of ten new species: Dinotrema (Synaldis) acarinareolatum sp. nov., D. (S.) brunneum sp. nov., D. (S.) chilense sp. nov., D. (S.) daltoni sp. nov., D. (S.) flavum sp. nov., D. (S.) latusdentertium sp. nov., D. (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov., D. (S.) pilosicaudatum sp. nov., D. (S.) puyehue sp. nov., D. (S.) verae sp. nov. Additionally, an identification key to the Neotropical species of Synaldis is provided. Materials and methods The nomenclature of wing venation follows van Achterberg (1993), and body sculpture follows Eady (1968). The other morphological terms and measure- ments were based on Peris-Felipo et al. (2014b), with additional explanations provided below. Body length: in lateral view, sum of the head extension (Fig. 1B, hetew+tp), mesosoma length (Fig. 1F, msl), and metasoma length (Fig. 1K, t1l+mitl). In dorsal view, head width is its maximum width (at eyes or temples), and head length is the midline between frons anteriorly and occiput. For head measurements in lateral view (Fig. 1B), the head was positioned to vertically align the upper base of the mandible with the lateral ocellus (following Wharton 1977). Paraclypeal fovea size: ratio between the maximum diameter of the fovea and the shortest distance from the fovea to the eye (short < 0.40, middle = 0.45-0.55) (Fig. 1C). The mandible width is its maximum width (at apex or base) (Fig. 1D); diagonal carina refers to a carina arising from upper tooth (Fig. 9). Antenna length: sum of the lengths of its segments (Fig. 1E). The width of the first flagel- lar segment (F1) is its apical width, while for the other flagellomeres the width is their maximum width. Maxillary palp length: sum of the lengths of its segments. Mesosoma width is the maximum width of mesoscutum; prescutellar de- pression (scutellar sulcus) width is its maximum width (Fig. 1G). Propodeal areola height and width were measured inside the areola (Fig. 1H). Propodeal spiracle size: ratio between the diameter of spiracle (at its outer margin) and the shortest distance from the spiracle to the basal margin of propodeum (small s 0.3, middle = 0.35—-0.50, large = 0.55), in lateral view (Fig. 1F). Hind femur width is its maximum width and hind tibia width is its subapical width (Fig. 11). Hind tarsus length: sum of the lengths of its segments. Metasoma length: sum of the first metasomal tergite (T1) length and the distance from anterior margin of the second tergite to the metasomal apex, in lateral view (Fig. 1K; t1l+mtl). Metasoma width is its maximum width in dorsal view (Fig. 1L). The wing veins and cells mentioned in the descriptions and identification key, along with their respective measurements, are depicted in Fig. 2. For these wing veins, the corresponding terminologies from Fischer (1972) and Wharton et al. (2017) are respectively provided, in parentheses, as follows: fore wing — 2-SR (cuqu1, 2SR); r (r1, r); 3-SR (r2, 3RSa); SR1 (r3, 3RSb); cu-a (nv, 1cu-a); hind wing — m-cu (n. rec., m-cu). Additionally, the equivalent terminology of Fischer (1972) for the wing cells is: marginal (radial) cell, first + second submar- ginal (cubital) cells, and first subdiscal (brachial) cell. The width of the wings corresponds to their maximum width. In the fore wing, the term submarginal cell refers to the first + second submarginal cells. The length of vein (r+3-SR) was measured as the straight-line distance between its intersection with the pterostigma and the r-m vein (Fig. 2A). ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 277 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Figure 1. Measurements of head, mandible, antenna, mesosoma, leg, and metasoma A, B, C head, dorsal, lateral, and frontal view respectively D mandible, lateral view E antenna F mesosoma, lateral view G mesonotum, dorsal view H propodeum, dorsal view I hind leg J first metasomal tergite (T1), dorsal view K metasoma, lateral view L metasoma (without T1), dor- sal view. Abbreviations: afl — apical flagellar segment length, afw — apical flagellar segment width, ah - areola height, al — antenna length, aw — areola width, ce — distance from clypeus to eye, ch — clypeus height, cw - clypeus width, eh - eye height, ew — eye width, f1l — first flagellar segment length, f1w — first flagellar segment width, f21 - second flagellar seg- ment length, f2w — second flagellar segment width, fa - face width, fh - face height, fl - femur length, ft — first segment of tarsus (basitarsus) length, fw — femur width, he — head (partial) extension, hh — head height, hl — head length, hw — head width, ma —mandibular apical width, mb —mandibular basal width, mcl — mesoscutum length, ml — mandible length, mp — mesoscutal pit length, ms - malar space, msh - mesosoma height, msl — mesosoma length, msw —- mesosoma width, mtl — metasoma (partial) length, mtw — metasoma width, od — ocellus diameter, ool — ocular-ocellar line, ov — ovipositor length, ovs — ovipositor sheath length, pe — pedicel length, pf — paraclypeal fovea diameter, pl — prescutellar depression length, pol — posterior-ocellar line, ps — propodeal spiracle diameter, pw — prescutellar depression width, sc — scape length, sp — distance from spiracle to base of propodeum, st - second segment of tarsus length, tla — first metasomal tergite api- cal width, t1b — first metasomal tergite basal width, t1I — first metasomal tergite length, t3l - third flagellar segment length, t3w -— third flagellar segment width, tl — tibia length, tp - temple width, ts — tarsus length, tw — tibia width. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 278 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Figure 2. Wing measurements A fore wing B hind wing. Abbreviations: fwl — fore wing length, fww — fore wing width, hwl — hind wing length, hww -— hind wing width, mcl — marginal cell length, mcw — marginal cell width, sdl — subdiscal cell length, sdw — subdiscal cell width, sml — submarginal cell length, smw — submarginal cell width. Different types of propodeal sculpture and areolation are schematically repre- sented in Fig. 3. The propodeal median longitudinal carina was considered incom- plete when it is clearly interrupted (Fig. 3A, F, G), and complete when it crosses the propodeum from the basal to apical margin (Fig. 3B—D, H). Transverse carinae are incomplete when distinctly separated from the lateral parts (sides) of propo- deum (Fig. 3A, B), and complete when they extend to the lateral of propodeum, at spiracle margin or lateral carina (Fig. 3C—H). The propodeal surface and the de- velopment of carinae were evaluated independently. For instance, the propodeum may exhibit a mainly smooth surface combined with poorly developed carinae (Fig. 3A), or a mainly smooth surface along with a distinct areola and complete carinae (Fig. 3H). A widely sculptured propodeum may exhibit distinct carination (as depicted in Fig. 3D), or the carinae may be lacking or indiscernible. Digital scanning electronic microscope (SEM) photographs of uncoated specimens were taken with a FEI Quanta 250 SEM in a low vacuum mode. Col- or digital photographs were taken with a Leica M250C stereomicroscope, using a Leica MC170 HD camera and Leica Application Suite software v. 4.12. Mea- surements of the specimens were conducted using digital photographs taken with a Leica M165C stereomicroscope, Leica DFC295 HD camera, and Leica Application Suite software v. 3.7. Adobe Illustrator v. 24.1.2 was utilized for il- lustrations, and Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended v. 12.1. for minor adjustments to photographs and preparation of the plates. Abbreviations used throughout the descriptions are as follows: POL post-ocel- lar line (Shortest distance between lateral ocelli), OD ocellus diameter (maximum diameter of ocellus), OOL ocular-ocellar line (shortest distance between lateral ocellus and eye), F1 first flagellar segment, F2 second flagellar segment, F3 third flagellar segment, AF apical flagellar segment, T1 first metasomal tergite. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 279 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile | \ / mic el ah ace | - areola | a taers 4 | i \) \ TN NN ef OR ae — | La, Ly r— Figure 3. Schematic representation of the various types of propodeal sculpture and areolation in New World species of Synaldis A propodeum with median longitudinal carina and transverse carinae incomplete, short B propodeum with medi- an longitudinal carina complete and transverse carinae incomplete C propodeum mainly smooth, with median longitudi- nal carina and transverse carinae complete D propodeum mainly rugose, with median longitudinal carina and transverse carinae complete (areola absent) E propodeum with areola and transverse carinae complete (median longitudinal carina absent) F propodeum with areola and transverse carinae complete, median longitudinal carina incomplete, basal (not ex- tending inside the areola) G propodeum with areola and transverse carinae complete, median longitudinal carina incom- plete apically, reaching mid-areola H propodeum with areola, median longitudinal carina and transverse carinae complete. Abbreviations: Ic — lateral carina, mlc — median longitudinal carina, ps — propodeal spiracle, tc — transverse carina. Type specimens were collected by Dr D. S. Amorim and Dr V. C. Silva, with loans provided by the former. They originate from collections conducted during expedi- tions to the southern Chile in Valdivian temperate rainforest at Parque Nacional Puy- ehue (refer to Amorim etal. 2022). The holotypes and some paratypes are deposited in the Entomology Area of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile (MNNC), while the remaining paratypes are deposited in the Cole¢ao Taxonémica do Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Sdo Carlos, Brazil (DCBU). Taxonomic account Subfamily Alysiinae Leach, 1815 Tribe Alysiini Leach, 1815 Genus Dinotrema Foerster, 1863 Type species. Dinotrema erythropa Foerster, 1863. Subgenus Synaldis Foerster, 1863 Type species. Bassus concolor Nees von Esenbeck, 1812 (monobasic). Foerster 1863: 273 (original designation as genus); van Achterberg 1988: 21 (as synonym of Dinotrema); Fischer 1993a: 452 (as genus); Zhu et al. 2017: 38 (as subgenus). ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 280 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Diagnosis. Mandibles tridentate, teeth of differing shape and length, some- times upper tooth very small. Paraclypeal fovea small, clearly separated from eye. Precoxal sulcus always present. Pterostigma very long and narrow. Fore wing vein 2-SR always absent, resulting the first and second submarginal cells confluent; break between veins r and 3-SR absent. Vein cu-a often post- furcal, rarely almost interstitial. Metasoma with tergites not very narrowed apically in lateral view, apical sternites and ovipositor not strongly retracted under long apical tergites. Hosts. Diptera larvae of the family Phoridae and possibly Drosophilidae. Comments. The subgenus Synaldis Foerster, 1863 from the genus Dinotrema is recorded in the fauna of Chile for the first time. Dinotrema (Synaldis) acarinareolatum sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/EB2DFDFC-9722-46DB-8CBE-C8C067947E3E Figs 4-12 Type material. Holotype: CHILE * 2 (MNNC); Osorno, Parque Nacional Puye- hue, Antillanca; 40°46'55"S, 72°12'39'W; alt. 987 m; 9-23 Dec. 2019; D. Amorim and V. Silva leg.; Malaise trap. Paratypes: CHILE * 12 (DCBU 514718) and 1¢ (MNNC); same data as for holotype. Diagnosis. This species differs from other New World species of Synaldis by the sculpture of the propodeum, with distinct areola and transverse carinae complete, but median longitudinal carina absent (Figs 3E, 10, 11). Additionally, D. (S.) acarinareolatum sp. nov. can be differentiated by combination of follow- ing characteristics: OOL of 9 4.0x as OD (Fig. 7); in lateral view, eye shorter than temple (Fig. 5); mandible with three relatively large teeth, diagonal carina distinct, mandibular apex wider than base (Fig. 9); F1 2.4-2.5x as long as wide (Fig. 5); mesoscutal pit present, but sometimes very weak; fore wing vein cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 slightly shorter than cu-a, first subdiscal cell 2.5x as long as wide (Figs 4, 6), hind wing 6.2x as long as wide, vein 1-M 2.3-2.4x as long as 1r-m; hind tibia 8.5-8.7x as long as wide. Description. 2. Length. Body: 1.8-1.9 mm. Fore wing: 1.6-1.8 mm. Hind wing: 1.2-1.3 mm. Head: in dorsal view (Fig. 7), 1.50-1.65x as wide as long, 1.5-1.6x as wide as mesosoma, wider at temples than eyes. Frons smooth. POL 1.5x as OD, OOL 4.0x as OD. In lateral view (Fig. 5), eye 1.4-1.5x as high as wide, 0.6-0.7x as wide as temple. Face 1.8x as wide as high (Fig. 8), 1.8x as wide as clypeus, with a weak longitudinal ridge dorsally. Clypeus 2.4x as wide as high, concave ventrally. Malar space 0.7x as clypeus height. Paraclypeal fovea short. Mandi- ble 1.2-1.3x as long as wide (Fig. 9), diagonal carina present, strong. Mandib- ular apex 1.2x wide as base. Upper tooth rounded. Middle tooth subacuminate, longer than other teeth. Lower tooth largely rounded, as long as upper tooth. Lower tooth slightly wider than upper, both wider than middle tooth. Antenna with 15-16 segments (Fig. 5), 0.7-0.8x as long as body. Scape 1.7x as long as pedicel. F1 2.4-2.5x as long as wide, 1.1-1.2x as long as F2. F2 1.6-1.8x as long as wide. F3 1.4—1.7x as long as wide. AF 1.8x as long as wide. Maxillary palp 0.8x as long as head height. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 281 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile > ls i e ua ss £ — ae 8/3/2023 mode) HV |mago spot’ WD »———— 200 pm ——————- 8/7/2023. mode HV mage spot WD 5:20:18 PM SE 12.50kV 646 x 3.5 |10.2 mm mpar Sudeste 10:03:21 AM, SE_ 12.50 kV/1 438 x_ 3.5 9.9mm par Sudeste - ~ 8/7/2023 mode. HV mago spot WD | ———500 um 10:58:51 AM)_SE_|15.00 kV| 743x | 3.5 /13.0 mm INCT Hympar Sudeste 10:19:01 AM) SE |12.50 kV| 221 x | 3.5|10.3 mm INCT Hympar Sudeste 8/7/2023 mode) HV mag o |spot| WD 100 ym Figures 4-12. Dinotrema (Synaldis) acarinareolatum sp. nov. (4, 10 holotype 9, remainder paratypes 9, except 7, 11 <) 4 habitus, lateral view 5 antenna, head and mesosoma, lateral view 6 fore wing 7 head, dorsal view 8 head, frontal view 9 mandible, lateral view, arrow showing the diagonal carina 10, 11 propodeum, dorsal and laterodorsal view 12 hind leg, metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 282 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Mesosoma: 1.2-1.3x as long as high (Fig. 5), 2.0-2.1x as long as wide. Me- soscutum approximately as long as wide, notauli absent on horizontal surface of mesoscutum. Mesoscutal pit present, distinct and oval, or very weak and rounded, occupying 0.1x of mesoscutal length. Prescutellar depression 1.9- 2.1x as long as wide, with median carina incomplete anteriorly to complete, smooth laterally. Side of pronotum weakly crenulate. Precoxal sulcus crenu- late medially, not reaching anterior and/or posterior margins of mesopleuron. Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth. Propodeum mainly rugulose to rugose (Figs 10, 11), with areola 0.9x as high as wide; median longitudinal carina ab- sent; transverse carinae complete. Propodeum with very weak protuberance in lateral view. Propodeal spiracle small (Fig. 5), 0.3x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Wings: fore wing 2.7x as long as wide, vein 1-SR present, (r+3-SR) 5.7-5.8x as long as r-m, SR1 2.40—2.55x as long as (r+3-SR); cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 0.9x as long as cu-a. Marginal cell 4.00-4.25x as long as wide, submarginal cell 2.0-2.2x as long as wide, first subdiscal cell 2.5x as long as wide (Figs 4, 6). Hind wing 6.2x as long as wide, vein 1-M 0.6-0.7x as long as M+CU, 2.3-2.4x as long as 1r-m; m-cu absent. Legs: hind femur 4.0x as long as wide. Hind tibia 8.5-8.6x as long as wide, 1.1x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 2.0-2.1x as long as second segment (Fig. 12). Metasoma: 1.7-1.9x as long, and 1.3x as wide as mesosoma. T1 strigose, 1.9x as long as wide, apex 1.4x as wide as base. Ovipositor 0.4x as long as metasoma, 1.5-2.0x as long as T1, 1.1-1.3x as long as hind femur. Ovipositor sheath with some sparse and delicate setae (except on 1/3 api- cal almost glabrous), 0.3-0.4x as long as metasoma, 1.4x as long as T1 (Figs 4, 12). Color: head, antennae, pronotum, mesoscutum and metasoma from the sec- ond tergite dark brown to brown. Mandibles and side of pronotum light brown. Remaining parts of mesosoma, legs, T1, and ovipositor yellowish. Wings hya- line, veins brown. Male. Body length 1.6 mm. POL 1.3x OD, OOL 3.0x OD. Face 1.7x as wide as high, 2.1x as wide as clypeus. Clypeus 2.0x as wide as high. Mandible 1.4x as long as wide. Antenna with 18 segments, as long as body. F1 as long as F2. F2 2.0x as long as wide. F3 1.9x as long as wide. Maxillary palp as long as head height. Mesosoma 2.2x as long as wide. Prescutellar depression 1.8x as long as wide. Hind femur 4.2x as long as wide. Hind tibia 8.7x as long as wide. Metasoma 1.5x as long as mesosoma. Etymology. The epithet is an adjective combining acarina (prefix a- indicating negation, with carina from Latin) and areolatum (derived from areola in Latin). The species name refers to the sculpture of propodeum, which lacks a median longitudinal carina and has a distinct areola (Figs 10, 11). Distribution. Chile. Comments. Based on its eye being shorter than temple, as well as its rela- tively thickened flagellomeres and legs, D. (S.) acarinareolatum sp. nov. appears to be related to the described here D. (S.) daltoni sp. nov., D. (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov. and D. (S.) puyehue sp. nov., especially to the former. The differences be- tween these species are given in the identification key. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 283 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Dinotrema (Synaldis) brunneum sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/05E1 5272-721 7-4B01-9F5C-90BA7275B75C Figs 13-22 Type material. Holotype: CHILE * 2 (MNNC); Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue, Antillanca; 40°44'06"S, 72°19'47'W; alt. 528 m; 14 Jan.-3 Feb. 2017; D. Amorim and V. Silva leg.; flight intercept trap. Paratypes: CHILE * 14 (MNNC); same data as for holotype, except 40°44’S, 72°19’W; alt. 440 m; sweeping * 229 (DCBU 387261, DCBU 387295); same data as for holotype, except 40°44’S, 72°19’W; alt. 440 m; sweeping. Diagnosis. This species differs from other New World species of Synaldis by the combination of the following characteristics: in lateral view, eye wider than temple (Fig. 17); paraclypeal fovea middle size (Fig. 14); mandible with three relatively large teeth, diagonal carina weak, mandibular apex wider than base; F1 2.7-3.3x as long as wide (Fig. 15); mesoscutal pit present, conspicuous (Fig. 16); propodeum with areola, median longitudinal carina and transverse carinae complete (Fig. 21); fore wing vein cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 shorter than cu-a (Fig. 18); hind tibia 9.8-10.3x as long as wide (Fig. 20). Dinotrema (S.) brunneum sp. nov. is similar to D. (S.) chilense sp. nov. (see their differences in the identification key) and D. (S.) verae sp. nov., from which it can be distinguished by head and mesoscutum brown to dark brown (head dorsally dark brown to brown, but mesoscutum yellowish, lighter than head in D. (S.) verae sp. nov., Figs 16, 99), T1 strigose (rugose—foveolate in D. (S.) verae sp. nov., Figs 21, 104), fore wing vein (r+3-SR) 5.6—-5.9x as long as r-m (4.8- 5.1x in D. (S.) verae sp. nov., Figs 18, 101), hind femur 4.7—5.0x as long as wide (4.2—4.3x in D. (S.) verae sp. nov.), hind tibia 9.8-10.0x as long as wide (8.6-8.9x in D. (S.) verae sp. nov., Figs 20, 105). Description. 2. Length. Body: 2.5-2.8 mm. Fore wing: 2.6-2.9 mm. Hind wing: 2.0-2.1 mm. Head: in dorsal view (Fig. 16), 1.7-1.9x as wide as long, 1.3x as wide as mesosoma, as wide at eyes as temples or slightly wider at eyes. Frons smooth or with weak mid groove. POL 1.5x as OD, OOL 2.6x as OD. In lateral view (Fig. 17), eye 1.4-1.5x as high as wide, 1.1-1.2x as wide as temple. Face 1.6x as wide as high (Fig. 14), 1.8-2.0x as wide as clypeus, smooth or punctate, with a weak longitudinal ridge dorsally. Clypeus 1.8-1.9x as wide as high, concave ventrally. Malar space 0.5-0.6x as clypeus height. Paraclypeal fo- vea middle size. Mandible 1.2—1.4x as long as wide, diagonal carina present, weak. Mandibular apex 1.2x wide as base. Upper tooth rounded. Middle tooth acute, longer than other teeth. Lower tooth rounded or nearly so, as long as upper tooth. Upper tooth ca as wide as lower, wider than middle tooth. Anten- na with 18-20 segments (Fig. 15), 0.7—0.9x as long as body. Scape 1.8x as long as pedicel. F1 2.7-3.0x as long as wide, 1.2x as long as F2. F2 1.9-2.2x as long as wide. F3 1.8-2.0x as long as wide. AF 2.1-2.2x as long as wide. Maxillary palp 1.2x as long as head height. Mesosoma: 1.2—1.4x as long as high (Fig. 17), 2.0-2.1x as long as wide. Mesoscutum as long as wide, notauli absent on horizontal surface of mesoscu- tum (Fig. 16). Mesoscutal pit present, oval to elongate, occupying 0.1-0.2x of mesoscutal length. Prescutellar depression 2.0—2.2x as long as wide (Fig. 21), with median carina complete, lateral carinae absent or incomplete anteriorly, ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 284 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile 71 : < 5 ; 0,3 mm Figures 13-22. Dinotrema (Synaldis) brunneum sp. nov. (13 holotype 9, 14-22 paratype 2) 13 habitus, lateral view 14 head, frontal view 15 antenna 16 head and mesoscutum, dorsal view 17 head and mesosoma, lateral view 18 fore wing 19 hind wing 20 hind leg, metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view 21 prescutellar depression, propodeum and T1, dorsal view 22 metasoma without T1, dorsal view. very short. Side of pronotum crenulate. Precoxal sulcus crenulate medially, not reaching anterior and/or posterior margins of mesopleuron (Fig. 17). Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth. Propodeum mainly rugulose to rugose (Fig. 21), with areola 0.8x as high as wide; median longitudinal carina complete or nearly ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 285 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile so (interrupted very briefly apically); transverse carinae complete. Propodeum with protuberance in lateral view. Propodeal spiracle small to middle (Fig. 17), 0.3-0.4x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Wings: fore wing 2.8-2.9x as long as wide, vein 1-SR present, (r+3-SR) 5.6- 5.9x as long as r-m, SR1 1.8-1.9x as long as (r+3-SR); cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 0.6-0.7x as long as cu-a. Marginal cell 4.1x as long as wide, submarginal cell 1.9-2.1x as long as wide, first subdiscal cell 2.8-2.9x as long as wide (Fig. 18). Hind wing 5.4x as long as wide, vein 1-M 0.5-0.6x as long as M+CU, 1.3-1.7x as long as 1r-m; m-cu absent (Fig. 19). Legs: hind femur 4.7—5.0x as long as wide. Hind tibia 9.8-10.0x as long as wide, 1.1—1.2x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 1.8-1.9x as long as second segment (Fig. 20). Metasoma: 1.5—1.7x as long, and as wide as mesosoma (Figs 13, 22). T1 strigose (Fig. 21), 1.7-1.8x as long as wide, apex 1.3-1.6x as wide as base. Ovipositor 0.2— 0.3x as long as metasoma, 0.9-1.4x as long as T1, 0.6-0.8x as long as hind femur. Ovipositor sheath with some delicate setae (except on 1/3 apical almost glabrous), 0.2—-0.3x as long as metasoma, 0.9-1.2x as long as T1 (Figs 13, 20). Color: dark brown to brown, except mandibles, legs, and ovipositor yellow- ish. Wigs hyaline, veins brown. Male. Body length 2.9 mm, fore wing 3.1 mm, hind wing 2.2 mm. POL 1.4x as OD, OOL 2.3x as OD. Eye 1.3x as wide as temple. Face 1.45x as long as high. Mandibular apex 1.1x as wide as base. Antenna with 25 segments, 1.1 as long as body. F1 3.3x as long as wide, 1.4 as long as F2. F3 2.3x as long as wide. AF 2.5x as long as wide. Propodeum rugose medially. Fore wing 3.1x as long as wide, vein 1-CU1 0.9x as long as cu-a. First subdiscal cell 2.6x as long as wide. Hind tibia 10.3x as long as wide. Etymology. The epithet is an adjective derived from brunneus, which means brown in Latin. The species name refers to its predominantly brown body color (Figs*13=22), Distribution. Chile. Dinotrema (Synaldis) chilense sp. nov. https://Zoobank.org/6C3824F7-549C-47CE-B07E-9D69338D71F5 Figs 23-33 Type material. Holotype: CHILE * 2 (MNNC); Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue, Antillanca; 40°44’S, 72°19’W; alt. 440 m; 14 Jan.-3 Feb. 2017; D. Amorim and V. Silva leg.; sweeping. Paratypes: CHILE * 39 9 (MNNC); same data as for holotype * 329 (MNNC) and 14’ (MNNC); same data as for holotype, except 40°44'06'S, 72°19'47'W; alt. 528 m; flight intercept trap * 12 (DCBU 387163) and 14 (DCBU 386948); same data as for holotype * 499 (DCBU 385728, DCBU 386175, DCBU 386465, DCBU 386544); same data as for holotype, except 40°44'06'S, 72°19'47'W; alt. 528 m; flight intercept trap * 12 (DCBU 386168); same data as for holotype, except 40°44'06'S, 72°19'47'"W; alt. 528 m; Malaise trap. Diagnosis. This species differs from other New World species of Synaldis by the combination of the following characteristics: in lateral view, eye as wide as or slightly wider than temple (Fig. 31); mandible with three relatively large teeth, diagonal carina present, mandibular apex wider than base (Fig. 28); F1 2.8-3.2x ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 286 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile as long as wide (Fig. 25); mesoscutal pit present, conspicuous; propodeum with areola, median longitudinal carina incomplete apically, transverse carinae complete (Fig. 27); fore wing vein cu-a distinctly postfurcal, 1-CU1 as long as or longer than cu-a (Fig. 29); hind tibia 9.0-9.4x as long as wide (Fig. 32). Dinotrema (S.) chilense sp. nov. is similar to D. (S.) brunneum sp. nov. (see their differences in the identification key) and D. (S.) verae sp. nov., differing from the latter by paraclypeal fovea short size (middle in D. (S.) verae sp. nov., Figs 24, 97), fore wing vein (r+3-SR) 5.6-6.4x as long as r-m (5.1% in D. (S.) verae sp. nov.), 1-CU1 1.0-1.4x as long as cu-a (0.55—0.70x in D. (S.) verae sp. nov., Figs 29, 101), hind wing vein 1-M of & 1.7x as long as 1r-m (1.2x in D. (S.) verae sp. nov.), T1 strigose to rugose (rugose-foveolate in D. (S.) verae sp. nov., Figs 27, 104). Dinotrema (S.) chilense sp. nov. is also somewhat similar to D. (S.) flavum sp. nov., from which it can be distinguished by face and clypeus brown to dark brown (yellow in D. (S.) flavum sp. nov.), AF 2.0-2.3x as long as wide (2.7x in D. (S.) flavum sp. nov.), metasoma 0.8x as wide as mesosoma (1.3x in D. (S.) flavum sp. nov.), hind wing 5.6-5.8x as long as wide and vein 1-M 1.4-1.7x as long as 1r-m (6.2x and 2.0x respectively in D. (S.) flavum sp. nov.), hind femur 4.5-4.9x as long as wide (4.2x in D. (S.) flavum sp. nov.), hind tibia 9.0-9.4x as long as wide (10.1-10.4xin D. (S.) flavum sp. nov., Figs 32, 54). Description. 2. Length. Body: 1.9-2.6 mm. Fore wing: 2.05-2.65 mm. Hind wing: 1.5-2.0 mm. Head: in dorsal view, 1.7—2.0x as wide as long, 1.3-1.5x as wide as meso- soma, as wide at eyes as at temples or slightly wider at temples. Frons smooth or with weak mid groove. POL 1.2-1.4x as OD, OOL 2.6-3.0x as OD. In lateral view (Fig. 31), eye 1.2-1.5x as high as wide, 1.0-1.2x as wide as temple. Face 1.4-1.7x as wide as high (Fig. 24), 1.8-2.0x as wide as clypeus, smooth or with a weak longitudinal ridge dorsally. Clypeus 1.8-2.1x as wide as high, slightly concave ventrally. Malar space 0.5-0.6x as clypeus height. Paraclypeal fovea short size. Mandible 1.2—1.4x as long as wide (Fig. 28), diagonal carina present. Mandibular apex 1.2-1.4x wide as base. Upper tooth almost rounded. Middle tooth acute, longer than other teeth. Lower tooth rounded, as long as or slightly longer than upper tooth. Upper tooth ca as wide as lower, wider than middle tooth. Antenna with 17-21 segments, 0.9-1.0x as long as body. Scape 1.80- 2.05x as long as pedicel. F1 2.8-3.2x as long as wide (Fig. 25), 1.0-1.2x as long as F2. F2 2.2-2.4x as long as wide. F3 1.9-2.2x as long as wide. AF 2.0- 2.3x as long as wide (Fig. 26). Maxillary palp 1.1-1.2x as long as head height. Mesosoma: 1.2-1.4x as long as high (Fig. 31), 2.05-2.30x as long as wide. Mesoscutum ca as long as wide, notauli absent on horizontal surface of me- soscutum. Mesoscutal pit present, oval—elongate, occupying 0.1—0.3x of me- soscutal length. Prescutellar depression 2.0-2.2x as long as wide, with median carina complete or incomplete anteriorly (very weak), lateral carinae absent to almost complete. Side of pronotum crenulate, sometimes weakly. Precoxal sul- cus crenulate medially, not reaching margins of mesopleuron, or almost reaching its anterior margin. Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth. Propodeum mainly smooth to rugulose (except inside areola with some rugae) (Fig. 27), with areola 1.0-1.1x as high as wide; median longitudinal carina incomplete apically, not extending inside areola or reaching at most its middle; transverse carinae com- plete. Propodeum with protuberance in lateral view. Propodeal spiracle small to middle (Fig. 31), 0.3-0.4x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 287 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Bs sa » . 8/7/2023. mode HV mago spot WD Se 200 pm * 10:48:08 AM SE 15.00kV 475x 3.5 14.2 mm INCT Hympar Sudeste 8/7/2023 mode HV magoc spot WD . 200 pm 10:29:46 AM_SE 15.00 kV_518x_ 3.5 124mm INCT Hympar Sudeste 8/3/2023 |mode| HV mag © spot} WD 5:38:22 PM) SE |12.50 kV) 244 x | 3.5/9.0 mm Yi We fl . = 24 8/3/2023 mode HV mag © spot) WD = 8/3/2023 mode HV mage spot’ WD | _————— 500 pm 5:51:16 PM, SE _ 12.50 kV) 155x_ 3.5 9.2 mm INCT Hympar Sudeste 5:48:47 PM) SE |12.50 kV) 227 x | 3.5/9.2 mm INCT Hympar Sudeste Figures 23-33. Dinotrema (Synaldis) chilense sp. nov. (23 holotype 2, 24-31 paratypes 2) 23 habitus, lateral view 24 head, frontal view 25, 26 basal and apical parts of antenna respectively 27 propodeum and T1, dorsal view 28 mandi- ble, lateral view 29 fore wing 30 hind wing 31 head and mesosoma, lateral view 32 hind leg 33 metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 288 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Wings: fore wing 2.6-2.9x as long as wide, vein 1-SR present, (r+3-SR) 5.6- 6.4x as long as r-m, SR1 2.0-2.2x as long as (r+3-SR); cu-a distinctly postfurcal, 1-CU1 1.2-1.4x as long as cu-a. Marginal cell 4.4—4.6x as long as wide, sub- marginal cell 2.2-2.5x as long as wide, first subdiscal cell 3.0-3.3x as long as wide (Fig. 29). Hind wing 5.6—5.8x as long as wide, vein 1-M 0.5-0.6x as long as M+CU, 1.7x as long as 1r-m; m-cu absent (Fig. 30). Legs: hind femur 4.5-4.7x as long as wide. Hind tibia 9.0-9.4x as long as wide, 1.0-1.2x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 1.9-2.2x as long as second segment (Fig. 32). Metasoma: 1.4—1.8x as long, and 0.8x as wide as mesosoma (Fig. 23). T1 strigose to rugose (Fig. 27), 1.9-2.2x as long as wide, apex 1.2-1.5x as wide as base. Ovipositor 0.35-0.50x as long as metasoma, 1.20-1.75x as long as T1, 0.7-1.2x as long as hind femur. Ovipositor sheath with some delicate se- tae (except on 1/4 apical almost glabrous), 0.35-0.50x as long as metasoma, 1.20-1.55x as long as T1 (Figs 23, 33). Color: head brown to dark brown. Mesosoma light brown to yellow. Man- dibles and legs yellowish. Antennae and metasoma brown to yellow. Wings hyaline to slightly darkened, veins light brown to brown. Variation. The female of this species has two morphological groups, char- acterized by: |) fore wing vein (r+3-SR) 5.5-5.9x as long as r-m, OOL 2.6-2.8x as OD, body length 2.2-2.6 mm, Il) fore wing vein (r+3-SR) 6.3-6.4x as long as r-m, OOL 2.9-3.0x as OD, body length 1.9-2.2 mm. Male. Body length 1.4-—2.1 mm, fore wing length 1.5-1.7 mm, hind wing length 1.1-1.7 mm. OOL 2.6-3.4x as OD. Antenna with 18-23 segments, 1.2- 1.3x as long as body. F3 2.5x as long as wide. Fore wing vein SR1 2.4x as long as (r+3-SR), marginal cell 4.2x as long as wide. Hind wing vein 1-M 1.4—1.7x as long as 1r-m. Metasoma as wide as mesosoma. Etymology. The name of species chilense is a gentilic adjective derived from Latin in reference to Chile, the country where this species was found. Distribution. Chile. Dinotrema (Synaldis) daltoni sp. nov. https://Zoobank.org/F2451 134-8798-42F3-AD97-539322A274D8 Figs 34-45 Type material. Holotype: CHILE * 2 (MNNC); Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue, Antillanca; 40°44'06'S, 72°19'47'W; alt. 528 m; 14 Jan.-3 Feb. 2017; D. Amorim and V. Silva leg.; flight intercept trap. Paratypes: CHILE * 19 (MNNC); same data as for holotype, except 40°44’S, 72°19’W; alt. 440 m; sweeping * 14 (MNNC); same data as for holotype, except 40°46'55"S, 72°12'39"W; alt. 987 m; 23 Dec. 2019-6 Jan. 2020; Malaise trap * 229 (DCBU 386560, DCBU 386360); same data as for holotype - 12 (DCBU 387144); same data as for holotype, except 40°44'S, 72°19'W; alt. 440 m; sweeping. Diagnosis. This species differs from other New World species of Synaldis by the combination of the following characteristics: in lateral view, eye short- er than temple (Fig. 39); mandible with three relatively large teeth, mandibular ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 289 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile apex wider than base (Fig. 37); malar space 0.8x as clypeus height (Fig. 36); F1 2.3-2.5x as long as wide (Fig. 38); mesoscutal pit present, although weak (Fig. 41); propodeum with areola, median longitudinal carina incomplete, basal (not extending inside areola), transverse carinae complete (Fig. 42); propodeal spiracle of ° large (Fig. 39) and <4 middle; fore wing of 2 with vein cu-a almost interstitial to slightly postfurcal, 1-CU1 distinctly shorter than cu-a; hind tibia 8.1-8.4x as long as wide (Fig. 43). Dinotrema (S.) daltoni sp. nov. is similar to D. (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov., from which it can be distinguished by fore wing vein (r+3-SR) 5.0-5.3x as long as r-m (6.2-6.3x in D. (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov., Figs 34, 69), hind femur 3.7—4.2x as long as wide (4.6—4.8x in D. (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov.), hind tibia 8.1-8.4x as long as wide (8.9-9.2x in D. (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov., Figs 43, 71), propodeal spiracle of 2 large and ¢ middle (9 middle and 3 small in D. (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov., Figs 39, 68). Dinotrema (S.) daltoni sp. nov. is also similar to D. (S.) puye- hue sp. nov., their differences are given in the identification key. Description. 2. Length. Body: 1.5-1.9 mm. Fore wing: 1.5-2.0 mm. Hind wing: 1.05-1.40 mm. Head: in dorsal view (Fig. 35), 1.6-2.0x as wide as long, 1.5-1.6x as wide as mesosoma, wider at temples than eyes. Frons smooth. POL 1.2-1.3x as OD, OOL 3.4x as OD. In lateral view, eye 1.3-1.6x as high as wide, 0.6—0.8x as wide as temple (Fig. 39). Face 1.7—-1.9x as wide as high (Fig. 36), 2.1x as wide as clypeus, with longitudinal ridge dorsally. Clypeus 2.0-2.2x as wide as high, straight ventrally. Malar space 0.8x as clypeus height. Paraclypeal fovea short size. Mandible 1.2-1.4x as long as wide, smooth or with diagonal carina weak (Fig. 37). Mandibular apex 1.2-1.3x wide as base. Upper tooth slightly round- ed. Middle tooth subacuminate to slightly acute, longer than other teeth. Lower tooth largely rounded, as long as upper or slightly longer than upper tooth. Up- per tooth ca as wide as middle, narrower than lower tooth. Antenna with 14-15 segments (Fig. 38), 0.6—-0.7x as long as body. Scape 1.9-2.0x as long as pedi- cel. F1 2.3-2.5x as long as wide, 1.1-1.2x as long as F2. F2 1.80-1.95x as long as wide. F3 1.5-1.6x as long as wide. AF 2.1—2.4x as long as wide. Maxillary palp 0.8-0.9x as long as head height. Mesosoma: 1.2—1.3x as long as high (Fig. 39), 2.1 as long as wide. Mesoscu- tum ca as long as wide, notauli absent on horizontal surface of mesoscutum (Fig. 41). Mesoscutal pit present, weak, rounded or slightly elongate, occupying 0.05- 0.15x of mesoscutal length. Prescutellar depression 2.4-2.5x as long as wide, with median carina complete, smooth laterally. Side of pronotum weakly crenulate. Precoxal sulcus crenulate medially, short, not reaching anterior and/or posterior margins of mesopleuron (Fig. 39). Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth. Propo- deum mainly smooth to rugulose (Fig. 42), with areola 1.1x as high as wide; medi- an longitudinal carina incomplete, not extending inside areola; transverse carinae complete. Propodeum without protuberance in lateral view. Propodeal spiracle large, 0.6—0.7x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum (Figs 39, 42). Wings: fore wing 2.8-2.9x as long as wide, vein 1-SR present, (r+3-SR) 5.0- 5.3x as long as r-m, SR1 2.4—2.6x as long as (r+3-SR); cu-a almost interstitial or slightly postfurcal, 1-CU1 0.3x as long as cu-a. Marginal cell 5.0x as long as wide, submarginal cell 2.2—2.5x as long as wide, first subdiscal cell 3.1-3.2x as long as wide (Figs 34, 40). Hind wing 5.5x as long as wide, vein 1-M 0.5—0.6x as long as M+CU, 1.5-1.9x as long as 1r-m; m-cu absent. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 290 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile rs mi J walt ai — : = 8/7/2023 mode HV (maga spot’ WD — 100 um 9/25/2023 mode HV 10:53:46 AM SE_15.00 kV, 682x_ 3.5 10.2mm INCT Hympar Sudeste 9:22:58 AM SE_15.00kKV_ 631x 3.5 14.1 mm oO oa =} 5} 8/3/2023 mode HV mago spot WD 50 um 73/2023 mode HV mage spot W 6:04:10 PM SE_12.50 kV 1 461 x 3.5 9.9mm CT Hympar Sudeste 6:05:49 PM_SE_12.50kV 505x_ 3.5 9.8mm ne, ~ . \ KLE _— age —~ be % — = ee > 4 — pet awe = . : 4 : \ > : : 4 j ys 2 i, \ . i jum . 1 \ : , ——— 2 i 8/3/2023 |mode} HV |mag = {spot} WD 300 um INCT Hympar Sudeste Ky S . 4% 5:53:44 PM) SE |12.50kV) 406x | 3.5 9.9mm Zanes ka mK Wee | a \2 8/7/2023 mode) HV mago spot WD — 100 um 9/22/2023 mode H go spot WD — 100 pm 10:56:02 AM SE 15.00kV 640x 3.5 10.2mm INCT Hympar Sudeste 9:44:53 AM SE 15.00 kV, 662x 3.5 13.4mm INCT Hympar Sudeste 500 ym 8/3/2023 mode HV mag spot WD 6:15:29 PM_SE_ 12.50 kV_660 x _| 3.5 9.9 mm 9/25/2023 mode’ HV mago spot WD 100 pm 6:09:42 PM| SE _ (12.50 kV} 217 x | 3.5 |10.0 mm ~—INCTH mopar Sudeste 10:32:44 AM SE 15.00 KV 765x 3.5 15.3mm INCT Hympar Sudeste Figures 34-45. Dinotrema (Synaldis) daltoni sp. nov. (34 holotype 2°, 35-45 paratypes °) 34 habitus, lateral view 35, 36 head, dorsal and frontal view respectively 37 mandible, lateral view 38 antenna 39 head and mesosoma, lateral view 40 fore wing 41 mesonotum, dorsal view 42 propodeum and T1, dorsal view 43 metasoma and hind leg, lateral view 44 anterior part of metasoma, dorsal view 45 apex of metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view. 8/3/2023 |mode) HV j|mag so |spot) WD ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 291 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Legs: hind femur 3.7—4.0x as long as wide. Hind tibia 8.1-8.4x as long as wide, 1.1-1.2x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 1.80-1.95x as long as second segment (Fig. 43). Metasoma: 1.50-1.65x as long, and 1.4x as wide as mesosoma (Fig. 34). T1 smooth to strigose (Fig. 44), 1.7-2.0x as long as wide, apex 1.4—-1.5x as wide as base. Ovipositor 0.4—0.8x as long as metasoma, 1.6-2.9x as long as T1, 1.1-1.9x as long as hind femur. Ovipositor sheath with some delicate setae (except on 1/4 apical almost glabrous), 0.4x as long as metasoma, 1.4—1.6x as long as T1 (Figs 43, 45). Color: dark brown to light brown, except mandibles, mesopleuron, propode- um, T1, and legs yellowish. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Male. Face 1.5x as wide as high. Clypeus 1.85x as wide as high, slightly con- cave ventrally. Mandibular middle tooth acute; upper tooth ca as wide a lower, wider than middle tooth. Antenna with 20 segments, 1.1x as long as body. F1 as long as F2. F3 1.7x as long as wide. Mesosoma 1.9x as long as wide. Propodeal spiracle middle size, 0.5x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Fore wing 2.6x as long as wide, vein 1-SR absent, SR1 2.3x as long as (r+3-SR), 1-CU1 0.75x as long as cu-a, submarginal cell 2.05x as long as wide. Hind wing 5.6x as long as wide. Hind femur 4.2x as long as wide. First segment of hind tarsus 2.1x as long as second. Metasoma 1.4x as long as mesosoma. T1 with apex 1.6x as wide as base. Head, flagellum and metasoma from the second tergite brown; mandibles, scape, pedicel dark yellow; mesosoma, legs, and T1 yellow. Etymology. The species name daltoni is a genitive noun, named in honor of Dalton de Souza Amorim, one of the collectors and who supplied the type ma- terial for this species. Distribution. Chile. Comments. Dinotrema (S.) daltoni sp. nov. has enlarged propodeal spira- cles, similar to the Nearctic species Dinotrema (Synaldis) spiraculosa (Fischer, 1967). However, unlike D. (S.) da/toni sp. nov., in D. (S.) spiraculosa the propo- deum lacks an areola (despite being sculptured); the eye is as wide as or wider than temple (in lateral view); and the precoxal sulcus sculpture extends to the anterior margin of the mesopleuron (according to Peris-Felipo and Belokobyl- skij 2017). Dinotrema (Synaldis) flavum sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/3C4BD845-A600-488C-AFB5-8250BD643F91 Figs 46-54 Type material. Holotype: CHILE * 2 (MNNC); Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue, Antillanca; 40°44'06'S, 72°18'47'W; alt. 528 m; 14 Jan.-3 Feb. 2017; D. Amorim and V. Silva leg.; flight intercept. Paratype: CHILE * 12 (DCBU 385798); same data as for holotype, except 40°46'28"S, 72°12'41"W; alt. 1054 m; sweeping. Diagnosis. This species differs from other New World species of Synaldis by the combination of the following characteristics: face and clypeus yellow (Fig. 50); in lateral view, eye as wide as temple (Fig. 47); mandible with three relatively large teeth, diagonal carina present, mandibular apex wider than base (Fig. 51); F1 2.7-3.1x as long as wide (Fig. 48); mesoscutal pit present, conspicuous (Fig. 52); propodeum with areola, median longitudinal carina ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 292 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile incomplete apically, transverse carinae complete (Fig. 53); fore wing vein cu-a distinctly postfurcal, 1-CU1 as long as cu-a (Fig. 46); hind wing vein 1-M 2.0x as long as 1-rm; hind tibia 10.1-10.3x as long as wide (Fig. 54). Dinotrema (S.) flavum sp. nov. is similar to D. (S.) chilense sp. nov. and D. (S.) puyehue sp. nov. Their distinctions are given, respectively, in the diagnosis of the D. (S.) chilense and identification key. Description. 2. Length. Body: 1.9-2.4 mm. Fore wing: 2.0-2.4 mm. Hind wing: 1.4-—1.7 mm. Head: in dorsal view (Fig. 49), 1.6x as wide as long, 1.50-1.65x as wide as mesosoma, slightly wider at temples than eyes. Frons with weak mid groove. POL 1.1x as OD, OOL 3.0x as OD. In lateral view (Fig. 47), eye 1.4x as high as wide, as wide as temple. Face 1.6x as wide as high (Fig. 50), 1.9-2.0x as wide as clypeus, smooth. Clypeus 2.0-2.1x as wide as high, slightly concave ventral- ly. Malar space 0.5-0.6x as clypeus height. Paraclypeal fovea short size. Man- dible 1.2x as long as wide (Fig. 51), diagonal carina present. Mandibular apex 1.4x wide as base. Upper tooth rounded. Middle tooth acute, longer than other teeth. Lower tooth rounded, as long as upper tooth. Upper tooth ca as wide as lower, wider than middle tooth. Antenna with 18 segments (Fig. 48), as long as body. Scape 1.8-2.0x as long as pedicel. F1 2.7-3.1x as long as wide, 1.1x as long as F2. F2 2.25-2.40x as long as wide. F3 1.8-2.1x as long as wide. AF 2.7x as long as wide. Maxillary palp 1.1x as long as head height. Mesosoma: 1.3x as long as high (Fig. 47), 2.1x as long as wide. Mesoscu- tum as long as wide, notauli absent on horizontal surface of mesoscutum (Fig. 52). Mesoscutal pit present, oval-elongate, occupying 0.1-0.2x of mesoscutal length. Prescutellar depression 2.5x as long as wide, with median carina com- plete, lateral carinae almost complete, weak. Side of pronotum crenulate. Pre- coxal sulcus crenulate medially, not reaching anterior and/or posterior margins of mesopleuron (Fig. 47). Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth. Propodeum mainly rugulose to rugose (Fig. 53), with areola 0.9x as high as wide; medi- an longitudinal carina incomplete, not extending inside areola or reaching its middle at most; transverse carinae complete. Propodeum with protuberance in lateral view. Propodeal spiracle small to middle (Fig. 47), 0.3-0.4x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Wings: fore wing 2.7x as long as wide, vein 1-SR present, (r+3-SR) 4.9-5.0x as long as r-m, SR1 2.1—2.3x as long as (r+3-SR); cu-a distinctly postfurcal, 1-CU1 as long as cu-a. Marginal cell 4.5x as long as wide, submarginal cell 2.4x as long as wide, first subdiscal cell 3.0x as long as wide (Fig. 46). Hind wing 6.2x as long as wide, vein 1-M 0.5x as long as M+CU, 2.0 as long as 1r-m; m-cu absent. Legs: hind femur 4.1-—4.2x as long as wide. Hind tibia 10.1-10.3x as long as wide, 1.1-1.2x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 2.2x as long as second segment (Fig. 54). Metasoma: 1.6x as long, and 1.3x as wide as mesosoma (Fig. 46). T1 strigose, 2.15x as long as wide, apex 1.4x as wide as base. Ovipositor 0.4x as long as metasoma, 1.3-1.6x as long as T1, 0.9-1.0x as long as hind femur. Oviposi- tor sheath with some sparse and delicate setae (except on 1/4 apical almost glabrous), 0.3-0.4x as long as metasoma, 1.20-1.35x as long as T1 (Fig. 54). Color: mainly yellow, except head dorsally brown to light brown; mesosoma dorsally and flagellum yellow to light brown; metasoma from second tergite light brown; ovipositor sheath brown. Wings hyaline, veins light brown. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 293 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile 47 0,2 mm Figures 46-54. Dinotrema (Synaldis) flavum sp. nov. (holotype 9, except 52 paratype °) 46 habitus, lateral view 47 head and mesosoma, lateral view 48 antenna 49, 50 head, dorsal and frontal view respectively 51 mandible, lateral view 52 mesonotum, dorsal view 53 propodeum, dorsal view 54 hind leg, metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view. Male. Unknown. Etymology. The epithet is an adjective derived from flavus, which means yellow in Latin. The species name refers to its predominantly yellow body color (Figs 46-54). Distribution. Chile. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 294 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Dinotrema (Synaldis) latusdentertium sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/A7DF55C8-8025-4F 1 0-BC68-C5E8D5ACOB3E Figs 55-64 Type material. Holotype: CHILE * 2 (MNNC); Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue, Antillanca; 40°46'55"S, 72°12'39'W; alt. 987 m; 16-30 Mar. 2019; D. Amorim and V. Silva leg.; Malaise trap. Paratype: CHILE * 19 (DCBU 386606); same data as for holotype, except 40°44’S, 72°19'W; alt. 440 m; 14 Jan.-3 Feb. 2017; pan trap. Diagnosis. This species differs from other New World species of Synaldis by the combination of the following characteristics: in lateral view, eye wider than temple, at least slightly (Fig. 60); mandible with three relatively large teeth, diag- onal carina present, mandibular apex wider than base (Fig. 57); F1 3.5-3.8x as long as wide (Fig. 59); mesoscutal pit present, conspicuous (Fig. 61); propode- um with areola, median longitudinal carina incomplete to complete, transverse carinae complete (Fig. 62); fore wing vein cu-a distinctly postfurcal, 1-CU1 as long as cu-a (Fig. 63); hind wing 4.9x as long as wide; hind tibia 10.0-10.2x as long as wide (Fig. 64). Dinotrema (S.) latusdentertium sp. nov. is similar to D. (S.) pilosicaudatum sp. nov., see their distinctions in the identification key. Description. 2. Length. Body: 2.6-2.8 mm. Fore wing: 3.05-3.30 mm. Hind wing: 2.3-2.4 mm. Head: in dorsal view (Fig. 56), 1.8-1.9x as wide as long, 1.2-1.3x as wide as mesosoma, Ca as wide at eyes as temples. Frons smooth or with weak mid groove. POL 1.4—1.6x as OD, OOL 2.6-2.7x as OD. In lateral view (Fig. 60), eye 1.4-1.5x as high as wide, 1.1-1.2x as wide as temple. Face 1.6-1.7x as wide as high (Fig. 58), 1.6-1.9x as wide as clypeus, smooth or with a weak longitudi- nal ridge dorsally. Clypeus 2.1x as wide as high, almost straight ventrally. Malar space 0.5-0.7x as clypeus height. Paraclypeal fovea short size. Mandible 1.5x as long as wide (Fig. 57), diagonal carina present. Mandibular apex 1.2x wide as base. Upper tooth rounded. Middle tooth subacuminate, longer than other teeth. Lower tooth largely rounded, longer than upper tooth. Upper tooth ca as wide as middle, narrower than lower tooth. Antenna with 20-21 segments (Fig. 59), 0.9x as long as body. Scape 1.5-1.8x as long as pedicel. F1 3.5-3.8x as long as wide, 1.2 as long as F2. F2 2.6-2.8x as long as wide. F3 2.0-2.4x as long as wide. AF 2.4—2.6x as long as wide. Maxillary palp 1.4x as long as head height. Mesosoma: 1.2—1.3x as long as high (Fig. 60), 1.9-2.0x as long as wide. Me- soscutum as long as wide, notauli absent on horizontal surface of mesoscutum (Fig. 61). Mesoscutal pit present, oval-elongate, occupying 0.2x of mesoscutal length. Prescutellar depression 2.1—2.3x as long as wide, with median carina complete, smooth laterally. Side of pronotum crenulate. Precoxal sulcus cren- ulate medially, not reaching anterior and/or posterior margins of mesopleuron (Fig. 60). Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth. Propodeum mainly rugulose to rugose (Fig. 62), areola 0.9x as high as wide; median longitudinal carina in- complete (interrupted at mid-areola) to complete; transverse carinae complete. Propodeum with protuberance in lateral view. Propodeal spiracle small to mid- dle (Fig. 60), 0.3-0.4x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Wings: fore wing 2.7x as long as wide, vein 1-SR present, (r+3-SR) 6.2x as long as r-m, SR1 1.7-2.0x as long as (r+3-SR); cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 as long as cu-a. Marginal cell 4.0x as long as wide, submarginal cell 2.0x as long as ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 295 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Figures 55-64. Dinotrema (Synaldis) latusdentertium sp. nov. (holotype @, except 58, 61 paratype 2) 55 habitus, lateral view 56 head, dorsal view 57 mandible, lateral view 58 head, frontal view 59 antenna 60 head and mesosoma, lateral view 61 mesonotum, dorsal view 62 propodeum, dorsal view 63 wings 64 hind leg, metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view. wide, first subdiscal cell 2.8x as long as wide (Fig. 63). Hind wing 4.9x as long as wide, vein 1-M 0.5x as long as M+CU, 1.2—1.3x as long as 1r-m; m-cu absent. Legs: hind femur 4.7-—5.0x as long as wide. Hind tibia 10.0-10.2x as long as wide, 1.1—1.3x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 2.0-2.1x as long as second segment (Fig. 64). ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 296 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Metasoma: 1.7x as long, and as wide as mesosoma (Fig. 55). T1 strigose to ru- gose, 1.70-1.85x as long as wide, apex 1.6x as wide as base. Ovipositor 0.4x as long as metasoma, 1.2—1.5x as long as T1, 0.9x as long as hind femur. Ovipositor sheath with some sparse and delicate setae (except on 1/4 apical almost gla- brous), 0.3-0.4x as long as metasoma, 1.1—-1.4* as long as T1 (Fig. 64). Color: Head brown to dark brown, except mandibles yellow, scape and pedicel brown to yellowish. Mesosoma brown to light brown, except scutellar disc and tegu- lae brown to yellow; propleuron, mesopleuron and propodeum orange to yellowish. Legs yellow. Metasoma brown except ovipositor yellow. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Male. Unknown. Etymology. The epithet is an adjective derived from Latin, combining /atus (wide), den (from dens, Latin for tooth), and tertius (third). The species name refers to its lower mandibular tooth wider than upper tooth (Fig. 57). Distribution. Chile. Comments. Based on the shape of the mandibles, relative length of the fla- gellar segments, and the propodeal sculpture, D. (S.) latusdentertium sp. nov. can be associated with the Nearctic species Dinotrema (Synaldis) glabrifovea (Fischer, 1967). However, in D. (S.) glabrifovea the mesoscutal pit is absent, the face and clypeus are relatively wider, and the antenna has 25 segments, among other differences (according to Peris-Felipo and Belokobylskij 2017). Dinotrema (Synaldis) perisfelipoi sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/3123A760-770C-4AAB-BFFE-34634389F62B Figs 65-71 Type material. Holotype: CHILE * 2 (MNNC); Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue, Antillanca; 40°46'55"S, 72°12'39"W; alt. 987 m; 16-30 Mar. 2020; D. Amorim and V. Silva leg.; Malaise trap. Paratypes: CHILE * 12 (MNNC); same data as for holotype, except 40°44'06"S, 72°19'47"W; alt. 528 m; 14 Jan.-3 Feb. 2017; flight intercept trap - 14 (MNNC); same data as for holotype, except 11-25 May. 2019 - 12 (DCBU 514624); same data as for holotype * 1 9 (DCBU 509530); same data as for holotype, except 9-23 Dec. 2019. Diagnosis. This species differs from other New World species of Synaldis by the combination of the following characteristics: in lateral view, eye shorter than temple (Fig. 66); mandible with three relatively large teeth, diagonal carina present in 2 (absent in 3’), mandibular apex wider than base; F1 2.4—2.8x as long as wide (Fig. 67); mesoscutal pit present, conspicuous; propodeum with areola, median longitudinal carina incomplete to almost complete, transverse carinae complete (Fig. 70); fore wing vein (r+3-SR) 6.2—6.3x as long as r-m, cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 shorter than cu-a (Fig. 69); hind femur 4.6x as long as wide, hind tibia 8.9-9.2x as long as wide (Fig. 71). Dinotrema (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov. is similar to D. (S.) daltoni sp. nov. (see their distinctions in the diagnosis of the latter) and D. (S.) puyehue sp. nov., from which it differs by prescutellar depression smooth laterally (with com- plete lateral carinae in D. (S.) puyehue sp. nov., Fig. 91), fore wing vein (r+3-SR) 6.2-6.3x as long as r-m (5.0-5.2x in D. (S.) puyehue sp. nov.), submarginal cell 2.7-2.9x as long as wide (2.05-2.20x in D. (S.) puyehue sp. nov., Figs 69, 90), AF 2.5-2.6x as long as wide (1.9—2.2x in D. (S.) puyehue sp. nov., Figs 67, 86). Zookeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 297 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile 0,1 mm 9/22/2023 mode) HV mago spot) WD 400 pm 9:57:36 AM_SE_|15.00 kV_ 331 x_ 3.5 9.7 mm T Hympar Sudeste d Lkfits Siz hes Kid, jet a PP? ae ne ws ge 9/22/2023 mode’ HV mago spot WD 200 um 10:00:38 AM| SE (15.00 kV) 491x | 3.5:9.8mm mpar Sudeste 9/25/2023 mode) HV mago spot) WD | —————— 200 ym———— [MM 9/22/2023 |mode| HV |mag |spot. WD |—————— 500 um 9:27:08 AM| SE |15.00 kV| 583 x | 3.5/16.0 mm INCT Hympar Sudeste 10:07:14 AM| SE 15.00 kV) 253 x | 3.5.9.6 mm INCT Hympar Sudeste Figures 65-71. Dinotrema (Synaldis) perisfelipoi sp. nov. (65, 69 holotype 2, remainder paratype °) 65 habitus, lateral view 66 head and mandible, lateral view 67 antenna 68 mesosoma, lateral view 69 wings 70 propodeum and T1, dorsal view 71 hind leg, metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 298 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Description. 2. Length. Body: 1.7-2.1 mm. Fore wing: 1.8-2.1 mm. Hind wing: 1.2-1.4 mm. Head: in dorsal view, 1.7x as wide as long, 1.4x as wide aS mesosoma, slightly wider at temples than eyes. Frons smooth. POL 1.30-1.45x as OD, OOL 3.2-3.4x as OD. In lateral view (Fig. 66), eye 1.4x as high as wide, 0.7—0.8x as wide as temple. Face 1.7—2.0x as wide as high, 2.0-2.1x as wide as clypeus, smooth or with a weak longitudinal ridge dorsally. Clypeus 1.7-2.0x as wide as high, concave ventrally. Malar space 0.7x as clypeus height. Paraclypeal fovea short size. Mandible 1.2-1.3x as long as wide (Fig. 66), diagonal carina pres- ent. Mandibular apex 1.2—1.3x wide as base. Upper rounded or nearly so. Mid- dle tooth subacuminate, longer than other teeth. Lower tooth largely rounded. Upper tooth ca as wide as middle, narrower than lower tooth. Antenna with 15 segments (Fig. 67), 0.6-0.7x as long as body. Scape 1.9-2.1x as long as ped- icel. F1 2.4-2.7x as long as wide, 1.0-1.1x as long as F2. F2 2.0-2.3x as long as wide. F3 1.7-2.2x as long as wide. AF 2.5-2.6x as long as wide. Maxillary palp 0.90-1.05x as long as head height. Mesosoma: 1.2—1.4x as long as high (Fig. 68), 2.1-2.2x as long as wide. Mesoscutum as long as wide, notauli absent on horizontal surface of mesoscu- tum. Mesoscutal pit present, oval-elongate, occupying 0.1x of mesoscutal length. Prescutellar depression 2.7x as long as wide, with median carina com- plete (sometimes weak), smooth laterally. Side of pronotum weakly crenulate. Precoxal sulcus crenulate medially, not reaching anterior and/or posterior mar- gins of mesopleuron. Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth. Propodeum main- ly smooth to rugulose (Fig. 70), with areola 0.9-1.1x as high as wide; median longitudinal carina incomplete (not extending inside areola) or almost com- plete (interrupted briefly in mid-areola); transverse carinae complete. Propode- um with very weak protuberance in lateral view. Propodeal spiracle middle (Fig. 68), 0.4-0.5x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Wings: fore wing 2.8-2.9x as wide, vein 1-SR absent or present, (r+3-SR) 6.2-6.3x as long as r-m, SR1 2.0-2.5x as long as (r+3-SR); cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 0.4-0.7x as long as cu-a. Marginal cell 4.45-4.90x as long as wide, sub- marginal cell 2.7-2.8x as long as wide, first subdiscal cell 3.1-3.2x as long as wide (Fig. 69). Hind wing 5.35-5.50x as long as wide, vein 1-M 0.5—-0.6x as long as M+CU, 1.50-1.85x as long as 1r-m; m-cu absent. Legs: hind femur 4.6x as long as wide. Hind tibia 8.9-9.1x as long as wide, 1.0-1.1x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 2.0-2.1x as long as second segment (Fig. 71). Metasoma: 1.7-1.9x as long, and 1.4x as wide as mesosoma (Fig. 65). T1 strigose (Fig. 70), 1.4-1.7x as long as wide, apex 1.8x as wide as base. Ovipositor 0.35-0.50x as long as metasoma, 1.5-1.9x as long as T1, 0.9-1.3x as long as hind femur. Ovipositor sheath with some delicate setae (except on 1/4 apical al- most glabrous), 0.3-0.4« as long as metasoma, 1.4—1.5x as long as T1 (Fig. 71). Color: brown to yellow, except head dark brown to light brown, and legs entirely yellow or light brown from trochanter. Wings hyaline, veins brown to light brown. Male. Head 1.9x as wide as long. Eye 1.5x as high as wide, 0.85x as wide as temple. Face 2.2x as wide as clypeus. Mandible without diagonal carina. Middle tooth acute. Antenna with 21 segments, 1.2x as long as body. F1 2.8x as long ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 299 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile as wide. F2 2.5x as long as wide. F3 2.4x as long as wide. Mesosoma 2.0x as long as wide. Mesoscutal pit occupying 0.2x of mesoscutal length. Prescutellar depression 2.5x as long as wide. Precoxal sulcus almost smooth. Propodeum almost smooth, median longitudinal carina extending to mid-areola. Propodeal spiracle small, 0.25x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Fore wing 2.5x as long as wide. Submarginal cell 2.9x as long as wide. Hind femur 4.8x as long as wide. Hind tibia 9.2x as long as wide. Metasoma 1.5x as long as mesosoma. T1 2.4x as long as wide, apex 1.1x as wide as base. Etymology. The species name perisfelipoi is a genitive noun, named in honor of Francisco Javier Peris Felipo, an expert in Alysiinae wasps, who has made significant contributions, particularly in his study of the genus Dinotrema. Distribution. Chile. Dinotrema (Synaldis) pilosicaudatum sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/59D7DEA1-FF88-4DB4-8729-F5173D560940 Figs 72-82 Type material. Holotype: CHILE * 2 (MNNC); Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue, Antillanca; 40°46'55"S, 72°12'39"W; alt. 987 m; 16-30 Mar. 2020; D. Amorim and V. Silva leg.; Malaise trap. Paratypes: CHILE * 1 (MNNC); same data as for holo- type, except 40°46'28"S, 72°12'41"W; alt. 1054 m; 14 Jan.-3 Feb. 2017; sweep- ing * 12 (DCBU 514534) and 14’ (DCBU 514551); same data as for holotype. Diagnosis. This species differs from other New World species of Synaldis by the combination of the following characteristics: in lateral view, eye as wider as or slightly wider than temple (Fig. 74); mandible with three relatively large teeth, diagonal carina present, mandibular apex (at least slightly) wider than base (Fig. 74); F1 3.70-3.85x as long as wide (Fig. 76); mesoscutal pit present, conspicuous (Fig. 77); propodeum with areola, median longitudinal carina and transverse carinae complete (Fig. 81); propodeum with a distinct protuberance in lateral view (Fig. 78); fore wing vein cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 as long as or shorter than cu-a (Fig. 79); hind tibia 8.9-9.1x as long as wide; T1 rugose-fo- veolate (Fig. 80); ovipositor sheath with several distinct, erect setae, except on 1/4 apical almost glabrous (Fig. 82). Dinotrema (S.) pilosicaudatum sp. nov. is similar to D. (S.) latusdentertium sp. nov., their distinctions are given in the identification key. Description. 2. Length. Body: 2.0-2.2 mm. Fore wing: 2.4 mm. Hind wing: 1.65 mm. Head: in dorsal view (Fig. 73), 1.7-1.8x as wide as long, 1.4x as wide as meso- soma, ca as wide at eyes as temples. Frons with weak mid groove. POL 1.3x as OD, OOL 2.90-3.15x as OD. In lateral view (Fig. 74), eye 1.4—1.5x as high as wide, 1.0-1.1x as wide as temple. Face 1.6x as wide as high (Fig. 75), 2.0x as wide as clypeus, punctate, with longitudinal ridge dorsally. Clypeus 1.65x as wide as high, slightly concave ventrally. Malar space 0.6x as clypeus height. Paraclypeal fovea short size. Mandible 1.5x as long as wide (Fig. 74), diagonal carina present. Man- dibular apex 1.1-1.2x wide as base. Upper tooth almost rounded. Middle tooth acute, longer than other teeth. Lower tooth rounded, as long as upper tooth. Upper tooth as wide as lower, wider than middle tooth. Antenna with 18-20 segments ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 300 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile (Fig. 76), 0.9-1.0x as long as body. Scape 2.0x as long as pedicel. F1 3.7-3.9x as long as wide, 1.3-1.4x as long as F2. F2 2.6x as long as wide. F3 2.1x as long as wide. AF 2.0—2.1x as long as wide. Maxillary palp 1.2 as long as head height. Mesosoma: 1.2-1.4x as long as high (Fig. 78), 2.1-2.2x as long as wide. Mesoscutum as long as wide, notauli absent on horizontal surface of mesoscu- tum (Fig. 77). Mesoscutal pit present, oval-elongate, occupying 0.2—-0.3x of mesoscutal length. Prescutellar depression 2.0-2.1x as long as wide, with median carina incomplete posteriorly to complete, smooth laterally. Side of pronotum crenulate. Precoxal sulcus crenulate medially, not reaching anterior and/or posterior margins of mesopleuron (Fig. 78). Posterior mesopleural fur- row smooth. Propodeum mainly smooth (Fig. 81), with areola as high as wide; median longitudinal carina complete; transverse carinae complete. Propodeum with a distinct protuberance in lateral view (Fig. 78) Propodeal spiracle small, 0.3x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Wings: fore wing 2.5-2.6x as long as wide, vein 1-SR present, (r+3-SR) 5.1- 5.4x as long as r-m, SR1 2.0-2.2x as long as (r+3-SR); cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 0.7-1.0x as long as cu-a. Marginal cell 4.2—4.3x as long as wide, submarginal cell 2.0-2.2x as long as wide, first subdiscal cell 3.05x as long as wide (Fig. 79). Hind wing 5.8x as long as wide, vein 1-M 0.4x as long as M+CU, 1.2x as long as 1r-m; m-cu absent. Legs: hind femur 4.9-5.2x as long as wide. Hind tibia 8.9-9.1x as long as wide, 1.1—1.2x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 1.9-2.1x as long as second segment. Metasoma: 1.6—1.7x as long, and 0.8x as wide as mesosoma (Fig. 72). T1 rugose-foveolate (Fig. 80), 2.1-2.3x as long as wide, apex 1.2-1.3x as wide as base. Ovipositor 0.6—0.7x as long as metasoma, 2.5x as long as T1, 1.5-1.7x as long as hind femur. Ovipositor sheath with several distinct, erect setae (ex- cept on 1/4 apical almost glabrous, Fig. 82), 0.5x as long as metasoma, 1.8x as long as T1 (Fig. 72). Color: head dark brown, except mandibles and pedicel yellow. Mesosoma orange-yellow, except pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, and metanotum brown. Metasoma brown except ovipositor yellow. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Male. Body length 2.1-2.3 mm. Head 1.3x as wide as mesosoma. POL 1.6x as OD, OOL 2.6x as OD. Face 1.5-1.6x as wide as high, 1.9x as wide as clypeus. Clypeus 1.8x as wide as high. Malar space 0.7x as clypeus height. Mandible 1.4x as long as wide. Antenna with 22 segments, 1.2x as long as body. Scape 1.8x as long as pedicel. F1 1.1-1.3x as long as F2. F2 2.6-2.8x as long as wide. F3 2.3-2.4x as long as wide. AF 2.6x as long as wide. Mesosoma 2.0x as long as wide. Fore wing 2.4x as long as wide, vein SR1 1.8x as long as (r+3-SR). Hind wing 4.65x as long as wide; vein 1-M 0.5x as long as M+CU, 1.3x as long as 1r-m. Hind femur 4.6—5.0x as long as wide. Hind tibia 9.6x as long as wide. Metasoma 1.3-1.5x as long as mesosoma. T1 2.0x as long as wide. Color as in 2 or brown to dark brown, except mandibles and legs yellow, propleuron, mesopleuron ventrally orange. Etymology. The epithet is an adjective combining pilosi (from pilosus, Latin for hairy), caudatum (from cauda, Latin for tail). The species name refers to its ovipositor sheath with several distinct, erect setae (Fig. 82). Distribution. Chile. ZooKkeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 301 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Figures 72-82. Dinotrema (Synaldis) pilosicaudatum sp. nov. (holotype 2, except 81, 82 paratype 2) 72 habitus, lateral view 73 head, dorsal view 74 head and mandible, lateral view 75 head, frontal view 76 antenna 77 mesonotum, dorsal view 78 mesosoma, lateral view 79 wings 80 T1, dorsal view 81 propodeum, dorsal view 82 ovipositor and sheath, lateral view. Comments. Dinotrema (S.) pilosicaudatum sp. nov. can be associated with the Nearctic species D. (S.) glabrifovea (Fischer, 1967) based on similarities in the shape of mandibles, relative length of the flagellomeres, and propodeal sculpture. However, in D. (S.) glabrifovea the mesoscutal pit is absent, the face and clypeus are relatively wider, and the antenna comprises 25 segments, among other distinguishing characteristics (according to Peris-Felipo and Belokobylskij 2017). ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 302 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Dinotrema (Synaldis) puyehue sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/7B39E2B0-9580-4EA3-8C5F-8279FDDD9696 Figs 83-94 Type material. Holotype: CHILE * 2 (MNNC); Osorno, Parque Nacional Puye- hue, Antillanca; 40°46'55"S, 72°12'39'W; alt. 987 m; 9-23 Dec. 2019; D. Amorim and V. Silva leg.; Malaise trap. Paratypes: CHILE * 19 (MNNC) and 16) (MNNC); same data as for holotype * 29 9 (DCBU 509931, DCBU 514733) and 14' (DCBU 509539); same data as for holotype. Diagnosis. This species differs from other New World species of Synaldis by the combination of the following characteristics: in lateral view, eye shorter than temple, at least slightly (Fig. 84); mandible with three relatively large teeth, diag- onal carina present, mandibular apex wider than base (Fig. 88); F1 2.4-2.8x as long as wide (Fig. 85); mesoscutal pit present, conspicuous, prescutellar depres- sion with lateral carinae (Figs 89, 91); propodeum with areola, median longitudi- nal carina incomplete to complete, transverse carinae complete (Fig. 92); fore wing vein cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 shorter than cu-a (Fig. 83); hind tibia 9.4—9.6x as long as wide (Fig. 93); metasoma distinctly wider than mesosoma (Figs 89, 94). Dinotrema (S.) puyehue sp. nov. is similar to D. (S.) daltoni sp. nov., D. (S.) flavum sp. nov. (their differences are given in the identification key), and D. (S.) perisfelipoi sp. nov. (see their differences in the diagnosis of the latter). Description. 2. Length. Body: 2.05-2.50 mm. Fore wing: 2.00-2.15 mm. Hind wing: 1.45-1.60 mm. Head: in dorsal view (Fig. 89), 1.6-1.7x as wide as long, 1.5x as wide as mesosoma, as wide at eyes as temples. Frons smooth. POL 1.1-1.2x as OD, OOL 2.7-3.1x as OD. In lateral view (Fig. 84), eye 1.30-1.45x as high as wide, 0.7-0.9x as wide as temple. Face 1.6—1.8x as wide as high (Fig. 87), 1.8-2.0x as wide as clypeus, smooth. Clypeus 2.0-2.1x as wide as high, straight ventral- ly. Malar space 0.6x as clypeus height. Paraclypeal fovea short size. Mandible 1.2-1.3x as long as wide (Figs 84, 88), diagonal carina present. Mandibular apex 1.2-—1.3x wide as base. Upper tooth rounded. Middle tooth subacuminate, longer than other teeth. Lower tooth rounded, as long as upper tooth. Lower tooth as wide as or slightly wider than upper, both wider than middle tooth. Antenna with 16-18 segments (Fig. 83), 0.7-0.8x as long as body. Scape 1.9- 2.0x as long as pedicel. F1 2.4—2.6x as long as wide (Fig. 85), 0.95-1.10x as long as F2. F2 2.1-2.3x as long as wide. F3 1.6—1.8x as long as wide. AF 2.0- 2.2x as long as wide (Fig. 86). Maxillary palp 0.8—-0.9x as long as head height. Mesosoma: 1.1—1.2x as long as high (Fig. 84), 2.1 as long as wide. Mesoscu- tum as long as wide, notauli absent on horizontal surface of mesoscutum (Fig. 89). Mesoscutal pit present, oval to elongate, occupying 0.1—-0.2x of mesoscutal length. Prescutellar depression 2.40-—2.65x as long as wide, with median and lat- eral carinae complete (Figs 89, 91). Side of pronotum almost smooth. Precoxal sulcus crenulate medially, not reaching anterior and/or posterior margins of me- sopleuron (Fig. 84). Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth. Propodeum rugulose to rugose (Figs 91, 92), with areola 1.1x as high as wide; median longitudinal carina incomplete (not extending inside areola) to complete; transverse carinae complete. Propodeum with a very weak protuberance in lateral view. Propodeal spiracle middle (Fig. 84), 0.5x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 303 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile 83 re yr 4? \" | Pi Wy \j i wir J f f \ . 4 \ y Vf \N ye, ff Be ey ¥ . pa ¥ wy \) fi ¥ W | wy Pe W hy Faeay ¥ Me , ¥ \ f , - % een haa i ; i | Af \ Va Bes > 0,2 mm > 1mm f \ i 23 ‘ "2S 9/22/2023 mode HV mag= spot WD 200 pm mag ot} WD 300 pm 10:12:11 AM_SE_15.00kV_481x 3.5 9.7mm mpar Sudeste 10:38:17 AM_SE_15.00 kV 328x | 3.5 12.8mm INCT Hympar Sudeste wu ¢°0 200 pm - 9/22/2023 mode’ HV mage spot WD ———— 500 um INCT Hympar Sudeste 10:27:49 AM, SE _15.00kV_ 185x_ 3.5 9.9mm INCT Hympar Sudeste i Ne in ah \& 8/3/2023 [mode HV (mags spot WD 5:27:25 PM_SE_ 12.50 kV_ 569 x_ 3.5 13.4 mm Figures 83-94. Dinotrema (Synaldis) puyehue sp. nov. (83, 84, 87, 94 holotype 2, remainder paratype 9°) 83 habitus, later- 8/3/2023 mode HV mag © spot. WD 9 3.5 13.5mm al view 84 head and mesosoma, lateral view 85, 86 basal and apical parts of antenna respectively 87 head, frontal view 88 mandible, lateral view 89 head and mesoscutum, dorsal view 90 wings 91 mesosoma and T1, dorsal view 92 propo- deum, dorsal view 93 hind leg, metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view 94 metasoma, dorsal view. Wings: Fore wing 2.6-2.7x as long as wide, vein 1-SR absent or present, (r+3-SR) 5.0-5.1x as long as r-m, SR1 2.3-2.4x as long as (r+3-SR); cu-a post- furcal, 1-CU1 0.4—0.5x as long as cu-a. Marginal cell 4.5-4.9x as long as wide, submarginal cell 2.2x as long as wide, first subdiscal cell 2.9-3.0x as long as wide (Figs 83, 90). Hind wing 5.3x as long as wide, vein 1-M 0.5—-0.6x as long as M+CU, 1.9-2.1x as long as 1r-m; m-cu absent. 304 ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Legs: Hind femur 4.0x as long as wide. Hind tibia 9.4—9.6x as long as wide, 1.1-1.2x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 1.9-2.1x as long as second segment (Fig. 93). Metasoma: 2.0—2.2x as long, and 1.7x as wide as mesosoma (Figs 83, 89, 94). T1 strigose (Fig. 91), 1.5-1.8x as long as wide, apex 1.45-1.70x as wide as base. Ovipositor 0.4-0.5x as long as metasoma, 1.7-2.1x as long as T1, 0.95-1.40x as long as hind femur. Ovipositor sheath with some sparse and del- icate setae (except on 1/3 apical almost glabrous), 0.3x as long as metasoma, 1.3-1.6x as long as T1 (Figs 83, 93). Color: Head brown to dark brown, except mandibles, scape, and pedicel brown to light brown. Mesosoma light brown to yellow. Legs yellow. Metasoma brown, except T1 light brown and ovipositor yellow. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Male. Body length 1.7 mm, fore wing 1.7-1.9 mm, hind wing 1.2-1.3 mm. Face with longitudinal ridge dorsally. Antenna 0.9-1.0x as long as body. F1 2.7-2.8x as long as wide. F2 2.3-2.4x as long as wide. F3 2.1x as long as wide. AF 1.9-2.1x as long as wide. Mesosoma 1.3x as long as high. Propodeal areola as high as wide. Propodeal spiracle small, 0.2 distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Fore wing vein (r+3-SR) 5.2x as long as r-m, SR1 2.05x as long as (r+3-SR), submarginal cell 2.6x as long as wide. Hind wing 5.5x as long as wide, vein 1-M 1.8x as long as 1r-m. Hind femur 4.2 as long as wide. Hind tibia as long as hind tarsus. Metasoma 1.4x as long as mesosoma. Etymology. The name of species puyehue is a noun in apposition in refer- ence to Parque Nacional de Puyehue, the type locality of the species. Distribution. Chile. Dinotrema (Synaldis) verae sp. nov. https://Zzoobank.org/2AB7B5DC-D789-46DE-A1 2E-821 1676F7D3F Figs 95-105 Type material. Holotype: CHILE * 2 (MNNC); Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue, Antillanca; 40°44'06'S, 72°18'47'W; alt. 528 m; 14 Jan.-3 Feb. 2017; D. Amorim and V. Silva leg.; flight intercept. Paratypes: CHILE * 1 (MNNC); same data as for holotype, except 40°44'S, 72°19'W; alt. 440 m; pan trap * 12 (DCBU 387214); same data as for holotype, except 40°44'S, 72°19'W; alt. 440 m; sweeping. Diagnosis. This species differs from other New World species of Synaldis by the combination of the following characteristics: in lateral view, eye as wide as or slightly wider than temple (Fig. 96); paraclypeal fovea middle size (Fig. 97); mandible with three relatively large teeth, diagonal carina present, mandib- ular apex wider than base (Fig. 98); F1 2.7-3.1x as long as wide (Fig. 100); mesoscutal pit present, conspicuous (Fig. 99); propodeum with areola, medi- an longitudinal carina incomplete to complete, transverse carinae complete (Fig. 103); fore wing vein cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 shorter than cu-a (Fig. 101); hind tibia 8.6—8.8x as long as wide (Fig. 105); T1 rugose—foveolate (Fig. 104). Dinotrema (S.) verae sp. nov. is related to D. (S.) brunneum sp. nov. and D. (S.) chilense sp. nov. Their differences are given in the diagnosis of D. (S.) brunneum sp. nov. and D. (S.) chilense sp. nov. Description. 2. Length. Body: 2.5-2.7 mm. Fore wing: 2.5-2.8 mm. Hind wing: 2.1 mm. ZooKkeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 305 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Figures 95-105. Dinotrema (Synaldis) verae sp. nov. (holotype @, except 99, 100, 104 paratype 2) 95 habitus, lateral view 96, 97 head, lateral and frontal view respectively 98 mandible, lateral view 99 head and mesoscutum, dorso-lateral view 100 antennae 101 wings 102 mesosoma, lateral view 103 propodeum, dorsal view 104 T1, dorso-lateral view 105 hind leg, metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view. Head: in dorsal view, 1.6-1.8x as wide as long, 1.3x as wide as mesosoma, slightly wider at temples than eyes. Frons smooth or with weak mid groove. POL 1.2-1.3x as OD, OOL 2.3-2.5x as OD. In lateral view (Fig. 96), eye 1.4- 1.5x as high as wide, 1.0-1.1x as wide as temple. Face 1.45-1.60x as wide as high (Fig. 97), 1.9x as wide as clypeus, smooth. Clypeus 1.9x as wide as high, ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 306 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile slightly concave ventrally. Malar space 0.6x as clypeus height. Paraclypeal fo- vea middle size. Mandible 1.2-1.3x as long as wide (Fig. 98), diagonal carina present. Mandibular apex 1.2-1.4x wide as base. Upper tooth rounded. Middle tooth acute, longer than other teeth. Lower tooth rounded, as long as upper tooth. Upper tooth ca as wide as lower, wider than middle tooth. Antenna with 19-20 segments (Fig. 100), 0.8-0.9x as long as body. Scape 2.0x as long as pedicel. F1 2.7—2.8x as long as wide, 1.2x as long as F2. F2 1.8-2.1x as long as wide. F3 1.7-1.8x as long as wide. AF 1.9x as long as wide. Maxillary palp 1.1x as long as head height. Mesosoma: 1.3x as long as high (Fig. 102), 2.0-2.2x as long as wide. Me- soscutum as long as wide, notauli absent on horizontal surface of mesoscutum (Fig. 99). Mesoscutal pit present, oval-elongate, occupying 0.2x of mesoscutal length. Prescutellar depression 2.3-2.4x as long as wide, with median carina complete, smooth laterally. Side of pronotum crenulate. Precoxal sulcus cren- ulate medially, not reaching anterior and/or posterior margins of mesopleuron (Fig. 102). Posterior mesopleural furrow smooth. Propodeum rugulose to rugose (Fig. 103), with areola 0.8-0.9x as high as wide; median longitudinal carina in- complete (not extending inside areola) to complete; transverse carinae complete. Propodeum with weak protuberance in lateral view. Propodeal spiracle small to middle (Fig. 102), 0.3-0.4« distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Wings: fore wing 2.8x as long as wide, vein 1-SR present, (r+3-SR) 5.1x as long as r-m, SR1 2.1x as long as (r+3-SR); cu-a postfurcal, 1-CU1 0.55—-0.70x as long as cu-a. Marginal cell 4.5x as long as wide, submarginal cell 2.0-2.2x as long as wide, first subdiscal cell 3.1-3.3x as long as wide (Figs 95, 101). Hind wing 5.2x as long as wide, vein 1-M 0.5x as long as M+CU, 1.2 as long as 1r-m; m-cu absent. Legs: Hind femur 4.2-4.3x as long as wide. Hind tibia 8.6—8.8x as long as wide, 1.2x as long as hind tarsus. First segment of hind tarsus 2.0x as long as second segment (Fig. 105). Metasoma: 1.5x as long, and as wide as mesosoma (Fig. 95). T1 rugose-fo- veolate (Fig. 104), 1.9-2.0x as long as wide, apex 1.5x as wide as base. Ovi- positor 0.4x as long as metasoma, 1.45x as long as T1, 0.9-1.0x as long as hind femur. Ovipositor sheath with some delicate setae (except on 1/3 apical almost glabrous), 0.3-0.4x as long as metasoma, 1.10-1.45x as long as T1 (Figs 95, 105). Color: Head dorsally dark brown to brown. Face and clypeus brown to yellow- ish. Mandibles, antennae, and legs yellow. Mesosoma entirely yellow or paras- cutellar area and metanotum brown. Metasoma brown to light brown, except T1 brown to yellow and ovipositor yellow. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Male. Body length 2.8 mm. Head 1.45x as wide as mesosoma. Face 1.8x as wide as clypeus. Clypeus 2.0x as wide as high. F1 3.1x as long as wide. F3 2.05x as long as wide. Prescutellar depression with lateral carinae complete, weak. Fore wing vein (r+3-SR) 4.8x as long as r-m, SR1 1.9x as long as (r+3-SR), marginal cell 4.2x as long as wide, first subdiscal cell 2.9x as long as wide. Hind tibia 8.9x as long as wide. Metasoma 2.0x as long as mesosoma. Head brown, except mandibles yellow; mesosoma and metasoma light brown. Etymology. The species name verae is a genitive noun, named after Vera Cristina Silva, one of the collectors of the type material for this species. Distribution. Chile. ZooKeys 1206: 275-314 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515 307 Franciélle Dias de Oliveira & Angélica Maria Penteado-Dias: First record and new species of Synaldis in Chile Key to the Neotropical species of the subgenus Synaldis Foerster, 1863 2(1) 5(3) Propodeum with transverse carinae incomplete, not reaching lateral Dalts:0f PrOPOGeUMICAS: FIG’ SAL BY occ. ccssssensecunsnsvaccidbenves ceativreacesttonsens 2 Propodeum with transverse carinae complete, reaching lateral parts of prapodeunntas. RIGS: SCH 7-53) Sil stucr cubs xrtePiyn acer drdarlinetote 3 F1 3.5x as long as wide, 1.3x as long as F2. F2 2.3x as long as wide. Middle flagellomeres 1.8-2.0x as long wide. Propodeal spiracle middle size, 0.4x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Hind tibia 7.5x as long as wide. Hind wing 5.7x as long as wide. Antenna with 19-26 segments. Body length 1.8-2.0 mm. BraZil .............cc cc ccccecccesesteeeeeeees Sak tee taal’ D. (Synaldis) novateutoniae (Peris-Felipo, 2017) 22 F1 4.0x as long as wide, ca as long as F2. F2 3.2—3.3x as long as wide. Middle flagellomeres 2.5-2.9x as long as wide. Propodeal spiracle small size, 0.1x distance from spiracle to base of propodeum. Hind tib- ia 8.2x as long as wide. Hind wing 6.5x as long as wide. Antenna with 18-21 segments. Body length 1.5-1.7 mm. BraZil.................ceeeceeeees Enea sate Dinotrema (Synaldis) longiflagellaris (Peris-Felipo, 2017) 93 Propodeum without distinct areola (as Fig. 3C, D). T1 2.7x as long as 1 SAK8 (heii PERO 0, POE Ten EO Se POPE 2 rat MOPED, AON. A, PPO ued,