#ZooKeys

ZooKeys 1218: 167-176 (2024)
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1218.130088

Research Article

The first record of the genus Dichodontocis Kawanabe, 1994
(Coleoptera, Ciidae) from China, with the description of a new
species and its larva

Nan Li'®, Ji-Shan Xu'2®

1 College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China
2 Co-Innovation Center for Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake Integrated Protection and Green Development of Yunnan Province, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan

671003, China

Corresponding author: Ji-Shan Xu (xujishan001@163.com)

OPEN Ghaceess

Academic editor: Patrice Bouchard
Received: 20 June 2024

Accepted: 22 October 2024
Published: 20 November 2024

ZooBank: https://zoobank.
org/967D98C9-BE39-4DC2-8288-
458993FEEDFO

Citation: Li N, Xu J-S (2024) The first
record of the genus Dichodontocis
Kawanabe, 1994 (Coleoptera, Ciidae)
from China, with the description

of a new species and its larva.
ZooKeys 1218: 167-176. https://doi.
org/10.3897/zookeys.1218.130088

Copyright: © Nan Li & Ji-Shan Xu.
This is an open access article distributed under
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution

License (Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0).

Abstract

The genus Dichodontocis Kawanabe, 1994 is newly recorded from China, and a new spe-
cies, Dichodontocis guangzhouensis sp. nov. and its larva, is described and illustrated
from Guangdong Province. We provide habitat and host fungi photos of the new species
and a key to all described species of the genus.

Key words: Minute tree-fungus beetle, Ciini, morphology, taxonomy, Guangdong

Introduction

The genus Dichodontocis was described by Kawanabe (1994) based on a new
species named Dichodontocis uncinatus (Kawanabe, 1994) from southwest-
ern Japan, which has unique characteristics of the 10-segmented antennae,
the bidentate apex and the serrated outer margin of protibiae, and the lami-
nate prosternal process (Kawanabe 1994). It belongs to the tribe Ciini of the
subfamily Ciinae because of the globulous procoxae and the presence of the
metaventrital medio-longitudinal groove (Lawrence 1971; Kawanabe 1994).
Then the genus Dichodontocis was redescribed and a new species named
D. queenslandicus (Lawrence, 2016) was described by Lawrence in 2016. The
genus Dichodontocis has the following main characteristics (Lawrence 2016):
1) dual vestiture consisting of bristles and fine hairs; 2) outer edge of protibia
lined with fixed spines and bearing two teeth at the outer apical angle; 3) spi-
nose meso- and metatibial apices; 4) short, weakly biconcave and subcarinate
prosternum with laminate prosternal process; 5) dual, seriate elytral puncta-
tion; and 6) 10-segmented antennae.

In the present paper, a new species of the genus Dichodontocis, D. guang-
zhouensis sp. nov., and its larva are described and illustrated.

167

Nan Li & Ji-Shan Xu: A new species of genus Dichodontocis and its larva

Material and methods

The type specimens of the new species described herein are deposited in the
Biological Science Museum, Dali University, Yunnan, China.

Adults and larvae were examined under an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope
(Olympus, Shinjuku, Japan). The adult genitalia were dissected, and then tem-
porarily fixed on glass slides by glycerol. Specimens were photographed and
measured using the Keyence VHX-7000 free-angle observation system (Key-
ence, Osaka, Japan). Adult specimens were pinned, and the genitalia were pre-
served in glycerol. Habitus images were taken using a digital camera (Canon
EOS 60D). All figures were post-corrected with Adobe Photoshop CS6 software.

The terminology of adults follows Lawrence and Lopes-Andrade (2010) and
Lawrence (1974, 2016). The structure terminology of hind wings follows Law-
rence et al. (2021, 2022). The structure terminology of larvae follows Lawrence
(1974). The following abbreviations are adapted (Lopes-Andrade and Greben-
nikov 2015): TL (total length, excluding head), PL (pronotal length along midline),
PW (greatest pronotal width), EL (elytral length along the midline), EW (greatest
width of both elytra), GD (greatest depth of body measured in lateral view), GW
(greatest diameter of compound eye), BW (basal width of scutellar shield).

Taxonomy

Dichodontocis guangzhouensis sp. nov.
https://zoobank.org/163A1D96-3556-4578-A340-85D0291607EA
Figs 1-3

Chinese vernacular name: J) XUiAi ANB FA

Type material. Holotype: CHINA * male, “China: Guangdong, Guangzhou (J 1),
Huangpu District (¢3#[X), Tianlu Lake Forest Park (A JE WH#RAKZ ba), 23°12'N,
113°25'E, 303 m, 05.X1.2023, leg. Da-Rui Mo”. Paratypes: CHINA + 3 males, 6
females, same data as the holotype.

Diagnosis. This new species is similar to D. uncinatus from southern Japan.
From the illustration of the holotype (Kawanabe 1994), the elytral setae appear to
be more clearly seriate and ordered in that species than in D. guangzhouensis sp.
nov., both anal veins of hind wings are absent, but in D. guangzhouensis sp. nov. the
hind wings have apical color spots (Figs 1D, 3D) and the impression of the anterior
margin of pronotum of D. guanzhouensis appears broadly and deeply impressed
and extends posteriorly, distinctly beyond the bases of the horn, while in D. unci-
natus, from the illustration of the holotype (Kawanabe 1994), the impression of
the anterior margin of pronotum is only between the bases of the horn and much
weaker than in D. guanzhouensis sp. nov.. The terminalia are somewhat different. In
D. uncinatus, the eighth abdominal sternite has the posterior margin slightly emar-
ginate at the middle, and the anterior margin strongly emarginate. In the new spe-
cies, however, the eighth abdominal sternite with the posterior margin is broadly
emarginate in the middle, anterior margin is not emarginate (Fig. 21) in the middle.
The tegmen is broad at the base and gradually narrower near the end in D. uncina-
tus. In the new species, the tegmen is broad at the base, from base 1/5-4/5, the
sides are nearly parallel, and gradually narrower near the end, slightly curving.

ZooKeys 1218: 167-176 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1218.130088 168

Nan Li & Ji-Shan Xu: A new species of genus Dichodontocis and its larva

|
|

Figure 1. Dichodontocis guangzhouensis sp. nov. A-C holotype D male paratype A-C ventral, lateral and dorsal views,
respectively D right hind wing of male, (dorsal view, RA: radius anterior, R: radial cell, MP.,.: media posterior, branches

1+2°

1 and 2, RML: radiomedial loop, MSP: medial spur, CAS: cubitoanal strut, MF: medial fleck, ME: medial embayment, SS:
support sclerite) E labels of holotype and one paratype. Scale bars: 1 mm (A-D).

ZooKeys 1218: 167-176 (2024), DOI: ’

The new species is also similar to D. queenslandicus from northern
Queensland. The size and dimensions of the two species are similar. But there
are some differences between the two species. Head relatively and largely ex-
posed, partially visible from above in D. queenslandicus. Head almost entirely
exposed, visible from above in the new species. The impression of the anteri-
or margin of the pronotum of D. guanzhouensis sp. nov. appears broadly and
deeply impressed and extends posteriorly, distinctly beyond the bases of the
horn, while in D. queenslandicus, from the illustration of the holotype (Lawrence
2016), the impression of the anterior margin of pronotum is slightly weaker and
more in front than in D. guanzhouensis sp. nov. The tegmen of D. queenslandi-
cus is 4 times as long as wide, and the pens is 4 times as long as wide. The teg-
men of the new species is 6.4 times as long as wide, pens 8.0 times as long as
wide. The sternite VIII of the D. queenslandicus is the posterior margin slightly
emarginate in the middle, the eighth abdominal sternite of the new species with
the posterior margin is broadly emarginate in the middle, anterior margin is not
emarginate (Fig. 21) in the middle.

Description of the adult. With the characters of the genus. Male. Fully pig-
mented adult. Measurements in mm: TL 1.511, PL 0.678, PW 0.695, EL 0.833,
EW 0.717, GD 0.636. Ratios: PL/PW 0.98, EL/EW 1.16, EL/PL 1.23, GD/EW 0.89,
TEABW 25a

169

Nan Li & Ji-Shan Xu: A new species of genus Dichodontocis and its larva

tergite VIII

D q * A E sternite VIII ‘ J K

Figure 2. Dichodontocis guangzhouensis sp. nov., male paratypes A antenna B protibia, ventral view C protibia, dorsal
view D tegmen and penis, dorsal view E tegmen (teg) and penis (pen), lateral view F terminal segments of the abdomen,
including the aedeagus and pregenital segments, the abdominal ventrites have been removed, leaving only the eighth
sternite, ventral view G mesotibia, ventral view H mesotibia, dorsal view I sternite VIII, ventral view, and tergite VIII, dorsal
view J metatibia, ventral view K metatibia, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A-K).

Body (Fig. 1C) elongate, convex, reddish brown to dark brown; dorsal setae,
tarsi, antennae (except club), maxillary palpus and labial palpus are pale yellow;
dorsal vestiture dual, consisting of long and short erect setae.

Head wider slightly than long, partially visible from above, with sparse punc-
tures and dual setae, frontoclypeal strongly elevated forming a pair of broad-
based, reflexed at each side subtriangular plates, behind eyes. Compound eyes
are finely facetted and suboval, each bearing approximately 70 ommatidia; GW
0.17 mm. Antennae (Fig. 2A) bearing 10 antennomeres with the following lengths
(in mm): 0.07, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, 0.02, 0.02, 0.05, 0.05, 0.08. Mandibles are
asymmetrical (misaligned), with well-developed, transversely ridged molae.

Pronotum (Fig. 1C) is as long as broad and parallel-sided, which is slightly
raised in the middle with shallow and fine punctures bearing short and long
dual setae, erect. Punctures are separated by a distance equal to one to two
diameters. Lateral margins (Fig. 1B, C) are narrow, and not visible for their en-
tire lengths from above. Anterior edge produced forward and upturned into two
small lateral projections. The anterior edge deeply and broadly emarginate in
the middle just like a horseshoe, and the impression of the anterior margin
of the pronotum extends posteriorly, distinctly beyond the bases of the horn.
Anterior angles (Fig. 1B) obtuse. Posterior margin (Fig. 1B) feebly bisinuous
posterior angles rounded.

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Nan Li & Ji-Shan Xu: A new species of genus Dichodontocis and its larva

Scutellar shield developed, with a few punctures and setae; subtriangular,
BW 0.13 mm.

Elytra (Fig. 1C) 1.2 times as long as broad, 1.3 times as long as pronotum;
punctures rough; setae dual short and long, inclined and suberect; sides sub-
parallel in basal 2/3, then gradually convergent apical.

Hind wings (Fig. 1D) are fully developed, nearly pellucid. The venation type
is folding patterns. Strongly reduced venation patterns of the clavus, anal vein
absent. A medial field with one vein and a small fleck, a medial embayment, a
small support sclerite near the wing apex; with a distinct cubitoanal strut and
radiomedial loop. The hind wings are 3.3 times as long as broad, the widest
part is in the middle, shrinking to the sides.

Protibia (Fig. 2B, C) expanded to the apex, outer apical angle with 2 acute
teeth and dentate along the outer edge which are shorter near the base and
gradually becoming longer towards the apex. Meso-and metatibia (Fig. 2G, H,
J, K) expanded forming a rounded lobe lined with socketed spines.

Prosternum (Fig. 1A) is weakly biconcave and subcarinate; the prosternal
process is flaked and slender somewhat slightly broadened near the apex,
slightly higher than the procoxae (best seen in lateral view).

Metaventrite (Fig. 1A) is convex but slightly emarginate in the middle, with
sparse punctuation and bristles; discrimen nearly one-fourth length of ventrite.
Abdominal ventrites (Fig. 1A) with fine setae and shallow puncture, the surface
between them microreticulate; the first abdominal ventrite is 2.2 times as long
as 2™, the ventrites bearing a small, circular, not obvious and marginally pu-
bescent fovea. The length of the ventrites (in mm) is as follows: 0.202, 0.093,
0.077, 0.072, 0.078.

Aedeagus 4.9 times as long as ventrite 5. Tegmen (Fig. 2D, E) is slender 6.4
times as long as the widest, widest at the base and gradually narrower near the
apex with the basal end subacute like a hook; narrowed gradually from base
to apex; apex slightly bent. Penis (Fig. 2E) is shorter and narrower than the
tegmen, 8.0 times as long as the widest, with a subacute apex and moderately
long, sides parallel from basal to four fifth, then just like the rhombus near the
end. The basal piece is weakly sclerotized, much longer than a broad, like a
narrow horseshoe. The sternite VIII (Fig. 21) with the posterior margin broadly
emarginate in the middle, with several short hairs on each side, anterior margin
not emarginate. The tergite VIII (Fig. 21) with the posterior margin not emargin-
ate in the middle, anterior margin strongly emarginate.

Female (Fig. 3). Similar to male, except for the following points: frontoclypeal
without strongly subtriangular plates; pronotum with anterior edge broadly round-
ed, without projections; first abdominal ventrites without a sex patch. The eighth
abdominal sternite of females is different from males. The posterior margin is
not emarginate in the middle which is flat and the anterior margin is strongly
emarginate in the female. Female genitalia (Fig. 3E, F) is as long as wide, widest
at the middle; paraprocts (Fig. 3E) is 0.85 times as long as gonocoxites.

Measurements. Males (n = 3, including the holotype; mm): TL 1.48-1.51
(1.50 + 0.02); PL 0.66—0.68 (0.67 + 0.01); PW 0.70-0.71 (0.70 + 0.01); EL 0.83-
0.84 (0.87 + 0.01); EW 0.70-0.72 (0.71 + 0.01); GD 0.63-0.64 (0.64 + 0.01).

Females (n = 6; mm): TL 1.18-1.48 (1.33 + 0.10); PL 0.46—-0.60 (0.55 + 0.06);
PW 0.51-0.65 (0.59 + 0.06); EL 0.72-0.90 (0.78 + 0.07); EW 0.58-0.70
(0.65 + 0.44): GD 0.56—-0.74 (0.67 + 0.08).

ZooKeys 1218: 167-176 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1218.130088 171

Nan Li & Ji-Shan Xu: A new species of genus Dichodontocis and its larva

Figure 3. Dichodontocis guangzhouensis sp. nov., female paratype A-C dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, respectibly
D right hind wing of female, dorsal view E female genitalia (ventral view, b.pp = paraproctal baculi; gc = gonocoxites;
sv = spiculum ventral) F female genitalia, dorsal view G tergite VIII, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A-D); 0.1 mm (E-G).

Distribution. Tianlu Lake Forest Park, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

Host fungi. Unidentified Polyporaceae (Fig. 6).

Etymology. The specific name guangzhouensis is taken from the type local-
ity, Guangzhou.

Description of larva. Figs 4, 5. Larva material. “China: Guangdong, Guang-
zhou (J i), Huangpu District (e¢48IX), Tianlu Lake Forest Park (KEUHFARM
Z [il), 23°12'N, 113°25'E, 303 m, 05.X1.2023, leg. Da-Rui Mo”. We are sure that
the polypore basidiomes contain only one species of insect, after rearing the
larvae in the laboratory, it was found that they developed into adults of the new
species successfully; however, their stadiums were not accurately recorded.

This description is based on a later instar larva (Fig. 4); 1.69 mm long, 0.35 mm
broad, head-capsule of 0.31 mm wide. The body is opal and translucent except
for the head, pretarsus (claw) and pygidium, which are light yellow to dark brown.

Body elongate, more or less parallel-sided, subcylindrical, slightly curved
ventrally. Surfaces are relatively smooth except for the mouth frame and tips
of urogomphi, rarely with light tergal plates on most segments, smooth with
vestiture of scattered long and short setae.

Head subspherical, protracted and moderately to strongly declined (hy-
pognathous); posterior edge not emarginate. The epicranial stem (Fig. 5D) is
long with median endocarina (Fig. 5D) beneath it; frontal arms (Fig. 5D) are
Y-shaped, with five stemmata on each side.

ZooKeys 1218: 167-176 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1218.130088 172

Nan Li & Ji-Shan Xu: A new species of genus Dichodontocis and its larva

Figure 4. Larva of Dichodontocis guangzhouensis sp. nov. A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Scale bars:
1mm (A-C).

Antennal (Fig. 5H) insertion is a well-developed and concealed maxillary ar-
ticulatory membrane. Antennae are very short with 2 segments which have a
sensorium on the first segment and a long seta on the apical antennomere. The
1st segment is wider and shorter than the 2".

Mandibles (Fig. 5B, C) are large, robust, asymmetrical, and bidentate (one is
large and the other is small), with a simple and transversely cutting edge.

Ventral mouthparts (Fig. 5A) retracted; stipes longer than wide; maxillary ar-
ticulating area (Fig. 5A) reduced; galea (Fig. 5A, E, F) rounded; lacinia (Fig. 5E)
represented by a short, truncate, subapical, lobe on the dorsal surface (ventral
side not visible); palp (Fig. 5A) 3-segmented.

Labium (Fig. 5A) with supbmentum, mentum, bearing short ligula and 2-seg-
mented palps. Hypopharyngeal sclerome absent.

Hypostomal rods absent; ventral epicranial ridges present.

Gula (Fig. 5A) is wider than long, fused to the submentum.

Thoracic terga without transverse carinae or rows of asperities. Prothorax
(Fig. 4) is only slightly larger than meso- or metathorax.

Prosternum without special armature. Thoracic legs (Fig. 5J) are short and
broad, subequal; 5-segmented with pretarsus (claw), bearing a few setae; cox-
ae relatively close together.

The length of the abdomen is more than twice as long as thorax; terga and
sterna without patches.

Zookeys 1218: 167-176 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1218.130088 173

Nan Li & Ji-Shan Xu: A new species of genus Dichodontocis and its larva

Figure 5. Details of the larva of Dichodontocis guangzhouensis sp. nov. A head and mouthparts (ventral view, Ib: la-
brum, li: ligula, ga: galea, an: antenna, me: mentum, sm: submentum, gu: gula, st: stipes, as: articulating sclerite, oc:
ocelli) B mandibles, ventral view C mandibles, dorsal view D head (dorsal view, en: endocarina, es: epicranial stem,
fa: frontal arms) E maxillary (dorsal view, ga: galea, la: lacinia) F maxillary, ventral view G head (lateral view, oc: ocelli)
H antenna (sa: sensory appendix) I head, frontal view J leg (co: coxa, tr: trochanter, fe: femur, ti: tibiotarsus, pr: pre-
tarsus) K apex of abdomen (lateral view, T8: tergum 8, S8: sternite 8, T9: tergum 9, S9: sternite 9, ur: urogomphi, py:
pygidium, pap: papillae) L apex of abdomen (dorsal view, ur: urogomphi) M apex of abdomen, ventral view. Scale bars:
0.1 mm (A-G, I, K-M); 0.05 mm (H, J).

Terga IX (Fig. 5K, L) is slightly transverse and longer and has variously mod-
ified, with concave and heavily sclerotized disc and with a pair of upturned uro-
gomphi whose color is deepened from brown to black. There are 4-6 dark-col-
ored, small protrusions between the urogomphi. There are also five protrusions
on each side of the terga. Segment X (Fig. 5K) is transverse, posteroventrally
oriented. It is only about % as long as terga |X; anal opening transverse. Spira-
cles are annular.

Measurements. Later instar larva (n = 5, mm): TL 1.33-1.75 (1.61 + 0.17);
Wide 0.31—-0.35 (0.34 + 0.02).

Comments. Currently, there are only three species of Dichodontocis known
in the world. The type species, D. uncinatus is distributed in southwestern Ja-
pan (Yakushima island). Dichodontocis queenslandicus occurs in a rainforest
in Australia (Queensland). The new species is known from Guangzhou (Tianlu
Lake Forest Park), China. As they are distributed in hot, rainy environments,
more Dichodontocis species may eventually be found in tropical areas of Asia
and Australia.

Zookeys 1218: 167-176 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1218.130088 174

Nan Li & Ji-Shan Xu: A new species of genus Dichodontocis and its larva

4
aie:
» ae! f

Figure 6. Habitat of Dichodontocis guangzhouensis sp. nov. A trunk with polypore basidiomes B host fungi, unidenti-
fied Polyporaceae C-F Live specimen containing larvae and adults of D. guangzhouensis sp. nov. on the surface of a

polypore basidiome.

Key to the described Dichodontocis species

Based on Kawanabe 1994 and Lawrence 2016.

Elytral vestiture is clearly seriate, the impression of the anterior margin of
pronotum is weak and only between the bases of the horn, the sternite VIII
has the posterior margin slightly emarginate at the middle, and the anteri-
Or Margin strongly eMarginate ............... cc ceeesscesssseeessteeeeeneeeees D. uncinatus
Elytral vestiture is slightly irregular, The impression of the anterior margin
of pronotum is deeper and broader and extends posteriorly, distinctly be-

VOndithe bases OMe MOnIes <6 RL Lala oh eo Wer 2.

The posterior edge of sternite VIII is slightly narrowly emarginate in the

inital |= re eee eee ce ae hae en Ran ee D. queenslandicus

The eighth abdominal sternite with the posterior margin broadly emargin-

ate:in, the middlevssn.2is...2 es Se D. guangzhouensis sp. nov.
Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Mr Da-Rui Mo for providing the specimens. We would like
to express our sincere gratitude to Dr Takuya Kobayashi (Kyoto University) for
his help in providing some important pieces of literature. We are very grateful
to the expert peer reviewers, Cristiano Lopes-Andrade (Universidade Federal de
Vicosa) and an anonymous reviewer, for their precious advice on the manuscript.

ZooKeys 1218: 167-176 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1218.130088 175

Nan Li & Ji-Shan Xu: A new species of genus Dichodontocis and its larva

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This research was supported by the Special Basic Cooperative Research Programs of
Yunnan Provincial Universities Association (grant no. 202101BA070001-069) and the
Research Development Foundation of Dali University (FZ2023ZD024).

Author contributions
Writing - original draft: NL. Writing - review and editing: JSX.

Author ORCIDs

Nan Li © https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0013-6536
Ji-Shan Xu © https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8903-0078

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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ZooKeys 1218: 167-176 (2024), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1218.130088 176