683 MycoKeys MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025) DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 Research Article Morpho-phylogenetic evidence reveals four novel species of Coniella (Diaporthales, Schizoparmaceae) from southern China Duhua Li'’”®, Zixu Dong?, Qiyun Liu2®, Yaling Wang?, Zhaoxue Zhang”®, Xiuguo Zhang”®, Jiwen Xia'© 1 College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, China 2 College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China Corresponding author: Jiwen Xia (xiajiwen@lyu.edu.cn) OPEN Qaccess This article is part of: Exploring the Hidden Fungal Diversity: Biodiversity, Taxonomy, and Phylogeny of Saprobic Fungi Edited by Samantha C. Karunarathna, Danushka Sandaruwan Tennakoon, Ajay Kumar Gautam Academic editor: Danushka Sandaruwan Tennakoon Received: 3 January 2025 Accepted: 26 February 2025 Published: 4 April 2025 Citation: Li D, Dong Z, Liu Q, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Xia J (2025) Morpho-phylogenetic evidence reveals four novel species of Coniella (Diaporthales, Schizoparmaceae) from southern China. MycoKeys 116: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/ mycokeys.116.145857 Copyright: © Duhua Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0). Abstract Coniella species are distributed worldwide and have been reported as plant pathogens, endophytes, or saprobes. In our ongoing survey of terrestrial plant fungi in southern China, we obtained Coniella isolates from diseased plant leaf tissues in Fujian, Hainan, and Yunnan provinces. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference based on four loci (ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-a) were used to clarify the taxonomic placement of the species. We confirmed that they represent four new species, namely Coniella diaoluoshanensis, C. dongshanlingensis, C. grossedentatae, and C. veri based on both morphology and phylogeny support. The new species are compared with other Coniella species, compre- hensive descriptions and micrographs are provided. Key words: Morphology, multigene phylogeny, new taxa, taxonomy Introduction Coniella was formally introduced by Von Hohnel (1918) with C. pulchella (= C. fragariae (Oudem.) B. Sutton) as the type species (Von Hohnel 1918; Sut- ton 1977; Crous et al. 2014a). Samuels et al. (1993) initially recognized the uniqueness of Schizoparme and its relationship to Coniella and Pilidiella, these were initially placed in the Melanconidaceae. Both Castlebury et al. (2002) and Van Niekerk et al. (2004) revealed that these species within the Diaporthales, which they collectively designated as the Schizoparme complex. Rossman et al. (2007) introduced a new family, Schizoparmaceae, which comprises the distinctive teleomorph genus Schizoparme, its asexual state Pilidiella, and the closely related anamorph genus Coniella. These genera are cosmopolitan fun- gal pathogens associated with foliar, fruit, stem, and root diseases on a wide variety of hosts, including some economically important hosts (Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016). They occur as parasites on unrelated dicoty- ledonous hosts (Samuels et al. 1993) or sometimes as secondary invaders of injured plant tissues (Ferreira et al. 1997). Coniella has undergone comprehensive morpho-molecular studies and experienced several taxonomic adjustments over the years. Petrak and Sy- dow (1927) classified Coniella into two subgenera: Euconiella (dark conidia), Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China typified by C. pulchella, and Pseudoconiella (hyaline to pale conidia), typified by C. granati. Von Arx (1973, 1981) classified Coniella and Pilidiella as distinct genera, with Coniella characterized by dark brown conidia and Pilidiella by hy- aline conidia that darken to a pale brown when mature. Nonetheless, Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993) disregarded conidial pigmentation as a defining trait and still opted to employ the earlier name Coniella. Samuels et al. (1993) stated Schizoparme as the sexual morph and positioned it in Melanconidace- ae. Castlebury et al. (2002) classified Pilidiella and Coniella as members of the Schizoparme complex. Van Niekerk et al. (2004) demonstrated that these taxa form a distinct evolutionary lineage within the Diaporthales based on ITS, LSU, and tef1-a sequences. Subsequently, Rossman et al. (2007) estab- lished a new family, Schizoparmaceae, including the above three genera, viz. Coniella, Pilidiella, and Schizoparme. Alvarez et al. (2016) demonstrated that Coniella, Pilidiella, and Schizoparme formed a monophyletic clade in Schizo- parmaceae and suggested adopting Coniella (the older asexual typified name) instead of Pilidiella and Schizoparme, in accordance with Article 59.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN, Mel- bourne Code; McNeill et al. 2012). Additionally, due to the many numbers of species and the similarity in morphological characteristics, they suggested that the identification of new species within Coniella must be based on a com- bination of DNA sequence data and morphological characteristics. Chetha- na et al. (2017) used a combination of morphological analysis and multigene phylogeny with the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recog- nition (GCPSR) method to delineate species boundaries. Hyde et al. (2020) and Tennakoon et al. (2021) conducted the recent phylogenetic analyses for Coniella species within the Schizoparmaceae. Currently, there are 66 accept- ed Coniella species (Index Fungorum: https://indexfungorum.org; MycoBank: http://www.mycobank.org; Mu et al. 2024). In this study, we conducted extensive sample collection in southern Chi- na, primarily collecting plant leaves with obvious fungal necrosis or typical blight spot symptoms. Several Coniella fungi were collected from the dis- eased leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata, Cinnamomum verum, Kadsura longipedunculata, and Lygodium circinnatum. Based on morphological and multi-locus analysis employing internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 28S large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), partial RNA polymerase II second larg- est subunit (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef7-a), four new Coniella species, namely C. diaoluoshanensis, C. dongshanlingensis, C. grossedentatae, and C. veri, were proposed. Materials and methods Sample collection and isolation During 2022 to 2024, a large number of plant leaves that exhibited obvious signs of fungal necrosis or typical blight spot symptoms were collected from Fujian, Hainan, and Yunnan provinces in China. This study used tissue iso- lation methods to isolate fungi (Li et al. 2024). These diseased leaves were cut into small pieces of about 25 mm? and surface sterilized by immersion in a 75% ethanol solution for 60 s, washed one time in sterile deionized water MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 2 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China for 20 s, transferred to 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 90 s, and then washed three times in sterile deionized water for 60 s, subsequently dried on sterilized filter paper. The tissue pieces were transferred to the potato dex- trose agar (PDA, 200 g potato, 20 g dextrose, 20 g agar, add deionized water and fill to 1000 mL, natural pH) plates and placed in a biological incubator at 25 °C for 3-4 days. The hyphal tips of individual colonies were transferred to new PDA plates to obtain pure cultures, which were then cut into 25 mm? pieces using a sterile scalpel and stored in 2 mL frozen tubes containing 20% sterilized glycerin, with 8-10 pieces placed in each tube, for fungal strain preservation at -20 °C for further study. Morphological and cultural characterization The culture characteristics of the colonies were observed and photographed using a Sony Alpha 6400L digital camera (Sony Group Corporation, Tokyo, Ja- pan) on 7 and 14 days, respectively. The micromorphological characteristics of the colonies were observed with the Olympus SZX10 stereomicroscope and Olympus BX53 microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), along with the BioHD-A20c color digital camera (FluoCa Scientific, China, Shanghai). Structural measurements were carried out using Digimizer software (v5.6.0) with a minimum of 30 measurements taken for each structure, such as conid- iophores, conidiogenous cells, and conidia. The voucher specimens have been deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China (HSAUP). Additionally, the ex-type living cultures were deposited in the Shandong Agricultural University Culture Collec- tion (SAUCC) and the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC). The taxonomic information of the new taxa were submitted to Myco- Bank (http://www.mycobank.org, accessed on 2 Jan. 2025). DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing The DNA of the fungal genome was extracted using the modified cetyltrimeth- ylammonium bromide (CTAB) method (Guo et al. 2000; Wang et al. 2023) or the magnetic bead kit method (OGPLF-400, GeneOnBio Corporation, Changchun, China) (Zhang et al. 2023). PCR amplifications of four genes (ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef7-a) were done, and the corresponding primer pairs and PCR conditions were listed in Table 1. The PCR reaction was conducted in a 12 uL reaction volume, with a composition of 6 uL of 2 x Hieff Canace® Plus PCR Master Mix (with dye) (Cat. No. 10154ES03, Yeasen Biotechnology, Shanghai, China), 0.5 uL each of forward and reverse primer (10 uM TsingKe, Qingdao, China), and 0.5 uL of template genomic DNA (about 10 ng/uL), with the volume ad- justed to 12 uL using distilled deionized water. PCR products were separated using 1% agarose gel and GelRed (TsingKe, Qingdao, China). Gel extraction was purified using a Gel Extraction Kit (Cat. No. AE0101-C, Shandong Sparkjade Bio- technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, China). The purified PCR products were subjected to bidirectional sequencing by Sangon Biotech Company Limited (Shanghai, China). The raw data were analyzed using MEGA v. 7.0 to obtain consistent sequences (Kumar et al. 2016). The sequence data have been deposited in GenBank, and their accession numbers were listed in Table 2. MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 3 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China Table 1. The primer sequences and PCR programs in this study. Locus | Primers Sequence (5’ — 3’) PCR cycles References ITS TSS GGA AGT AAA AGT CGT AAC AAG G (94 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 45 s) x 29 cycles White et al. 1990 ITS4 TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC LSU LROR GTA CCC GCT GAA CTT AAG C (94 °C: 30 s, 48 °C: 50 s, 72 °C: 1 min 30s) Vilgalys and Hester 1990; LR5 TCC TGA GGG AAA CTT CG x 35 cycles Rehner and Samuels 1994 rpb2 RPB2-5F2 GGG GWG AYC AGA AGA AGG C (94 °C: 45 s, 60 °C: 45 s, 72 °C: 2 min) x 5 cycles, Liu et al. 1999; Sung et al. 2007 RPB2-7CR CCC ATR GCT TGY TTR CCC AT (94 °C: 45 s, 54°C: 45 s, 72 °C: 2 min) x 30 cycles tefl-a | EF1-728F CAT CGA GAA GTT CGA GAA GG (95 °C: 30s, 51 °C: 30s, 72 °C: 1 min) x 35 cycles O’Donnell et al. 1998; EF2 GGA RGT ACC AGT SAT CAT GTT Carbone and Kohn 1999 Table 2. Species names, strain numbers, hosts or substrates, regions, and corresponding GenBank accession numbers of DNA sequences used in this study. GenBank accession numbers Species Coniella africana Coniella castanea Coniella cili Coniella crousii Coniella diaoluoshanensis Coniella diospyri Coniella diplodiella Coniella diplodiopsis Coniella dongshanlingensis Coniella duckerae Coniella erumpens Coniella eucalyptigena Coniella eucalyptorum Strain numbers CBS 114133* = CPC405 SAUCC200313* SAUCC200314 GUCC 194020.1 GUCC 196007.1* NFCCI 2213 CGMCC3.27786* = SAUCC 7481-1 SAUCC 7481-4 CBS 145071* = CPC 34674 CBS 111858* = CPC3708 CBS 112729 = CPC3927 CBS 109.23 = CPC 3933 CBS 590.84* = CPC 3940 CBS 116310 = CPC 3793 CGMCC3.27785* = SAUCC 7265-5 SAUCC 7265-6 CBS 142045*= VPRI 13689 CBS 523.78* CBS 139893* = CPC 24793 CBS 112640* = CPC 3904 = DFR 100185 CBS 114852 Host/Substrate Region ITS LSU Eucalyptus nitens | South Africa | AY339344 | AY339293 Castanea mollissima Castanea mollissima Rosa roxburghii Rosa roxburghii Terminalia chebula Kadsura longipedunculata Kadsura longipedunculata Diospyros mespiliformis Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera Lygodium circinnatum Lygodium circinnatum Lepidospermum concavum Rotten wood Eucalyptus brassiana Eucalyptus grandis x E. tereticornis Eucalyptus sp. China China China China India China China South Africa France South Africa Switzerland Italy Italy China China Australia Chile Malaysia Australia Australia MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 OL757537 OL757538 ON791171 ON791172 HQ264189 PQ357094 PQ357095 MK047439 AY339323 KX833520 NA AY339334 KX833532 PQ357090 PQ357091 KY924929 KX833535 KR476725 AY339338 KX833556 OL757563 OL757564 ON791212 ON791213 NA PQ357134 PQ357135 MK047489 KX833335 KX833345 AY339287 AY339288 KX833357 PQ357130 PQ357131 NA KX833361 KR476760 AY339290 KX833380 rpb2 KX833421 OL770463 OL770464 ON815908 ON815909 NA PQ361030 PQ361031 MK047543 KX833423 KX833433 KX833440 NA KX833443 PQ361026 PQ361027 NA KX833446 NA KX833452 KX833464 tef1-a KX833600 OL780610 OL780611 ON815944 ON815945 NA PQ404804 PQ404805 MK047562 KX833603 KX833613 KX833624 NA KX833627 PQ404800 PQ404801 NA KX833630 NA KX833637 KX833652 References Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016 Wang et al. 2022 Wang et al. 2022 Zhang et al. 2024b Zhang et al. 2024b Rajeshkumar et al. 2011 This study This study Crous et al. 2018 Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016 Van Niekerk et al. 2004 Alvarez et al. 2016 This study This study Marin-Felix et al. 2017 Alvarez et al. 2016 Crous et al. 2015a Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China Species Coniella fici Coniella fragariae Coniella fujianensis Coniella fusiformis Coniella granati Coniella grossedentatae Coniella heterospora Coniella hibisci Coniella javanica Coniella koreana Coniella lanneae Coniella limoniformis Coniella lustricola Coniella macrospora Coniella malaysiana Coniella nicotianae Coniella nigra Coniella obovata Coniella paracastaneicola Coniella peruensis Coniella pseudodiospyri Coniella pseudogranati Strain numbers MFLU 18-2578* CBS 172.49* = CPC 3930 CBS 454.68 CGMCC3.25353 CGMCC3.25354* CBS 141596* = CPC 19722 CBS 114850 CBS 132860 CBS 252.38 = ATCC 12685 = CPC 3714 SAUCC 1354-1 CGMCC3.27783*= SAUCC 1354-3 CBS 143031* = FMR 15231 CBS 109757* = AR 3534 CBS 455.68* CBS 143.97* CBS 141597* = CPC 22200 CBS 111021* = PPRI 3870 = CPC 3828 DAOMC 251731* DAOMC 251732 DAOMC 251733 DAOMC 251734 CBS 524.73* = CPC 3935 CBS 141598* = CPC 16659 CBS 875.72* = PD 727793 CBS 165.60* = IMI 181519 = IMI 181599 = CPC 4198 CBS 111025 = CPC 4196 = IMI 261318 CBS 141292* = CPC 20146 CBS 110394* = RMF 74.01 CBS 145540* = CPC 35725 CBS 137980* = CPC 22545 Host/Substrate Ficus septica Fragaria sp. Malus sylvestris Canarium album Canarium album Eucalyptus sp. Eucalyptus pellita Punica granatum Vitis vinifera Ampelopsis grossedentata Ampelopsis grossedentata Herbivorous dung Hibiscus sp. Hibiscus sabdariffai NA Lannea sp. Fragaria sp. Terminalia ivoriensisstem Corymbia torelliana Nicotiana tabacum Soil Leaves Eucalyptus sp. Soil of rain forest Eucalyptus microcorys Terminalia stuhlmannii Region China Belgium Denmark China China Indonesia Australia Turkey Italy China China Spain Africa Indonesia South Korea Zambia South Africa America America America America Ivory Coast Malaysia Jamaica India South Africa Australia Peru Australia Zambia MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 ITS MW114356 AY339317 KX833571 OR623057 OR623058 KX833576 KX833574 KX833577 KX833581 PQ357062 PQ357063 LT800501 KX833589 KX833583 KX833584 KX833585 KX833586 MF631778 MF631779 MF631780 MF631781 KX833587 KX833588 KX833590 AY339319 AY339313 KX833591 KJ710463 MK876381 KJ869132 LSU MW114417 AY339282 KX833393 OR623054 OR623055 KX833397 KX833395 KX833400 AY339291 PQ357102 PQ357103 LT800500 AF408337 KX833403 AF408378 KX833404 KX833405 MF631799 MF631800 MF631801 MF631802 AY339292 KX833406 KX833407 KX833408 KX833409 KX833410 KJ710441 MK876422 KJ869189 GenBank accession numbers rpb2 NA KX833472 KX833477 OR637413 OR637414 KX833481 KX833479 KX833484 KX833488 PQ361000 PQ361001 LT800502 NA KX833489 KX833490 KX833491 KX833492 MF651900 NA NA NA KX833493 KX833494 KX833495 KX833496 KX833497 KX833498 KX833499 MK876479 NA tef1-a NA KX833663 KX833670 OR637415 OR637416 KX833674 KX833672 KX833677 KX833681 PQ404774 PQ404775 LT800503 KX833689 KX833683 KX833684 KX833685 KX833686 MF651899 NA NA NA KX833687 KX833688 KX833690 KX833691 KX833692 KX833693 KX833695 MK876493 NA References Tennakoon et al. 2021 Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Mu et al. 2024 Mu et al. 2024 Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016 This study This study Crous et al. 2017 Castlebury et al. 2002; Marin-Felix et al. 2017 Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Raudabaugh et al. 2018 Raudabaugh et al. 2018 Raudabaugh et al. 2018 Raudabaugh et al. 2018 Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016 Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016 Alvarez et al. 2016 Crous et al. 201 5b; Alvarez et al. 2016 Crous et al. 2019 Crous et al. 2014b Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China Species Coniella pseudokoreana Coniella pseudostraminea Coniella quercicola Coniella solicola Coniella straminea Coniella tibouchinae Coniella veri Coniella vitis Coniella wangiensis Dwiroopa lythri GenBank accession numbers Strain numbers Host/Substrate Region References ITS LSU rpb2 tef1-a MFLU 13-0282* = | Leaves Thailand MF190145 NA NA NA Senanayake et al. MFLUCC 12-0427 2017 CBS 112624* = IMI | Fragaria sp. South Africa | KX833593 | KX833412 | KX833500 | KX833696 | Alvarez et al. 2016 233050 CBS 283.76 Excrements The KX833594 | KX833413 | KX833501 | KX833697 | Alvarez et al. 2016 of Glomerus, Netherlands which had eaten forest soil CBS 904.69* Quercus robur The Nether- | KX833595 | KX833414 | KX833502 | KX833698 | Alvarez et al. 2016 lands CBS 766.71* Soil South Africa | KX833597 | KX833416 | KX833505 | KX833701 | Alvarez et al. 2016 CBS 149.22 = CPC | Fragaria sp. USA AY339348 | AY339296 | KX833506 | KX833704 | Van Niekerk et al. 3932 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016 CBS 131594* = CPC | Tibouchina Brazil JQ281774 | KX833418 | KX833507 | JQ281778 Miranda et al. 18511 granulosa 2012; Alvarez et al. 2016 CGMCC3.27787* = | Cinnamomum China PQ357098 | PQ357138 | PQ361034 | PQ404810 This study SAUCC 8877-4 verum SAUCC 8877-7 Cinnamomum China PQ357099 | PQ357139 | PQ361035 | PQ404811 This study verum MFLUCC 16-1399% = | Vitis vinifera China KX890008 | KX890083 NA KX890058 Chethana et al. JZB3700001 2017 CBS 132530* = CPC | Eucalyptus sp. Australia JX069873 | JX069857 | KX833509 | KX833705 | Crous et al. 2012; 19397 Alvarez et al. 2016 CBS 109755* = AR | Lythrum salicaria USA MN172410 | MN172389 | MN271801 | MN271859 | Jiang et al. 2020 3383 Notes: New species established in this study are shown in bold. Those marked “*” in the table are represented as ex-type or ex-epitype strains. NA: Not available. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses The nucleotide sequences of four new species were submitted to the NCBI's GenBank nucleotide database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 2 Jan. 2025), and all related species were retrieved for phylogenetic analy- sis. Multiple sequences were aligned using MAFFT version 7 (http://mafft. cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html, accessed on 2 Jan. 2025) with de- fault settings, and manual correction was applied if necessary (Katoh et al. 2019). For phylogenetic analyses, single and concatenated sequences were subjected to analysis by Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) algorithms, respectively. Both ML and BI were executed on the CIPRES Science Gateway portal (https://www.phylo.org/, accessed on 2 Jan. 2025) or offline software (ML was executed in RaxML-HPC2 on XSEDE v8.2.12 and BI analysis was executed in MrBayes v3.2.7a with 64 threads on Linux) (Mill- er et al. 2012; Ronquist et al. 2012; Stamatakis 2014). For the ML analysis, the default parameters were used, and 1,000 rapid bootstrap replicates were run with the GTR+G+l model of nucleotide evolution; for BI, it was performed using a rapid bootstrapping algorithm with an automatic stop option and uti- lized MrModeltest v.2.3 to determine the best evolutionary model for each partition (Nylander 2004; Zhang et al. 2024a). Bayesian Inference posterior probabilities (BIPP) were evaluated by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) (Rannala and Yang 1996; Zhaxybayeva and Gogarten 2002). The BI analy- ses encompassed two parallel runs spanning 5,000,000 generations, with a stop rule incorporated and a sampling frequency of 50 generations. The burn-in fraction was set at 0.25, and posterior probabilities were calculated MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 6 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China from the remaining trees. The resulting trees were generated using FigTree v. 1.4.4 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree, accessed on 2 Jan. 2025) or ITOL: Interactive Tree of Life (https://itol.embl.de/, accessed on 2 Jan. 2025) (Letunic and Bork 2021), and the final layout of the trees was refined in Adobe Illustrator CC 2019. The names of the isolates in this study are marked in red in the phylogenetic tree. Results Molecular phylogeny Initially, based on the ITS sequence data, we preliminarily determined that the eight strains belong to Coniella. Subsequently, based on ML and BI methods, we conducted a combined analysis of ITS, LSU, rob2, and tef1-a gene data to construct phylogenetic trees for further determination of the phylogenetic po- sition of these strains. The phylogenetic analysis of Coniella strains included 63 sequences, with Dwiroopa lythri (CBS 109755) serving as the outgroup. The final alignment comprised 2800 concatenated characters, viz. 1-600 (ITS), 601-1380 (LSU), 1381-2140 (rpb2), and 2141-2800 (tef7-a). The ML optimi- zation likelihood was calculated to be -23461.791405. The matrix exhibited 1116 distinct alignment patterns, with 18.42% of characters or gaps remaining undetermined. The optimal models, evaluated by MrModeltest and selected in the BI, are as follows: the SYM+I+G model for ITS and the GTR+I+G model for LSU, rpb2, and tef1-a. The alignment exhibited a total of 1121 unique site pat- terns (ITS: 211, LSU: 78, rpb2: 322, tef1-a: 510). The topology of the ML tree concurred with that derived from BI; thus, only the ML tree is presented (Fig. 1). Combining morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analy- ses, the eight strains in this study were introduced as four new species, namely Coniella diaoluoshanensis, C. dongshanlingensis, C. grossedentatae, and C. veri. Taxonomy Coniella diaoluoshanensis D.H. Li, J.W. Xia & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov. MycoBank No: 856520 Fig.Z Holotype. CHINA * Hainan Province: Diaoluoshan National Forest Park, on dis- eased leaves of Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae), 18.660546°N, 109.936445°E, 94.1 m asl., 27 Mar. 2024, D.H. Li, holotype HSAUP 7481-1, ex- type living culture SAUCC 7481-1 = CGMCC3.27786. Etymology. Named after the collection site of the type specimen, Diaolu- oshan National Forest Park. Description. Hypha immersed, 1.9-6.5 um wide, branched, multi-septate, enlarged towards septum and terminal, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidioma- ta nearly spherical, separate, scarce, immersed or superficial, surface uneven, sizes inconsistent, black. Conidiophores cylindrical, aseptate, straight or slightly curved, densely aggregated, simple, smooth, usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, simple, aggregative, hyaline, smooth, 8.1-11 x 1.4-2.6 um (mean + SD = 9.6 + 0.8 x 2.1 + 0.4 um, n = 30), with apical periclinal MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 7 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China 88/1.00 89/1.00} | ( 001 C, 82/1.00 88/0.99 | 97/499} Coniell cas ‘ Coniella cas Coniella 86/0.99 -/1.00 -/0.99 100/1.00 ; 100/1.00 Co ‘ Cc Coniella du 2) 99/1.00 99/1.00 98/1.00} 100/1.00 100/1.00 99/1.00 100/1.00 94/1.00 2x 100/1.00 100/1.00 100/1.001 ¢ : Coniella peruen: 2x Coniella paracastaneicolé Dwiroopa lythri CBS 109755* 0.05 Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationship of Coniella based on concatenated sequences of ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-a sequence data with Dwiroopa lythri (CBS 109755) as the outgroup. The Maximum Likelihood Bootstrap Value (left, MLBV = 75%) and the Bayesian Inference Posterior Probability (right, BIPP = 0.90) are shown as MLBV/BIPP above the nodes. The ex- type strains are marked with “*” and indicated in boldface. Strains from this study are shown in red. The scale bar at the bottom left represents 0.05 substitutions per site. Some branches are shortened according to the indicated multipliers to fit the page size, and these are indicated by the symbol (//). MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 8 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China Figure 2. Coniella diaoluoshanensis (CGMCC3.27786) a leaves of Kadsura longipedunculata b, c surface and reverse sides of colony after 14 days on PDA (b) and OA (c) d conidiomata forming on OA e, f conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with developing conidia g, h conidia. Scale bars: 10 pm (e-h). thickening, blastospore at the apex. Conidia elliptical or fusiform, apices tapering, subobtuse, apically rounded, widest at the middle, bases tapering to a truncate hilum, multi-guttulate, immature conidia hyaline, mature conidia pale olivaceous, wall darker than pale olivaceous body of conidium, smooth, 7.5-9.3 x 4.7-5.5 um (mean + SD = 8.4 + 0.5 x 5.1 + 0.3 um, n = 30). Sexual morph unknown. Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA after 14 days of cultivation in the dark at 25 °C, reaching 75-77 mm in diam., with a growth rate of 5.4-5.5 mm/day; from above: white to cream-colored with age, sparse aerial mycelium at the cen- ter, irregularly circular, slightly low; peripheral mycelium dense, concentric rings, flat; colony edge irregular, sparse aerial mycelium, dispersed, striped; reverse: similar in color. Colonies on OA covering entire plate after 14 days of cultivation in MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 9 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China the dark at 25 °C; from above: white, devoid of aerial mycelium at the center, with dispersed and sparse aerial mycelium at the edges; reverse: even white texture. Additional material studied. CHINA * Hainan Province: Diaoluoshan National Forest Park, on diseased leaves of Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae), 18.660546°N, 109.936445°E, 94.1 m asl., 27 Mar. 2024, D.H. Li, HSAUP 7481-4, living culture SAUCC 7481-4. Notes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Coniella diaoluoshanensis formed an independent clade (Fig. 1) and was closely related to C. eucalyptigena (CBS 139893), C. eucalyptorum (CBS 112640 and CBS 114852), and C. malaysiana (CBS 141598). Coniella diaoluoshanensis was distinguished from C. eucalypti- gena by 4/573 and 7/791 base-pair differences in ITS and LSU sequences, from C. eucalyptorum (CBS 112640) by 19/565, 7/793, 68/765, and 164/539 base-pair differences in ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-a sequences, and from C. malaysiana by 16/553, 7/783, 67/767, and 154/488 base-pair differences in ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-a sequences, respectively. Morphologically, C. eucalyptigena lacks asexual sporulation description, making it impossible to compare microscopic structures with C. diaoluoshanensis. However, their macroscopic colony colors differ great- ly: on PDA, C. diaoluoshanensis is cream-colored while C. eucalyptigena is salm- on; on OA, C. diaoluoshanensis is white on the surface, whereas C. eucalyptigena is rosy buff. Morphologically, since C. eucalyptigena only had a description of sexual morphology, it could not be directly compared with the asexual morphol- ogy in this study. Then, C. eucalyptorum and C. malaysiana, which were closely related on the evolutionary tree, were selected for comparison. The conidioge- nous cells of C. diaoluoshanensis (8.1-11 x 1.4—2.6 um) shorter than those of C. eucalyptorum (10-17 x 3-3.5 um) and C. malaysiana (8.5-18 x 1.5-3.5 um); the conidia of C. diaoluoshanensis (7.5—9.3 x 4.7—5.5 ym) shorter than those of C. eucalyptorum (9-14 x 6-8 um) and C. malaysiana (8-11.5 x 3-5 um); and the mature conidial color of C. diaoluoshanensis (pale olivaceous) was lighter than that of C. eucalyptorum (medium to dark red-brown) and C. malaysiana (pale brown) (Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Crous et al. 2015a; Alvarez et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2024b). Therefore, we describe our collection as a novel species. Coniella dongshanlingensis D.H. Li, J.W. Xia & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov. MycoBank No: 856519 Fig. 3 Holotype. CHINA * Hainan Province: Dongshanling Scenic Area, on diseased leaves of Lygodium circinnatum (Lygodiaceae), 18.802153°N, 110.421473°E, 18.8 m asl., 26 Mar. 2024, D.H. Li, holotype HSAUP 7265-5, ex-type living culture SAUCC 7265-5 = CGMCC3.27785. Etymology. Named after the collection site of the type specimen, Dongshan- ling Scenic Area. Description. Hypha superficial, 1.1—3.2 um wide, less branched, multi-septate, hyaline to pale yellow. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial to nearly spheri- cal, separate, superficial, surface enveloped in a gelatinous sheath, sizes incon- sistent, initially appearing hyaline, becoming black with mature. Conidiophores cylindrical, aseptate, straight or slightly curved, densely aggregated, simple, smooth, usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 10 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China Figure 3. Coniella dongshanlingensis (CGMCC3.27785) a a leaf of Lygodium circinnatum b, c surface and reverse sides of colony after 14 days on PDA (b) and OA (c) d, e conidiomata forming on PDA f, g conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with developing conidia h, i conidia. Scale bars: 10 um (f-i). simple, aggregative, hyaline, smooth, 7.3-19.2 x 1.5-3.3 um (mean + SD = 12.6 + 2.6 x 2.4+ 0.5 um, n = 30), with apical periclinal thickening, blastospore at the apex. Conidia elliptical to fusiform, apices tapering, subobtuse, apically round- ed, bases tapering to a truncate hilum, immature conidia hyaline, multi-gut- tulate, mature conidia olivaceous, 1-2 guttulate, wall darker than olivaceous body of conidium, smooth, 7.8-10 x 5.1—7 um (mean + SD = 8.7 + 0.6 x 6.2 + 0.4 um, n = 30). Sexual morph unknown. Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA after 14 days of cultivation in the dark at 25 °C, reaching 47-50 mm in diam., with a growth rate of 3.4-3.6 mm/ day; from above: white to pale orange with age, medium aerial mycelium, circu- lar, slightly low at the center, slightly higher at the edges; reverse: similar in color. MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 1 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China Colonies on OA covering entire plate after 14 days of cultivation in the dark at 25 °C; from above: pale orange, interspersed with extensive black pycnidia, me- dium aerial mycelium, flat; reverse: similar in color. Additional material studied. CHINA * Hainan Province: Dongshanling Scenic Area, on diseased leaves of Lygodium circinnatum (Lygodiaceae), 18.802153°N, 110.421473°E, 18.8 m asl., 26 Mar. 2024, D.H. Li, HSAUP 7265-6, living culture SAUCC 7265-6. Notes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Coniella dongshanlingensis formed an independent clade (Fig. 1) and was closely related to C. fujianen- sis (CGMCC3.25353 and CGMCC3.25354). Coniella dongshanlingensis was distinguished from C. fujianensis (CGMCC3.25354) by 5/589, 9/657, and 19/306 base-pair differences in ITS, rpb2, and tef1-a sequences, respectively. Morphologically, the conidiogenous cells of C. dongshanlingensis (7.3-19.2 x 1.5-3.3 um) are longer than those of C. fujianensis (3.5-8 x 2.5-3.5 um); the conidia of C. dongshanlingensis (7.8-10 x 5.1-7 um) slightly shorter than those of C. fujianensis (8-10.5 x 5.5-7.5 um), and the mature conidial color of C. dongshanlingensis (olivaceous) is lighter than that of C. fujianensis (brown) (Mu et al. 2024). Therefore, we describe our collection as a novel species. Coniella grossedentatae D.H. Li, J.W. Xia & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov. MycoBank No: 856518 Fig. 4 Holotype. CHINA * Fujian Province: Wuyishan City, Xingcun Town, on diseased leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata (Vitaceae), 27.749556°N, 117.679038°E, 751.68 m asl., 15 Oct. 2022, D.H. Li, holotype HSAUP 1354-3, ex-type living cul- ture SAUCC 1354-3 = CGMCC3.27783. Etymology. Named after the species epithet of the host plant, Ampelopsis grossedentata. Description. Hypha superficial, 1.3-3.5 um wide, branched, multi-septate, hyaline to pale orange. Asexual morph: Conidiomata spherical or narrowly el- lipsoid, separate, immersed or superficial, some surfaces enveloped in a gelat- inous sheath, some surface uneven, sizes inconsistent, black. Conidiophores cylindrical, aseptate, straight or slightly curved, densely aggregated, simple, usu- ally reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, simple, ag- gregative, hyaline, smooth, 10.6-23.1 x 1.7-3.8 um (mean+ SD =16.8+3x2.5+4 0.6 um, n = 30), with apical periclinal thickening, blastospore at the apex. Conidia nearly spherical, apices acute, widest at the middle, bases tapering to a truncate hilum, multi-guttulate, immature conidia hyaline, mature conidia medium brown, wall darker than medium brown body of conidium, smooth, 8-10.5 x 7.5-9.5 um (mean + SD = 9.4 + 0.6 x 8.4 + 0.5 um, n = 30). Sexual morph unknown. Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA after 14 days of cultivation in the dark at 25 °C, reaching 86-90 mm in diam., with a growth rate of 6.1-6.4 mm/ day; from above: orange in the middle and edges, with white in between, medi- um aerial mycelium, granular, circular, flat; reverse: similar in color. Colonies on OA covering entire plate after 14 days of cultivation in the dark at 25 °C; from above: white in the middle and edges, with orange in between, sparse aerial mycelium, flat; reverse: similar in color. MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 12 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China Figure 4. Coniella grossedentatae (CGMCC3.27783) a leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata b, c surface and reverse sides of colony after 14 days on PDA (b) and OA (c) d colony on PDA e conidiomata forming on pine needle f, g conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with developing conidia h, i conidia. Scale bars: 10 um (f-i). Additional material studied. CHINA + Fujian Province: Wuyishan City, Xing- cun Town, on diseased leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata (Vitaceae), 27.749556°N, 117.679038°E, 751.68 m asl., 15 Oct. 2022, D.H. Li, HSAUP 1354- 1, living culture SAUCC 1354-1. Notes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Coniella grossedentatae formed an independent clade (Fig. 1) basal to C. dongshanlingensis (CGMCC3.27785, SAUCC 7265-6), C. fujianensis (CGMCC 3.25353, CGMCC 3.25354), and C. wangiensis (CBS 132530). Coniella grossedentatae can be distinguished from C. dongshanlingensis by 4/604, 1/793, 52/902, and 80/532 base-pair differenc- es in ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-a sequences, and from C. fujianensis by 8/588, 1/798, 34/657, and 64/313 base-pair differences in ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-a MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 13 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China sequences, and from C. wangiensis by 2/603, 5/798, 35/767, and 79/329 base- pair differences in ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-a sequences, respectively. Morpho- logically, the conidiogenous cells of C. grossedentatae (10.6—23.1 x 1.7-3.8 um) are longer than those of C. dongshanlingensis (7.3-19.2 x 1.5-3.3 um), C. fuji- anensis (3.5—8 x 2.5—3.5 um), and C. wangiensis (15-20 x 3-4 um); the conidia of C. grossedentatae (8-10.5 x 7.5-9.5 um) are wider than those of C. dong- shanlingensis (7.8-10 x 5.1-7 um) and C. fujianensis (8-10.5 x 5.5-7.5 um), and shorter than those of C. wangiensis (9-13 x 7-10 um) (Crous et al. 2012; Alvarez et al. 2016). Therefore, we describe our collection as a novel species. Coniella veri D.H. Li, J.W. Xia & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov. MycoBank No: 856521 Fig. 5 Holotype. CHINA * Yunnan Province: Pu’er City, Yixiang Town, Pu’er Sun River For- est Park, on diseased leaves of Cinnamomum verum (Lauraceae), 22.593953°N, 101.086217°E, 1596.44 m asl., 15 May 2024, D.H. Li, holotype HSAUP 8877-4, ex-type living culture SAUCC 8877-4 = CGMCC3.27787. Etymology. Named after the species epithet of the host plant, Cinnamo- mum verum. Description. Hypha superficial, 1.3-3.3 um wide, branched, multi-septate, hyaline. Asexual morph: Conidiomata spherical, aggregated or solitary, im- mersed or superficial, some surfaces enveloped in a gelatinous sheath, some surface uneven, sizes inconsistent, initially appearing hyaline, becoming black with mature. Conidiophores cylindrical, septate, branched, straight or slightly curved, densely aggregated, simple, usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, simple, aggregative, or solitary, hyaline, smooth, 9.5-17.5 x 1.2-2.5 um (mean + SD = 12.5+1.5x 1.8 + 0.4 um, n = 30), with api- cal periclinal thickening, blastospore at the apex. Conidia elliptical to fusiform, apices acute, widest at the middle, bases tapering to a truncate hilum, multi-gut- tulate gather at both ends, hyaline, thick-walled, smooth, 6.2-8.8 x 3.6-4.7 um (mean + SD = 7.7 + 0.6 x 4+ 0.3 um, n = 30). Sexual morph unknown. Culture characteristics. Colonies on PDA after 14 days of cultivation in the dark at 25 °C, reaching 81-85 mm in diam., with a growth rate of 5.8-6.1 mm/ day; from above: white, medium aerial mycelium, slightly higher at the center, circular, radial, flat; reverse: pale orange in the middle, orange in the edges. Colo- nies on OA after 14 days of cultivation in the dark at 25 °C, reaching 72-77 mmin diam., had a growth rate of 5.1-5.5 mm/day; from above: white, sparse aerial mycelium, black pycnidia formed in the center, flat; reverse: similar in color. Additional material studied. CHINA * Yunnan Province: Pu’er City, Yixiang Town, Pu’er Sun River Forest Park, on diseased leaves of Cinnamomum verum (Lauraceae), 22.593953°N, 101.086217°E, 1596.44 m asl., 15 May 2024, D.H. Li, HSAUP 8877-7, living culture SAUCC 8877-7. Notes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Coniella veri formed an indepen- dent clade (Fig. 1) and was closely related to C. cili (GUCC 194020.1 and GUCC 196007.1). Coniella veri can be distinguished from C. cili (GUCC 196007.1) by 31/597, 8/791, 52/869, and 125/516 base-pair differences in ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tefl-a sequences, respectively. Morphologically, the conidiogenous cells MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 14 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China Figure 5. Coniella veri (CGMCC3.27787) a leaves of Cinnamomum verum b, c surface and reverse sides of colony after 14 days on PDA (b) and OA (c) d conidiomata forming on OA e, f conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with developing conidia g, h conidia. Scale bars: 10 um (eh). of C. veri (9.5-17.5 x 1.2-2.5 um) are shorter than those of C. cili (13-23.5 x 1-2 um); the conidia of C. veri (6.2—-8.8 x 3.6-4.7 um) are shorter than those of C. cili(5.5-17.5 x 2.5—5 um); the conidial shape of C. veri is elliptical to fusiform, whereas the conidial size and shape of C. cili exhibit considerable variation, in- cluding limoniform, fusoid, clavate, cylindrical, and elongated elliptical forms (Zhang et al. 2024b). Therefore, we describe our collection as a novel species. Discussion Coniella species have a worldwide distribution, reported in countries across all con- tinents (Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016). They have been found in Asia (e.g., China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea, and Thailand), Europe (e.g., MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 15 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Spain), Africa (e.g., lvory Coast, South Africa, and Zambia), the Americas (e.g., the United States, Brazil, Peru, Jamaica, and Chile), and Oceania (e.g., Australia). These countries, ranging from landlocked nations such as Zambia and Switzerland to coastal coun- tries like China, Brazil, and Australia, as well as island nations including Jamaica and Indonesia, are geographically diverse. They are distributed on both sides of the equator and span multiple climatic zones, from tropical to frigid, coastal to inland, and plain to mountain, encompassing diverse climate types such as tropical, tem- perate, and alpine. Many countries, including most of Africa, northern Brazil, Indo- nesia, and Malaysia, have tropical climates with high temperatures and abundant precipitation year-round. China, with its vast territory, large latitudinal span, wide longitudinal extent, and complex and diverse topography, nearly covers all major climate types, providing favorable conditions for the formation of Coniella species diversity (Castlebury et al. 2002; Van Niekerk et al. 2004; Alvarez et al. 2016; Raud- abaugh et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2022; Mu et al. 2024; Zhang et al. 2024b). Currently, Coniella has accepted 66 species, many of which were introduced solely based on morphological studies (Index Fungorum: https://indexfungo- rum.org; MycoBank: http://www.mycobank.org; Alvarez et al. 2016; Mu et al. 2024). Morphological characteristics of some conidia are highly similar and can be classified into two categories: one comprises olivaceous brown to brown conidia that are ellipsoid or globose, while the other category consists of hyaline conidia that are fusiform or clavate, often with very similar shapes and sizes. Rendering precise identification of Coniella species difficult solely on morphological characteristics (Crous et al. 2014a). Consequently, there is a strong current trend towards integrating morphological and molecular meth- ods to assess or clarify the taxonomic placement and phylogenetic relation- ships of Coniella species (Alvarez et al. 2016). Based on phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, and tef7-a sequence data, Van Niekerk et al. (2004) demonstrated that Coniella represents a distinct evolutionary lineage within the Diaporthales (Van Niekerk et al. 2004). Based on phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef7-a sequence data, Alvarez et al. (2016) conducted a taxonomic revision of the genus. Since then, phylogenetic analyses of Coniella have largely contin- ued to use these four genetic loci (Alvarez et al. 2016). According to previous studies, Coniella species have been recorded as plant pathogens, endophytes, and saprobes (Samuels et al. 1993; Ferreira et al. 1997; Alvarez et al. 2016; Chethana et al. 2017). Their hosts encompass multiple cat- egories, including plants (such as trees, shrubs, herbs, and ferns), animal ex- creta, and soils (Crous et al. 2015b; Alvarez et al. 2016). In recent years, several Coniella species have been reported and described in China. For example, Froh- lich and Hyde (2000) discovered C. calamicola on both living and dead leaves of Daemonorops margaritae in Hong Kong. Chen et al. (2014) first reported that C. granati can cause fruit rot and twig blight in pomegranate (Punica granatum) in Anhui Province. Chethana et al. (2017) reported that C. vitis is the patho- genic fungus causing white rot in grapes (Vitis vinifera) in Beijing Municipality, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, and Jilin Provinces. Tennakoon et al. (2021) isolated a new species, C. fici, from dead leaves of Ficus septica (Moraceae) on the island of Taiwan. Wang et al. (2022) isolated a new species, C. castanea, from symp- tomatic leaves of Castanea mollissima (Fagaceae) in an orchard in Shandong Province. Mu et al. (2024) isolated a new species, C. fujianensis, from dis- MycoKeys 116: 1-23 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.116.145857 16 Duhua Li et al.: Four novel species of Coniella from southern China eased leaves of Canarium album (Burseraceae) in Fujian Province. Zhang et al. (2024b) isolated the endophytic species C. cili from healthy fruits and seeds of Rosa roxburghii (Rosaceae) in Guizhou Province. During a continuous survey of terrestrial plant fungi in certain regions of southern China, four new species of Coniella were discovered from diseased leaf tissues of infected plants in Fujian, Hainan, and Yunnan provinces. These new species are named Coniella diaoluoshanensis, C. dongshanlingensis, C. grossedentatae, and C. veri. Among them, C. grossedentatae utilizes Ampel- opsis grossedentata (Vitaceae) as its host. Van Niekerk et al. (2004) have previ- ously reported species of C. diplodiopsis isolated from Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) collected in Italy. In contrast, C. diaoluoshanensis, C. dongshanlingensis, and C. veri are the first reports that are associated with the hosts Kadsura longipe- dunculata, Lygodium circinnatum, and Cinnamomum verum, respectively. This will further broaden the host range of Coniella species and contribute to the fields of plant pathology and fungal taxonomy. With the increasing number of Coniella species, we believe that comprehensive research on this genus will uncover more hidden Coniella species from terrestrial plants. Additional information Conflict of interest The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Ethical statement No ethical statement was reported. Funding This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 32370001, 32270024, 31900014, U2002203), the Key Technological Innovation Program of Shandong Province, China (no. 2022CXGC020710), the Jinan City’s ‘New University 20 Policies’ Initiative for Innovative Research Teams Project (no. 202228028) and the Innovative Agricultural Application Technology Project of Jinan City (no. CX202210). Author contributions Sampling, molecular biology analysis: Duhua Li and Zixu Dong; fungal isolation: Qiyun Liu and Yaling Wang; description and phylogenetic analysis: Duhua Li and Zhaoxue Zhang; microscopy: Duhua Li and Jiwen Xia; writing-original draft preparation: Duhua Li; writing-review and editing: Xiuguo Zhang and Jiwen Xia. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Author ORCIDs Duhua Li © https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5200-2034 Qiyun Liu © https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9545-7962 Zhaoxue Zhang ® https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4824-9716 Xiuguo Zhang © https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9733-8494 Jiwen Xia © https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7436-7249 Data availability All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text. 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