#ZooKeys

ZooKeys 1233: 195-206 (2025)
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1233.145545

Short Communication

Redescription of Tachyura (s. str.) ferrugata (Reitter, 1895)
(Coleoptera, Carabidae), with the comments on the availability
of varieties described by Johan Reinhold Sahlberg in Tachyina

Tomas Kopecky'®, Jan Bezdék’®, Jaakko Mattila2®

1 Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Zemédélska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
2 Entomology Team, Zoological Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
Corresponding author: Tomas Kopecky (kopido@seznam.cz)

OPEN Qaccess

Academic editor: Borislav Guéorguiev
Received: 29 December 2024
Accepted: 5 March 2025

Published: 31 March 2025

ZooBank: https://zoobank.
org/5835266C-11BA-494D-8B16-
98750897A18E

Citation: Kopecky T, Bezdék J,

Mattila J (2025) Redescription of
Tachyura (s. str.) ferrugata (Reitter,
1895) (Coleoptera, Carabidae), with
the comments on the availability of
varieties described by Johan Reinhold
Sahlberg in Tachyina. ZooKeys 1233:
195-206. https://doi.org/10.3897/
zookeys.1233.145545

Copyright: © Tomas Kopecky et al.

This is an open access article distributed under
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0).

Abstract

Tachyura (s. str.) ferrugata (Reitter, 1895) is redescribed and figured in detail, in-
cluding male and female genitalia, and a lectotype is designated. Photographs of
the type specimens, including labels, are presented. The female gonocoxites are
figured for the first time. A review of varieties described by Johan Reinhold Sahlberg
in Tachyina is presented, with comments on their availability. The following varieties
are treated as unavailable infrasubspecific names: Tachys (Tachyura) quadrisignatus
var. caramanicus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913, Tachys (Tachyura) sexstriatus var. brunneicol-
lis J.R. Sahlberg, 1913, and Tachys scutellaris var. obscurus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913.

Key words: Bembidiini, museum collections, Palaearctic Region, Tachyina, taxonomy

Introduction

Reitter (1895) described Tachys ferrugatus Reitter, 1895 from Akbes (= Akbez
municipality), which was at that time a Syrian territory and is now part of Hassa
District, Hatay Province, Turkey. In the short original description, the number
of type specimens is not mentioned, although there is a note that the species
was common at the locality. However, only one syntype, designated here as the
lectotype, was found in Reitter’s collection deposited in the Hungarian Natural
History Museum, Budapest (Kopecky 2009).

Winkler (1924) classified Tachys ferrugatus in the subgenus Tachyura Mot-
schulsky, 1862. However, Csiki (1928) and Lorenz (1998) did not assign it to a
subgenus. In the Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Kopecky (2003) included
this species in the nominal subgenus of Tachyura based on examination of the
type specimen (although this was not stated) and based on following charac-
ters: body arched, the elytra sloping towards the apex from the posterior third
at an angle of 40-50” (in lateral view), the shape of male genitalia resembling
“inverted knife blade” with a sclerotized lower part and a distinctly notched hook-
like sclerotized tip, the first three humeral punctures are close to each other, the
fourth puncture is clearly distant from them, the average ratio of the elytral length

195

Tomas Kopecky et al.: Redescription of Tachyura ferrugata

and width between 1.4-1.7. Finally, Kopecky (2009) published new distributional
data and synonymized Tachys schuberti Jedli¢ka, 1968 with T. ferrugata.

The original goals of this work were to present a detailed redescription of T-
ferrugata and to synonymize Tachys (Tachyura) quadrisignatus var. caramani-
cus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913 with T. ferrugata. However, during the finalization of the
manuscript, we discovered that var. caramanicus is an unavailable infrasubspe-
cific name, which led us to check the availability of all the varieties described
by J.R. Sahlberg in Tachyina. For the first time, T. ferrugata is redescribed and
depicted using a vector graphic editor, including line drawings of the aedeagus
and female gonocoxites.

Material and methods

This article is based on the study of extensive material deposited in the following
collections: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary (HNHM);
collection of Kamil Orszulik, Frydek-Mistek, Czech Republic (KOCF); collection
of Michal Grycz, Ceské Budéjovice, Czech Republic (MGCC); Finnish Museum
of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland (MZH); Natural History Museum, Milan, Italy
(NHMM); National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic (NMPC); Naturhistorisches
Museum, Wien, Austria (NMW); collection of Pavel Vonicka, Liberec, Czech Re-
public (PVCL); collection of Tomas Kopecky, Jablonné nad Orlici, Czech Repub-
lic (TKCJ); Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg,
Russia (ZIN); Museum fiir Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany (ZMHB).

Male and female genitalia were dissected, soaked in potassium hydroxide
(KOH) then stained with chorazol black and glued using hydration resin onto
glass mounted on a card under the specimens. Adult specimens were photo-
graphed using a FinePix S5600, Xiaomi 22101316G, Novex and Eakins binocu-
lar microscopes. Aedeagi and gonocoxites were photographed using a Xiaomi
22101316G camera on a VEVOR XSP-36TV microscope. Based on the photo-
graphs, precise anatomical line drawings were created with the Inkscape vector
graphics editor. Exact label data are cited for all type specimens; backslash (\)
separates data on different labels.

A lectotype was designated for Tachys ferrugatus in accordance with Arti-
cles 74 and 76 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Interna-
tional Commission of Zoological Nomenclature 1999) to preserve stability of
nomenclature and fix unique bearer of the name of that taxon.

Comparative material
Tachys sinaiticus Schatzmayr, 1936

EGYPT * Holotype; “Sinai Wadi Ysla 27.2.35 W. Wittmer [white label] \ Typus [red
label] \ T. sinaiticus Schatzm. [white label] \ HOLOTYPUS [red label]”; NHMM.

Tachys emeritus Péringuey, 1898

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA * 1 paratype; “Graphicus barus [white label] \ Paraty-
pus [red label] \ emeritus Pér. [white label]”; ZMHB.

ZooKeys 1233: 195-206 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1233.145545 196

Tomas Kopecky et al.: Redescription of Tachyura ferrugata

Tachys thoracicus Kolenati, 1845

UNKNOWN COUNTRY * 1 syntype; “Transcauc. [red label] \ var. thoracica Kolent.
[white label] \ Lectotypus Tachyura thoracica Kol. Kryzhanovskij det. [red label]
\ ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE RAS ST. PETERSBURG [white label]”; ZIN.

Results and discussion

Tachyura (s. str.) ferrugata (Reitter, 1895)
Figs" 1,2

Tachys ferrugatus Reitter, 1895: 79 (original description).

Tachys (Tachyura) quadrisignatus var. caramanicus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913b: 18
(unavailable infrasubspecific name).

Tachys schuberti Jedli¢ka, 1968: 289 (original description).

Material examined. Type material: TURKEY * Lectotype (Fig. 1A, B); “Siria, Akbes
[white label] \ coll. Reitter [white label] \ T. ferrugatus m. Akbes [white label] \
Holotypus 1895 Tachys ferrugatus Reitter [white label with red frame] \ Tachyu-
ra ferrugata Rtt. Det. K. Kult, 1955 [white label]”; HNHM.

Note on the type material: Reitter (1895) used the word “hdaufig” in the descrip-
tion of Tachyura ferrugata, meaning that the species was abundant in the type
locality, without specifying the number of specimens examined. We found only
one syntype in the Reitter collection deposited in the Hungarian Natural History
Museum in Budapest (Fig. 1A, B). The syntype has a holotype label added by the
curator Zoltan Kaszab in the 1960s without any justification. We cannot rule out
that additional syntypes exist in other institutions. This is why we find it appro-
priate to follow Recommendation 73F of the Code for avoidance of assumption
of holotype (ICZN 1999) and design the specimen in question as lectotype.

Jedli¢ka (1968) described Tachys schuberti from Turkish localities “Selifke”
(holotype) and “Namrum” (3 paratypes in coll. Schubert in NMW). The holotype
(Fig. 1C, D) and 1 paratype are deposited in NMPC. The collections of the father
Franz Theodor Adolf Schubert and his son Franz Xaver Schubert are stored
in the Natural History Museum Vienna (Groll 2017) and two paratypes were
traced there.

In the original description of Tachys (Tachyura) quadrisignatus var. caramani-
cus, Sahlberg (1913b) mentioned “25 specimina pauca invenit filius Unio” [= 25
specimens collected by his son Unio Johanson Sahlberg] collected in the valley
of the Bulghar Dagh mountain range. In MZH, one original specimen of var. car-
amanicus from Bulghar Dagh, with the collector label “U. Sahlb.” is deposited
(Fig. 1E, F). The specimen is labelled “var. anatolicus J. Sahlb.”, which can either
be a mistake, or the name was changed during publication process, as no taxon
with such name was described by J.R. Sahlberg. This specimen is conspecific
with Tachyura ferrugata.

Non-type material: SyRIA + 2 spec.; 35 km E Latakia, Slanfah; 1200-1400 m
a.s.l.; 29 Apr. 2011; K. Orszulik leg.; KOCF * 14 spec.; Homs env., 10 km N of
Crac des Chevaliers, Mashta Al Hilu; 24 Apr. 2011, K. Orszulik leg.; KOCF + 2
spec.; same data as for preceding; TKCJ.

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Tomas Kopecky et al.: Redescription of Tachyura ferrugata

E

145 [a] http://id.luomus.fi/
GZ.118 |

Figure 1. Tachyura (s. str.) ferrugata (Reitter, 1895), type specimens and their labels. A Tachys ferrugatus Reitter, 1895,
lectotype B T. ferrugatus Reitter, 1895, lectotype, labels C T. schuberti Jedli¢ka, 1968, holotype, female D T. schuberti
Jedlicka, 1968, holotype, labels E T. (Tachyura) quadrisignatus var. caramanicus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913, original specimen
F T. (Tachyura) quadrisignatus var. caramanicus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913, labels.

TURKEY * 1 9 (Fig. 1C, D), holotype of Tachys schuberti Jedli¢ka, 1968; “Selifke,
Anat.m. 7.—9.6.63 leg. F. Schubert [white label] \ Holotypus [red label] \ Tachys
schuberti sp. n. det. Ing. Jedlicka [red label]”; NMPC « 3 spec., paratypes of Tachys
schuberti Jedli¢ka, 1968; “Namrun, Anat.m. 10.5.-3.6.63 leg. F. Schubert [white
label] \ Paratypus [red label] \ Tachys schuberti sp. n. det. Ing. Jedli¢ka [red la-
bell”; NMW, NMPC ° 1 spec. (Fig. 1E, F) [original specimen of Tachys (Tachyura)
quadrisignatus var. caramanicus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913]; Bulghar Dagh; U. Sahlberg
leg.; MZH + 1 spec.; Hatay Prov., Amanos Mts., Aslanli Beli; 970 m a.s.I.; 1 Jun.
1991; S. Kadlec leg.”, MGCC * 8 spec.; same data as for preceding; TKCJ = 1
spec.; Harbiya; 22 May 1993; J. Kratky leg.; TKCJ * 1 spec.; Samsun Prov., Yund-
dagi Mts.; Cakiralan env.; 800-1000 m a.s.I.; 16 Jun. 1998, P. Vonicka leg.; PVCL.

Redescription. Body (Fig. 2A—C). In lateral view, elytra more strongly arched, in
anterior third slightly lowered, highest in posterior third, from which they bow to
apex at an angle of 40°. Body length 2.38-2.50 mm, body width 0.88-0.95 mm.

ZooKeys 1233: 195-206 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1233.145545 198

Tomas Kopecky et al.: Redescription of Tachyura ferrugata

Figure 2. Tachyura (s. str.) ferrugata (Reitter, 1895). A dorsal view, male, Turkey: Harbiya B dorsal view, male, Turkey: Harbi-
ya, photograph contoured by line drawing C dorsal view, male, Turkey: Harbiya, line drawing D ventral view, female, Turkey:
Bahce, line drawing E aedeagus, Turkey: Harbiya, line drawing F aedeagus, Turkey: Harbiya G gonocoxite, Turkey: Cevlik.

Coloration. Dorsal side rusty shiny, not iridescent. Each elytron with indistinct
traces of apical and humeral pale rust spots. Antennae rusty, antennomeres I, II
and half of III pale rust. Legs pale rusty. Ventral part of head, prothorax, mesotho-
rax and metathorax rusty, epipleuron of pronotum and elytra pale rusty, maxillary
palpomeres | and II pale rusty, Ill pale, labial palpomeres | and II pale rusty, III pale.

ZooKeys 1233: 195-206 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1233.145545 199

Tomas Kopecky et al.: Redescription of Tachyura ferrugata

Head. One-third narrower than pronotum, one quarter wider than long, eyes
slightly prominent; labrum with convex anterior margin and with six short se-
tae; clypeus with two punctures on anterior margin each one bearing long seta;
frontal furrows double; external frontal furrows start near frontoclypeal suture,
then sinuous to anterior setiferous punctures near eyes; internal frontal fur-
rows broad, short and punctate, starting from clypeus and ending internally to
anterior setiferous punctures; anterior setiferous punctures located on internal
edges at anterior third of eyes, posterior setiferous punctures located on inter-
nal edges in posterior quarter of eyes; mandibles sharp, with one little tooth on
internal edge; maxillae small, sharp, with two teeth and number of setae; anten-
nomeres I-IV more than twice as long as wide, V-VI more than 1.5 times as
long as wide, following antennomeres as long as wide, antennomere | with two
setae, antennomeres II with four setae, rest of antennomeres with many setae.

Pronotum. 1.4 times as wide as long, widest before middle, lateral margins
widely bent, except basal fifth subparallel; anterior margin nearly straight; pos-
terior margin nearly straight, lateral parts of posterior margin slightly sinuate;
anterior angles rounded; posterior angles sharp, each with posterolateral setif-
erous puncture bearing long seta; lateral margins bordered, each before middle
with anterolateral setiferous puncture bearing long seta; basal humps indis-
tinct; basal impressions acutely depressed, leading obliquely from posterior
angle towards centre, each impression with ten punctures; area between basal
impressions with deep median puncture; median line fine, impressed, begin-
ning at anterior pronotal quarter and ending in median puncture of basal im-
pression; surface without visible microsculpture at 50x magnification.

Elytra. Oval, 1.4 times as long as wide, with broad margin, without humeral
teeth, widest at middle; each elytron with eight striae and without scutellar stri-
oles, striae I-V and VIII well visible, with deep punctures, striae VI and VII punc-
tiform (formed only by punctures), stria | begins next to scutellum and passes
along suture to apex where it is connected with similarly prolonged stria VIII, which
sinuate subapically, striae II-VIl begin in anterior tenth and end in apical third
of elytra; apical striola long, bent and directed towards stria III; surface without
visible microsculpture at 50x magnification; humeral edge of the elytron passes
humerus in form of short backward stria; each elytron with following setiferous
punctures bearing long setae: large parascutellar puncture, four posthumeral um-
bilicate setiferous punctures, the first three at distance of their width, the fourth
1.5 times its diameter distant from third; one umbilicate puncture before apical
third of elytral margin, two umbilicate puntures on elytral margin before apex; api-
cal pore before half-length of apical striola at level of stria IV, two discal pores on
inner edge of stria Ill, first in anterior third, second in posterior quarter.

Legs. Profemora with four setae on dorsal side, two long setae on anterior
margin of ventral side and two long setae in middle of ventral side; outer edges
of frontal parts of protibiae obliquely arcuately cut, with three spines, one spine
on anterior margin interiorly next to protarsomere I, one spine on anterior mar-
gin exteriorly next to protarsomere | and one bigger spine on interior margin of
ventral side; protibiae on exterior margin of dorsal side and in ventral side with
row of setae; first two protarsomeres in male slightly serrated and extended to
sides, each protarsomere on dorsal ventral sides with two setae, protarsomere |
1.5 times as long as wide, protarsomeres II-IV as long as wide, protarsomere V
3.0 times as long as wide, claw falcate. Mesofemora with some setae on anteri-

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Tomas Kopecky et al.: Redescription of Tachyura ferrugata

or margins of dorsal and ventral sides; mesotibiae with rows of setae on dorsal
and ventral sides; mesotibiae at apical margin with three spines, two spines
interiorly next to mesotarsomere, first in dorsal side and second on ventral side,
one spine exteriorly next to mesotarsomere in dorsal side; mesotarsomeres |
and V 3.0 times as long as wide, mesotarsomere II 1.5 times as long as wide,
mesotarsomere IIl-IV as long as wide, all mesotarsomeres with two setae on
dorsal and ventral sides, claw falcate; metafemora with some setae on anterior
margins of dorsal and ventral sides; metatibiae with rows of setae on dorsal
and ventral sides; metatibiae at apical margin with three spines, two spines
interiorly next to metatarsomere, first in dorsal side and second on ventral side,
one spine exteriorly next to metatarsomere in dorsal side; metatarsomere | 4.0
times longer as wide, metatarsomeres II-III 1.5 times as long as wide, meta-
tarsomere IV as long as wide and metatarsomere V 3.0 times as long as wide,
all metatarsomeres with two setae on dorsal and ventral sides, claw falcate.

Ventral surface (Fig. 2D). Mentum with deep incision on front edge, anterior
margin on each side next to incision pointed, in centre of incision with small tooth,
surface below incision on each side with one setiferous puncture; maxillary pal-
pomeres | and II 2.5 times as long as wide, with tiny setae, maxillary palpomere
Ill small and narrow, twice longer as wide and without setae; labial palpomere |
narrow, 4.0 times as long as wide, without setae, labial palpomere II 1.5 times as
long as wide, kidney shaped, with setae, labial palpomere III small and narrow, 3.0
times as long as wide and without setae; anterior part of gula laterally widened;
anterior part of prosternum wide, tapering posteriorly, in middle with pore, pros-
ternal projection rounded axe-shaped; procoxa rounded; procoxal trochanter 1.5
times as long as wide; mesosternum triangular; mesepisternum 1.5 times as long
as wide; mesepimeron very narrow, attached laterally to mesepisternum, almost
indistinct; mesocoxa rounded; mesotrochanter 2.0 times as long as wide, point-
ed at end; metepisternum wide, elongate triangular; metepimeron narrow, almost
indistinct; metasternum diamond-shaped, in middle with two pores in fine grove;
metacoxa horn-shaped; metatrochanter elongate rounded, 2.5 times as long as
wide; abdomen with six visible ventrites, ventrite | narrow, widened from centre to
sides, ventrites II-III fused, laterally with indistinct sutures, ventrites III-V with two
setiferous punctures in middle, ventrite VI with four setiferous punctures in middle.

Aedeagus (Fig. 2E, F). Length 0.396 mm, evenly curved from base to apex
in lateral view; superior margin with three shallow depressions and strong inci-
sion before apex; apex rounded and strongly sclerotized on underside; inferior
margin slightly rounded, sclerotized along its entire length, internal structure
not sclerotized; length of right paramere 0.223 mm, more sclerotized at base,
with two long setae at apex.

Female. Length of gonocoxite 0.204 mm, from base to middle of amphora
shape, basal gonocoxite on ventral side with two long apical setae, and one
medial seta, apical gonocoxite separates by abdominal collar from basal one,
formed on ventral side with tooth-shaped, the anterior part sickle-shaped with
three pores (Fig. 2G).

Bionomy. The species lives on sandy gravel banks of streams, from lowlands
to mountains.

Differential diagnosis. In the East Mediterranean and the Near East, Tachyu-
ra (s. str.) ferrugata can be mixed with T. (s. str.) confusa Coulon & Felix, 2011,
T. (s. str.) emerita (Péringuey, 1898), T. (s. str.) sinaitica (Schatzmayr, 1936), and

ZooKeys 1233: 195-206 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1233.145545 201

Tomas Kopecky et al.: Redescription of Tachyura ferrugata

Table 1. Differential characters for species similar to Tachyura ferrugata.

Body
wet 0) length
ij (mm)

T. ferrugata | 2.38-2.50

T.emerita | 1.83-2.08

T. thoracica | 2.00-2.45

T. sinaitica | 2.00-2.23

T.confusa | 1.88-2.05

1255

1,011

TeS7:

1.65

1.59

Pronotum Eye
3 width / length
Dorsal striae length Pronotum shape J width
(mean) (mean)
Eight strongly punctured dorsal striae, 1.56 Narrowed to apex, lateral parts of 1.67
striae I-V and VIII well visible, with deep posterior margin slightly sinuate,
punctures, striae VI and VII formed only by posterior angles, sharp
punctures
Eight punctured dorsal striae, striae I-IV, 1.94 Slightly narrowed to apex, lateral 155
with punctures, striae V— VIII formed only parts of posterior margin little
by punctures sinuate, posterior angles obtuse
Five finely punctured dorsal striae 1337 Narrowed to apex, posterior margin | 1.43
little sinuate, posterior angles obtuse
Five finely punctured dorsal striae 1.33 Narrowed to apex, lateral parts of 2.00
posterior margin slightly sinuate,
posterior angles, sharp
Four dorsal striae, striae III in middle well 1.40 Narrowed to apex, posterior margin 1.67
visible and finely punctate, striae IV formed not sinuate, posterior angles obtuse

only by fine punctures

T. (s. str.) thoracica (Kolenati, 1845). Therefore, we list differential characters
that help to distinguish the above five species (Table 1).

Distribution. Syria (Kopecky 2009; present paper), Turkey (Reitter 1895; Sahl-
berg 1913b; Jedli¢ka 1968; Kopecky 2009; present paper), Yemen (Socotra Island)
(Kopecky 2009). The occurrence in Greece, reported in the first edition of Cata-
logue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Kopecky 2003), was based on erroneously de-
termined specimens of Tachyura thoracica (Kopecky 2009). However, the occur-
rence in Greece was erroneously repeated in the second edition (Kopecky 2017).

Key to the identification of the East Mediterranean and the Near East
species related to Tachyura ferrugata

1(2)

Each elytron with four striae, stria III well visible and finely punctate in mid-
dle, lV formed only by fine punctures. Pronotum narrowed to apex, posteri-
or margin not sinuate, posterior angles obtuse. Eyes less prominent, mean
ratio of eye length / width 1.67. Dorsal side shiny, dark yellow. Elytra with-
out spots. Antennae and legs dark yellow. Body length 1.88-2.05 mm.....
tures | Sane tN wet A Ae Ratan) wee TL att eae, 8A ee T. confusa Coulon & Felix, 2011

Each-elytron wathamore; than: TOUrSt ae: i ccccoset cloths coasansctasetocanveachdaeaaeeeans 3
Fae i elytrne wit TV Gss laos ccc: caccatees hieanexsaceastet ahanntaceauan ns stberaaccesncestes 4
Eyes flat, mean ratio of eye length / width 2.00. Body slimmer than in T.

thoracica. Posterior pronotal angles rectangular. Dorsal side rusty shiny,
each elytron with indistinct apical and humeral pale rust spots, antennae
rusty with antennomeres |, Il and half of III dark yellow, legs dark yellow.
Body length. 2:00-2- 235MM. & cactotchis cen T. sinaitica (Schatzmayr, 1936)
Eyes more prominent, mean ratio of eye length / width 1.43. Body more
robust than in T. sinaitica. Posterior pronotal angles obtuse. Coloration
of dorsal side very variable, usually brown or dark brown, in dark speci-
mens each elytron usually with apical and humeral rusty spots, in lighter
specimens with distinct extensive light rusty apical and humeral spots,
sometimes light rusty spots fused into longitudinal band (number of dark
specimens in population increases towards north and to higher altitudes),

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Tomas Kopecky et al.: Redescription of Tachyura ferrugata

antennae dark rusty or brown, antennomeres 1, II and half of III dark yellow

or pale rusty, legs dark yellow or pale rusty. Body length 2.00-2.45 mm...

Fes POPES AAP LORY Reda toa bag UI A Ved Re PEALE T. thoracica (Kolenati, 1845)
GEST EACh elyLcoin WITMELGMESTHIA GH. jsaccee cet wees tcoreenratearecievelsteeatieateesnelesanncent 7
7(8) Elytral striae I-V and VIII well visible, with deep punctures, striae VI and VII
formed only by punctures. Posterior pronotal angles rectangular. Eyes less
prominent, mean ratio of eye length / width 1.67. Body slimmer than in T.
emerita. Dorsal side rusty shiny; each elytron with indistinct apical and humer-
al pale rust spots, antennae rusty, antennomeres |, Il and half of III pale rust,
legs pale rusty. Body length 2.38-2.50 mm............ T. ferrugata (Reitter, 1895)
Elytral striae I-IV with punctures, striae V-VIII formed only by punctures.
Posterior pronotal angles obtuse. Eyes larger, more prominent, mean ratio
of eye length / width 1.55. Body more robust than in T. ferrugata. Dorsal
side dark yellow shiny, elytra without spots, antennae and legs dark yellow.
Body length 1.83-2.08 MM............c:cccccceeee T. emerita (Péringuey, 1898)

(oe)
as
SJ
4

The varieties described by Johan Reinhold Sahlberg in Tachyina

Johan Reinhold Sahlberg (1903, 1913a, 1913b) described altogether six varieties
in Tachyina. During a careful reading of Sahlberg’s papers we found that four of
these varieties represent unavailable infrasubspecific names since a subspecies
concept was used in the same works, and according to available information, these
names were not validated prior to 1985 (International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature 1999, Article 45.6.4.1). The type specimens and one specimen of
each species from the former Johan Reinhold Sahlberg collection are deposited in
the Finnish Museum of Natural History (MZH) and the rest of his collection is de-
posited in the Zoological Museum of the University of Turku (Groll 2017). However,
from the original material of the varieties described in Tachyina, we found only one
specimen of Tachys (Tachyura) quadrisignatus var. caramanicus in MZH.

Tachys scutellaris var. flavicollis J.R. Sahlberg, 1903: 5

An available name. A junior primary homonym of Tachys flavicollis Motschulsky,
1862. In catalogues it is usually listed as synonym of Tachys (Tachys) dimedia-
tus dimediatus Motschulsky, 1849 (Kopecky 2003, 2017).

Tachys (Tachyta) parvulus var. coarctatus J.R. Sahlberg, 1903: 5

An available name. Sahlberg was evidently considering whether to describe
this taxon as a separate species (“An species distincta?”) but ultimately chose
to describe it as a new variety. In catalogues it is usually listed as synonym of
Tachyura (Tachyura) parvula (Dejean, 1831) (Csiki 1928; Kopecky 2003, 2017).

Tachys (Tachyura) sexstriatus var. brunneicollis J.R. Sahlberg, 1913b:19

An unavailable infrasubspecific name since a subspecies concept was used
in the same work and the name was not validated prior to 1985 (International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Article 45.6.4.1). It was pre-
viously listed as synonym of Tachys euphratica Reitter, 1885 (Kopecky 2017).

ZooKeys 1233: 195-206 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1233.145545 203

Tomas Kopecky et al.: Redescription of Tachyura ferrugata

Tachys (Tachyura) quadrisignatus var. caramanicus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913b:18

An unavailable infrasubspecific name since a subspecies concept was used
in the same work and the name was not validated prior to 1985 (International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Article 45.6.4.1). It was list-
ed by Kopecky (2017) as a subspecies of Tachyura (Tachyura) quadrisignata
(Duftschmid, 1812).

Tachys scutellaris var. obscurus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913a:7
Tachys scutellaris var. obscurus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913b:19

Sahlberg (1913a, 1913b) proposed the name obscurus twice for the spec-
imens from different localities. If they were available names, they would be
homonyms. Because the subspecies concept was used in both works and the
names were not validated prior to 1985 (International Commission on Zoologi-
cal Nomenclature 1999, Article 45.6.4.1), they are infrasubspecific and unavail-
able. The first name was previously listed as a synonym of Tachys centromacu-
latus Wollaston, 1864, and the second name as a homonym of T. scutellaris var.
obscurus J.R. Sahlberg, 1913a (Kopecky 2017).

Discussion

In Tachyina, the shape of gonocoxites is a neglected character which has been
described in only a few species of the genus Tachyura (Baehr 2016; Kopecky
and Bezdék 2023). The preliminary results of the comparison of gonocoxites
drawings of several dozen species in Tachyina show this character is useful to
distinguish the species, and it is possible to trace common characteristics in
genera and subgenera.

Checking the availability of the names of varieties described by J.R. Sahl-
berg for the present paper points to a wider problem that apparently has nev-
er been comprehensively resolved within Carabidae (at least not in Tachyina).
Not all variety and form names meet the conditions of Articles 45.5 and 45.6
of the Code (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999).
For example, when a fourth name follows a trinomen, that name is automat-
ically infrasubspecific. Likewise, the name is deemed to be infrasubspecific
if it was first published after 1960 and the author expressly used one of the
terms variety or form. In many cases it is not easy to determine whether
the name of the variety or form is of subspecific or infrasubspecific rank. A
dichotomous key for the determination of rank was published by Lingafelter
and Nearns (2013). A thorough evaluation of the validity of names can signifi-
cantly clean the system from unavailable names, as has recently happened
for example in the Palaearctic Chrysomelidae (Bezdék and Sekerka 2024).

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all colleagues who allowed us access to comparative
material, to late Heinrich Schonmann (NMW) and Gy6z6 Szél (HNHM) for their
help with study of the type material. We also thank Maxwell Barclay for check-
ing the English language.

ZooKeys 1233: 195-206 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1233.145545 204

Tomas Kopecky et al.: Redescription of Tachyura ferrugata

Additional information
Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

The research by Tomas Kopecky in Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien was supported by
Synthesys project No. AT-TAF-4893. The research by Jan Bezdek in the Finnish Museum of
Natural History, Helsinki (FI-TAF-TA4-003) received support from the SYNTHESYS+ project:
http://www.synthesys.info/, which is financed by the European Community Research Infra-
structure Action under the H2020 Integrating Activities Programme, project number 823827.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: JB, TK. Data curation: TK. Formal analysis: TK. Investigation: TK.
Methodology: TK. Resources: JM. Supervision: JB. Validation: JM. Visualization: JB.
Writing — original draft: TK. Writing - review and editing: JB.

Author ORCIDs

Tomas Kopecky © https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6314-1318
Jan Bezdék © https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4358-7211
Jaakko Mattila © https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2328-6227

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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