#ZooKeys ZooKeys 1216: 17-26 (2024) DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1216.128080 Short Communication A new epigean species of Trichopeltis Pocock, 1894 from southwest China (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Cryptodesmidae) Zhenfei Wu'®, Sihang Zhang'®, Fuxue Qin2®, Peiyun Cong'® 1 Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology & MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China 2 Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Reduction Bureau of Zhaoyang, Zhaotong 657099, China Corresponding author: Sihang Zhang (eva@ynu.edu.cn) OPEN ro | ACCESS Academic editor: Pavel Stoev Received: 22 May 2024 Accepted: 9 September 2024 Published: 18 October 2024 ZooBank: https://zoobank. org/9FAD26B7-8734-4CFC-94A6- 66211BECF33F Citation: Wu Z, Zhang S, Qin F, Cong P (2024) A new epigean species of Trichopeltis Pocock, 1894 from southwest China (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Cryptodesmidae). ZooKeys 1216: 17-26. https://doi. org/10.3897/zookeys.1216.128080 Copyright: © Zhenfei Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0). Abstract A new species of Cryptodesmidae, Trichopeltis jiyue sp. nov., is described from the Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, southwest China. The new spe- cies is distinguished from its congeners by the gonopodal coxae with two conspicuous wing-like processes, the relatively long, stout setae on the gonopodal coxae, gonopodal telopodites glabrous and four-branched, and the acropodite curved caudolaterad. The new species is the second record of an epigean species of genus Trichopeltis Pocock, 1894 in China. An updated key is provided to all 14 presently known species. Key words: Key, millipedes, taxonomy, Yunnan Introduction The Polydesmida is one of the most diverse orders of Diplopoda (millipedes), containing about 5000 species in 30 families (Brewer et al. 2012) and with many species globally widespread (Shelley 2003). All Polydesmida are blind and eyeless, and metaterga usually show small to prominent lateral paranota or paraterga (Brewer and Bond 2013). The Cryptodesmidae Karsch, 1880 is a relatively small family of Polydesmida comprising approximately 40 genera and 130 species (Golovatch et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2017). It occupies three geographic areas: Neotropical (Mexico to Argentina), Afrotropical (continental sub-Saharan Africa), and Asian + Australasian (Central Asia and the Himalayas to Japan and Papua New Guinea) (Golovatch and Vanden- Spiegel 2017). In tropical or subtropical Asia and Australasia, 12 genera and 36 spe- cies have been documented in Cryptodesmidae (Liu et al. 2017). The diagnosis of Cryptodesmidae has been revised by Enghoff et al. (2015) as follows: body incapa- ble of volvation, strongly flattened; collum strongly enlarged, flabellate, with radiat- ing lines; paraterga strongly developed, broad and subhorizontal; pore formula nor- mal, but deviating; ozopores absent, or present on small tubercles, removed from lateral edge of paraterga; metaterga without cerotegument, densely setose and/ or uniformly tuberculate, arranged in numerous transverse rows; limbus microcre- nulate; epiproct exposed, from rather simple and subconical to strongly flattened Zhenfei Wu et al.: A new epigean species of Trichopeltis from China and deeply incised at lateral edges; legs without sphaerotrichomes; and gonopods without seminal chamber, often with a hairy pulvillus (Enghoff et al. 2015). Trichopeltis Pocock, 1894 is one of the tropical or subtropical genera of Asian Cryptodesmidae. Currently, this genus encompasses 13 species, mainly documented in Indonesia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, southern China, and the Himalayas (Golovatch 2015, 2016; Golovatch and VandenSpiegel 2017; Likhitrakarn et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2017; Liu and Wynne 2019). This genus is well defined and characterized by a tripartite or deeply notched gonopod telopodite, including a small middle to caudal solenomere branch (Golovatch et al. 2010). Six species of this genus have been reported from China, including five caverni- colous and one epigean species. In this paper, we describe a new epigean species of Trichopeltis from south- west China and update the key to all known species in this genus. This new spe- cies represents the second record of an epigean species of Trichopeltis in China. Materials and methods All specimens were collected from the Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve (24°32'N, 101°01'E, 2476 m above mean sea level) in Yunnan Province, southwest China. Yunnan Province is well known for its high biodiversity (Yang et al. 2004). Ailaoshan Mountain National Nature Reserve stretches across six counties, or cit- ies, of Yunnan, and is mainly covered with mid-montane humid evergreen broad- leaved forest with abundant wild fauna and flora resources (Qiu et al. 1998). The subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest is old-growth (>300 years) and well pro- tected (Yang et al. 2007). All collected millipedes are preserved in 75% ethanol. The holotype and paratypes are deposited in Yunnan University, China. The live photographs were taken in the habitats of the described species us- ing a SONY DSC-RX1R camera. All specimens were further studied and photo- graphed with a Nikon SMZ25 stereomicroscope and Nikon DS-Ri2 microscope camera within the laboratory. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken with a FEI] Quanta FEG 650 with gold coating. All figures are pre- pared with Affinity Photo v. 2 and Affinity Designer v. 2. The terminology used here follows that of Golovatch and VandenSpiegel (2017). Results Taxonomy Order Polydesmida Leach, 1815 Family Cryptodesmidae Karsch, 1880 Genus Trichopeltis Pocock, 1894 Trichopeltis jiyue sp. nov. https://Zoobank.org/77367C20-B420-457F-A095-AB493A6BB2F7 Type material. Holotype: + ¢ (YNU-MD 0151), China, Yunnan Province, Pu’er City, Jingdong Yi Autonomous County, 24°54'78"N, 101°03'58"E, 2450 m elev., 4.X.2021, leg. Peiyun Cong, Sihang Zhang, Zhenfei Wu & Fuxue Qin. Paratypes: *4 4,9 2 (YNU-MD 0152-165) same location as the holotype. ZooKeys 1216: 17-26 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1216.128080 18 Zhenfei Wu et al.: A new epigean species of Trichopeltis from China Etymology. Jiyue (Chinese spelling) alludes to the bright white appearance when the animal emerges from the leaf mold, like the moon appearing from behind a dark rain cloud. Diagnosis. Trichopeltis is characterized by the relatively long and stout setae on the gonopodal coxae, with the posterior part having two conspicuous wing- like processes (cxp); gonopodal telopodites glabrous and four-branched; and the acropodite curved caudolaterad. The living animal is uniformly bright white. Description. Length of ¢ ca 17.2-17.8 mm, paratype 9 ca 17.0-17.4 mm, width of midbody pro- and metazonae 2.2-2.4 mm and 5.3-5.4 mm (3), 2.2-2.5 mm and 5.1-5.4 mm (), respectively. Coloration of tergites uniformly bright white (Fig. 1A); fed 1-2 months with local mor and leaves, yellow (Fig. 1B); in alcohol, after months of preservation, whitish-yellow to yellow (Fig. 1C, D). Antenna whitish-yellow (proximal) to red- dish-purple (distal). Adults body with 20 segments, collum plus 17 podous and 1 apodous terg- ites, plus 1 telson. In width, head << collum < segment 2 <3<4<5<6 3 > 2=4>5>1>7 (Fig. 2A); antennomeres 5-7 each with a bacilliform sensilla field apico-laterally, the numbers of bacilliform sensilla are 100, 67, and 34, respectively. Collum completely covering the head from above, inverted subtrapeziform, regularly convex at peripheric margin, caudal margin slightly concave (Fig. 2B); arranged with 12 or 13 regular, transverse rows of small, spherical, setigerous tubercles on the surface, tubercles 8-13+8-13 per row, surrounded with spheri- cal granulations, seta on each tubercle directed caudad (Fig. 2B). Prozona of segments following collum finely shagreened, metazona densely tuberculate and setose; fore and caudolateral margins of collum, anterolater- al, lateral and caudal margins of following paraterga of segments besides tel- son with obvious dentiform-lobulate lobules, smallest at mid-dorsal region and slightly larger bidirectionally at caudal margins of paraterga. Dorsum convex, postcollum paraterga flat, very broad and long, narrowly rounded laterally, axial line absent. Metatergal segments 2-16 with four or five irregular transverse rows of similarly small, spherical, setigerous tubercles. Tubercles decreasingly extend to paraterga, but each of the latter only with three or four irregular rows of similar tubercles (Fig. 2C), surrounded by spher- ical granulations, same to collum; following metatergal segments 17 and 18 with 6-8 rows of smaller tubercles. Paraterga very strongly developed (Fig. 2C), regularly declivous, the tips ex- tending down below level of venter (Fig. 2D). Segments 2-15 slightly projecting forward, each with 6-9 small, crown-like dentiform, lateral lobules (Fig. 21) and 7-9 tongue-shaped to squarish caudolateral lobules; all evident, setigerous and microvillose segments 16-19 projecting caudally, each with 5-7 small, crown-like dentiform, lateral lobules and 9-13 tongue-shaped to squarish, caudolateral lobules; all evident, setigerous, and microvillose. Sterna sparsely setose; axial line present; tergite stricture divided into pro- and metazone parts. Limbus, with a row of tongue-shaped lobules, microden- ticulate apically (Fig. 2G). Pore visible, lying on the ventral paraterga of segment 5, ozopores formula not discernable. ZooKeys 1216: 17-26 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1216.128080 19 Zhenfei Wu et al.: A new epigean species of Trichopeltis from China Figure 1. External morphology and colouration of Trichopeltis jiyue sp. nov. A @ holotype in habitus and live B fed 1-2 months in laboratory C, D 2 paratype, after 3 months storage in 75% alcohol. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 5 mm (B-D). Figure 2 2. SEM images of Trichopeltis jiyue sp. nov., 3 holotype A head, dorsal view B collum and the second segment, dorsal view C segments 6-9, dorsal view D cross-section of segment 5, caudal view E antenna disc coeloconic sensilla, plan view F telson and anal, ventral view G limbus of segment 5, subventral view H claw of leg, subventral view I paraterga of segment 6, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A-D); 50 um (E, H); 20 um (G); 500 um (F, I). ZooKeys 1216: 17-26 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1216.128080 20 Zhenfei Wu et al.: A new epigean species of Trichopeltis from China Telson (Fig. 2F) conical, with numerous spherical granulations; epiproct flat- tened dorsoventrally, microtuberculate, with four strong apical papillae. Hypo- proct roundly subtrapeziform, 1+1 caudal setae separated, surface rugged. Legs (Fig. 2D, H) long and slender, without modifications, longer than pa- raterga when stretched straight, about 1.2 times as long as the width of pa- raterga. In length, femur = tarsus >> prefemur > coxa = tibia > postfemur > claw. Gonopods complex (Figs 3, 4). Coxae with relatively long stout setae; with two conspicuous wing-like processes (cxp). Telopodite complex, with four- branched process (p), clearly curved (Figs 3, 4), approximately as long as coxa, divided by a notch (Fig. 3D); prefemur glabrous; femorite (p1) one leaf- shaped lobe on the inner side mesally; branch p2 leaf-shaped, three times as long as p1, rather thick, curved caudolaterally, with dense micro-setae on surface, distal margin with serrate process; p3 subconical, with three apical processes; p4 leaf-shaped, close to the p2, the distal margin con- sists of numerous conical processes, forming a corolliform pulvillus; with no distinct solenomere. Remarks. The specimens were found on a stoney roadside, which some researchers usually walk around. As compared with virgin forests, the sur- roundings were relatively densely populated. However, the environment is undeveloped, and it the new species seemed abundant. Key to species of Trichopeltis Modified after Liu et al. 2017. 1 Tegument unpigmented, pallid to light yellowish; cavernicolous species.2 - Tegument clearly pigmented, bright white, red- or grey-brown to blackish; SDIGG ANNES POCO SFY tecerkwiaviasasendehy decays samdecodireenal tebede nareeky abrteotasneters 7 2 Central parts of metaterga with 2-4 irregular, transverse rows of setiger- ous tubercles; gonopodal coxite as usual, at most with only few setae ...3 - Central parts of metaterga with 5-6 irregular transverse rows of setiger- ous tubercles; gonopodal coxite unusually densely setose on lateral side; VALU AM CAMEO Aizetstyccseoccclevesnsase tes duces ius smapvetncasaies Cueaacupe se uturcteste aetarss Mut tnuctecesotts 6 3. Paraterga declivous; tergal setae very long, about half as long as body diameter; gonopodal telopodite clearly twisted. Guizhou, China................. Se er, ens ee Sere te ee T. latellai Golovatch et al., 2010 - Paraterga clearly upturned; tergal setae much shorter; gonopodal telopo- GIL IFT WESTOG Fee sn Fe Pes Paes cs at Ee te Ec encred OR are Pe A Re soe ad 4 4 Gonopodal telopodite with a hairy pulvillus; coxite short and squarish, without seta; central parts of metaterga with 4 irregular, transverse rows of setigerous tubercles. GuangXi, CHINA ....... cece cccceceesseeeeeecesseseeeeees Bees Deel tcc TO Nee T. liangfengdong Liu & Wynne, 2019 —- Gonopodal telopodite without pulVillUs «00.0.0... eee cessstecessseeessseeeeeees 5 5 Central parts of metaterga with 2-3 subregular, transverse rows of setig- erous tubercles; acropodite strongly condensed, tripartite...................68 Walia didagt Nea ed tuess abuditrarcuuttes ¢ acta teas T. reflexus Liu, Golovatch & Tian, 2017 - Central parts of metaterga with 3-4 irregular transverse rows of setiger- ous tubercles; Telopodite only slightly curved caudad, vaguely tripartite. AOS 5 MOE wine santasd Auttees Mindset cotta unnasis eee T. cavernicola Golovatch, 2016 ZooKeys 1216: 17-26 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1216.128080 21 Zhenfei Wu et al.: A new epigean species of Trichopeltis from China 6 Tergal setae long; gonopods relatively SiIMpIe ............. ccc ccceeseeeeeeesteeeeees Bek Se eli et Reims arth rc he ROP. ee A T. bellus Liu, Golovatch & Tian, 2017 - Tergal setae short; gonopods rather COMPIeX...............ccccccceceesseececessseeees 12 7 Central parts of metaterga with 4-6 irregular, transverse rows of setiger- SINS CUNT OTC CS waste Pt cae cn ccret a bh teams MAE Mg mune Re A a tanene ete acer 8 - Central parts of metaterga with 2-3 irregular, transverse rows of setiger- GUS TUDE ICE Sr Aes tat lacs scene Ah cu Meena Wala semen catch iUAM Rx cnem Rtn eteecencts! 11 8 Gonopodal telopodite with evident branches................ccccccccccesssseeecesersees 13 - Gonopodal telopodite without long branches ................ccceccccceseceeeeesseeeeees 9 9 Central parts of metaterga with 4-5 subregular, transverse rows of se- tigerous tubercles; gonopodal telopodite with a conspicuous accessory seminal chamber and a pulvillus but devoid of denticles laterally or mesal- a IE: (0 | Rt Sener ce ec OL T. muratovi Golovatch & VandenSpiegel, 2017 - Central parts of metaterga with 5-6 subregular, transverse rows of setig- erous tubercles; gonopodal telopodite without accessory seminal cham- ber but with a pulvillus, also abundantly denticulate either laterally or me- 10 Gonopodal telopodite abundantly denticulate on lateral face. Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia and possibly endemic to the Indochina Peninsula .... FOOT eh SPRL Ties See eert te, 1 See Ft Re ine See T. kometis Attems, 1938 - Gonopodal telopodite abundantly denticulate on mesal face. Sumatra, In- GONESEA NN Ascend be eden anecbth cet auetuccamzst oe attnias toate ls T. bicolor Pocock, 1894 11. Frontal margin of paraterga abundantly lobulated. Solenomere lobe- shaped, tip nearly pointed... eeescesestteeeeeeeees T. feae Pocock, 1895 - Frontal margin of paraterga entire, not lobulated. Solenomere axe-shaped, UIs ON TOE cucce Socsecgecumtansadeiedeccceunar crnadewoteecuuesen T. watsoni Pocock, 1895 12 Each coxa with a conspicuous, high, curved, laterally densely setose pro- COSSF see Mawes olan nas. Te eoieceiwee T. sutchariti Likhitrakarn et al., 2017 - Each coxa with a small process without Setae ..............ccccccceseccceeesssseeeeeeens sayiowilbt suits ns Shen'guis«eteheueredebsvateste pastaeyes T. intricatus Liu, Golovatch & Tian, 2017 13 Clearly 3-branched; solenomere long and slendet...... 7; doriae Pocock, 1895 - Clearly 4-branched; with two conspicuous wing-like process (wp) basal, one pan-shaped lobe on the inner side; acropodite reverse caudally against fem- orite, unfolded into sheet form. Yunnan, China..................0+ T. jiyue sp. nov. Comparisons The Cryptodesmidae comprises about 40 genera. The new species can be assigned to the genus Trichopeltis Pocock, 1894 based on the lobulated and tuberculate-setose tergites, subcordiform gonopod aperture, four-branched te- lopodite, and coxa divided by a notch. Amongst all known 14 species of Trichopeltis, T. jiyue sp. nov. is most similar to T. kometis Attems, 1938 (Golovatch & Akkari, 2016), T. doriae Pocock, 1895, T. intricatus Liu, Golovatch & Tian, 2017, T. sutchariti Likhitrakarn et al., 2017, and T. muratovi Golovatch & Vanden Spiegel, 2017. The gonopodal telopodite of T. jiyue sp. nov. clearly differs from that of T. doriae in having four branches, in contrast to the gonopodal telopodite of T. doriae which bears three branches; also, it differs from T. muratovi in the telopo- dite, which has a conspicuous accessory seminal chamber, in contrast to the ZooKeys 1216: 17-26 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1216.128080 22 Zhenfei Wu et al.: A new epigean species of Trichopeltis from China subfrontal views B left gonopod, subcaudal view D right gonopod, ventral view, coxite and telopodite divided by a notch E enlargement of box-E of A, prefemur sheet micro-setose on the surface F gonopod, ventral view from above G enlargement of box-G of A, corolliform solenomere H seminal groove I box-l of C, tripartite apical process. Abbreviations: p1, p2, p3, p4 = processes of telopodite; cp = corolliform pulvillus; cxp = coxa process; ms = microsetae; sg = seminal groove; tap = tripartite apical process; ca = cannula; cx = coxa; te = telopodite; n = notch. Scale bars: 500 um (A-D, F); 50 um (E, G); 100 um (H, I). gonopodal telopodite of T. jiyue sp. nov., which is without a conspicuous acces- sory seminal chamber; furthermore, the gonopodal surface of the new species is relatively smooth, with dense microsetae, and differs from that of the abun- dantly denticulate gonopodal surface of T. kometis and T. bicolor Pocock, 1894. ZooKeys 1216: 17-26 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1216.128080 23 Zhenfei Wu et al.: A new epigean species of Trichopeltis from China Figure 4. Trichopeltis jiyue sp. nov., @ holotype, paratype. A subfrontal view B subcaudal view C cadual view. Abbrevia- tions: p1, p2, p3, p4 = processes of telopodite; cxp = coxa process; sg = seminal groove; ca = cannula. Scale bar: 200 um. Trichopeltis intricatus and T. sutchariti were also found in Yunnan Province, China. Compared to T. jiyue sp. nov., the body size of T. jiyue sp. nov. is much larger; the length of the adult is over 17 mm, the pro- and metazonae are over 2 and 5 mm long, respectively, which is much longer than T. intricatus. T. intri- catus is relatively short, ca 10 mm long, with the width of midbody pro- and metazonae 1.5 and 2.5 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the tuberculations on the collum have up to 12 or 13 irregular, transverse rows, which is more differ than the eight to nine irregular, transverse rows of T. sutchariti. The characters of the gonopod reveal many obvious interspecific differences. Conclusions Trichopeltis jiyue sp. nov. is described from Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, southwest China. It represents the second record of an epigean species of the genus Trichopeltis in China. An updated identification key (mod- ified from Liu et al. 2017) to all known species of Trichopeltis is provided here. ZooKeys 1216: 17-26 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1216.128080 24 Zhenfei Wu et al.: A new epigean species of Trichopeltis from China Acknowledgements We thank Canchen Liao and Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing us scientific research field. We appreciate the valuable comments and useful suggestions on our manuscript from the associate editor and the reviewers. Last but not least, we extend our deep grati- tude to Professors Sergei Golovatch, Natdanai Likhitrakarn, and Pavel Stoev for invaluable constructive feedback, and to Dr. Christopher Glasby and Dr. Robert Forsyth for polishing and revising the English of the manuscript. Additional information Conflict of interest The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Ethical statement No ethical statement was reported. Funding This work is supported by the Yunling Scholar funding and a joint grant of YNU-Yunnan Government (202201BF070001-016). Author contributions Data curation: FQ. Writing - original draft: ZW. Writing - review and editing: SZ, PC. Author ORCIDs Zhenfei Wu © https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5586-6511 Sihang Zhang ® https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8230-6892 Fuxue Qin © https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1140-3927 Peiyun Cong ® https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-6478 Data availability All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text. References Brewer MS, Bond JE (2013) Ordinal-level phylogenomics of the arthropod class Diplop- oda (millipedes) based on an analysis of 221 nuclear protein-coding loci generat- ed using next-generation sequence analyses. PLoS ONE 8(11): e79935. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079935 Brewer MS, Sierwald P. 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