Italian Botanist 15: 9-20 (2023)

doi: 10.3897/italianbotanist. |5.97630 LW Italian Botanist

Published by Societa Botanica Italiana

https://italianbotanist.pensoft.net

Changes in the flora of Lobbia Alta, a peak of the
Adamello-Presanella Alps (Trento, Italy)
between 1935 and 202I

Filippo Prosser', Alessio Bertolli', Giulia Tomasi!

| Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto, Borgo S. Caterina 41 38068, Rovereto (Trento), Italy

Corresponding author: Filippo Prosser (prosserfilippo@fondazionemcr.it)

Academic editor: Lorenzo Peruzzi | Received 16 November 2022 | Accepted 1 March 2023 | Published 15 March 2023

Citation: Prosser F, Bertolli A, Tomasi G (2023) Changes in the flora of Lobbia Alta, a peak of the Adamello-Presanella
Alps (Trento, Italy) between 1935 and 2021. Italian Botanist 15: 9-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist. 15.97630

Abstract

Global warming is causing an enrichment of summit flora worldwide. This article presents the case of a
peak in the southeastern Alps (Lobbia Alta, 3,196 m a.s.l., Adamello, Trento, Italy), for which a complete
list of tracheophytes dating back to 1935 was available. As this peak is well delimited by glaciers and
vertical cliffs, it has been possible to faithfully repeat this floristic inventory. We made three surveys, in
1991, 2006 and 2021, exploring the whole area. It resulted that in 86 years the species present on this
peak have tripled, increasing from 17 to 51, with an acceleration in recent years. The biological forms have
increased from two to six. The average temperature and the nutritional indexes according to Ellenberg
have increased as well. We found that as many as six species reach their elevation record in the Alps on the
Lobbia Alta, suggesting that this area is particularly prone to species ascension. Particularly interesting is
the discovery of a 35 cm-tall specimen of Larix decidua at 3,130 ma.s.l., which seems to be the elevational

record of the species.

Keywords

Climate change, flora of Trentino, southeastern Alps, summit flora

Introduction

In the Alps, the climate has warmed by about 1.8 °C since 1880, almost double the
global average. Models are especially pessimistic for the southern Alps, where at the
end of the current century an increase of more than 4 °C compared to the period

Copyright Filippo Prosser et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

10 Filippo Prosser et al. / Italian Botanist 15: 9-20 (2023)

1981-2010 is expected in a worst-case scenario (Kotlarski et al. 2022). Evidence for
the consequent enrichment of the summit vascular flora in the Alps was presented al-
ready many years ago (Braun 1913; Braun-Blanquet 1955). More recently, numerous
medium- and long-term monitoring activities have confirmed that climate change is
causing an upward expansion of species, particularly in the summit areas of the Alps
(Hofer 1992; Grabherr et al. 1994; Pauli et al. 2012; Unterluggauer et al. 2016; Lam-
precht et al. 2018). A research extended to 302 European peaks has shown that this
speed is increasing in each of the nine mountain areas considered, including the Alps
(Steinbauer et al. 2018). The upward movement of the species should cause new eleva-
tion records, but these have generally received little attention. There is no shared and
recognized initiative dedicated to archiving recent elevation records at the Alpine (or
European) level. Only some sources highlight elevational records (for example Flora
della Valle d’Aosta 2022+; Swiss National Forest Inventory 2022+), but they are lim-
ited in terms of territory and/or plant group considered. On the contrary, a large body
of historical data is available thanks to the research of elevation records in vogue in
the past (e.g., Heer 1885; Vaccari 1901; Reisigl and Pitschmann 1958). Elevational
records at alpine level were reported, for example, by Fenaroli (1955). Unfortunately,
an updated version of this work is not available.

The aim of this research was to investigate the changes in the summit flora of a
peak on the southern slope of the eastern Alps, an area particularly prone to global
warming. We also sought to establish whether the plants found there constituted an
elevational record.

Materials and methods

Study area description

The Lobbia Alta (3,196 m a.s.l.; 46.1704°N, 10.5674°E; Fig. 1) is a peak located in
the Adamello-Presanella Alps in the southern Rhaetian Alps (Adamello-Brenta Natural
Park, Trento, Italy). The rock is made up of Tonalite. The average annual temperature
is between -2 and -4 °C for the period 1981-2010. Compared to the valley bottoms,
the temperature here is growing more rapidly, as shown by the data from the nearby
station of Cima Presena (3,015 m a.s.l.), which in the period 1998-2008 saw the av-
erage temperature rising by 0.5 °C/year (by 0.7—0.8 °C if only summer temperatures
are considered). Annual rainfall amounts to approximately 1,300 mm, with summer
maximum and winter minimum (Climatrentino 2022+). The vegetation is typical of
the upper part of the alpine belt, very discontinuous, made up, as regards vascular
plants, of sparse individuals mostly rooting in rock crevices.

Nino Arietti (Bardolino 1902; Brescia 1979), one of the most important botanists
in Brescia, noticed that the Lobbia Alta corresponded to what botanists at the time
called the “glacial island” and for this reason, in 1935, he surveyed its flora (Arietti
1936). This prompted us to undertake the survey of the flora of the Lobbia Alta in
1991. As already observed by Arietti (1936), the west side of the Lobbia Alta, covered

Change in the flora of the Lobbia Alta ial

Figure |. Lobbia Alta (Trento, Italy). In red, delimitation of the study area. The blue dot is the helicopter
pad, the yellow one is the altar. On the left is the Rifugio Caduti dell’Adamello. Map data (C) 2015 Google.

with boulders that do not allow the accumulation of humus, is unsuitable for hosting
vascular plants. The bedrock emerges on the southern and northern sides, the lat-
ter consisting of nearly vertical walls exposed to the north-east and north-west, and
not explored due to the evident danger and the unlikelihood of finding plants. The
most suitable site for the presence of vascular plants, according also to Arietti (1936),
is the south side with an almost perfect southern exposure and an inclination of ca.
40°. Here Tonalite outcrops are cracked and dark due to surface weathering caused by
cryptogams (mainly lichens) with organic soil present in the cracks, indicating that the
area was not covered by perennial snow or ice since a long time. The investigated area,
of approximately 2 ha, includes this slope with dark rocks; it starts from the Lobbia
Pass, precisely from the altar (3,025 m a.s.l.) to the top (3,196 m a.s.l.), and extends
to the east ridge down to 3,090 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). The lower part of the southern slope,
excluded from the investigated area, is characterized by rocks and boulders with little
alteration on the surface, and with very scarce plant colonization.

Analysis of Arietti’s “Florula della Lobbia Alta” (1936)

The herbarium of Nino Arietti, kept at the Civic Museum of Natural Sciences of
Brescia (HBBS, Thiers 2022), has been catalogued and published (Tagliaferri and
Bona 2006). His collections range from 1931 to 1978 (Tagliaferri and Bona 2006)

12 Filippo Prosser et al. / Italian Botanist 15: 9-20 (2023)

and the “Florula della Lobbia Alta” is his first scientific publication (La Redazione di
Natura Bresciana 1979). Arietti (1936) described his floristic survey of the Lobbia Alta
as a “list which, although limited to the product of the observations of a few days, can
almost entirely include the local Florula”. Clearly Arietti was staying at the Caduti
dell’Adamello Refuge for mountaineering reasons and was able to study the flora of the
summit just above the refuge. Arietti’s list consists of 16 species. In his herbarium there
are 12 samples collected here, five of which determined by the eminent botanist Adri-
ano Fiori. Of these 12 samples, however, one does not appear in the Florula, namely
Festuca intercedens (Hack.) Liidi ex Bech.; it is a critical species that was determined
by Fiori as F Aalleri All. and then by Rossi and Foggi in 2006 who, more precisely,
referred it to F intercedens. By also considering F intercedens, the total number of spe-
cies detected by Arietti on Lobbia Alta is 17. Doubts still exist regarding two of the
five species without herbarium samples, namely Myosotis alpestris EW.Schmidt and
Saxifraga seguieri Biehler. We presume that they are Eritrichium nanum (L.) Schrad.
ex Gaudin subsp. nanum and Saxifraga exarata Vill. subsp. exarata, respectively, both
common on the top of Lobbia Alta; we attribute Arietti’s error to his as yet scarce flo-
ristic experience.

Data collection

In all of our three surveys (1991, 2006 and 2021), the entire area (Fig. 1) was care-
fully explored with the aim of drawing up the most complete inventory possible of
the species present. In the last survey (2021) occurrences were geolocalized using the
smartphone application described by Andreatta et al. (2017) with the aim of recording
accurate maximum elevations reached by the species. The average localization error
given by the instrument was +2.3 m. The elevation was deduced from the coordinates
using the digital terrain model. ‘The elevation error, considering the inclination of the
area, should not exceed the localization error.

The sampling effort of our surveys was as follows: on 25 August 1991, Lobbia Alta
was visited by one of the authors of this paper (FP) and three operators; we estimate
that the survey took about 6 hours. On 23 August 2006 it was investigated by two of
the authors of this paper (AB and FP) and five operators (Prosser 1997); they dedicated
5 hours to the survey (Prosser et al. 2008). On 26 August 2021 two of the authors (AB
and GT) repeated the survey in 4 hours, therefore with a minor sampling effort (see
Burg et al. 2015).

Biological forms follow Pignatti et al. (2017-2019). Temperature and nutrient
indexes of the species follow Ellenberg et al. (2001) with few integrations with Pignatti
(2005). Nomenclature follows Bartolucci et al. (2018) and subsequent updates (Portal
to the Flora of Italy 2022+). The elevation records were first verified at the local level,
on the basis of “Flora del Trentino” (Prosser et al. 2019), then at the alpine and, some-
times, European level, referring to databases available on the web (e.g., GBIF 2022;
Infoflora 2022+), bibliographic data (see references) and other information obtained
from botanists interested in summit flora were also used.

Change in the flora of the Lobbia Alta 13

Results and discussion

The number of species surveyed on Lobbia Alta in 86 years has risen from 17 to 55
(Suppl. material 1), of which however four, recorded in 2006, were not found in 2021.
The variation in the number of species over time and the variation of biological forms
are shown in Fig. 2.

Variability of the temperature index and nutrients index for each survey are shown
in Figs 3, 4, respectively.

In the period 1935-1991, the number of species grew from 17 to 36 (Suppl.
material 1). No species disappeared. The entry rate was 0.34 species / year. Some of
the species not detected by Arietti were quite widespread in 1991: this is the case, for
example, of Facchinia herniarioides (Rion) Dillenb. & Kadereit and Primula daon-
ensis (Leyb.) Leyb. The biological spectrum becomes more complex with the entry
of the first therophyte (Euphrasia minima Jacq. ex DC.) alongside hemicryptophytes
and chamaephytes. ‘The first fruticose chamaephyte is Vaccinium uliginosum L. subsp.
microphyllum (Lange) Tolm.; its presence is clearly excluded by Arietti (1936): “shrubs

60

mCh @G @H @NP @P BT

50

51
45
40
36
30
20
17
10
0)

1935 1991 2006 2021

number of species

repetitions

Figure 2. Variation over time of the flora of the Lobbia Alta with biological spectra (Ch: Chamaephytes;
G: Geophytes; H: Hemicryptophytes; NP: Nanophanerophytes; P: Phanerophytes; T: Therophytes).

14 Filippo Prosser et al. / Italian Botanist 15: 9-20 (2023)

25
=
Ww 2.0
=
. a
14
1935 2006 2021

1991

repetitions
Figure 3. Variability of temperature index (TEM) according to Ellenberg et al. (2001) with indication of
mean (blue dot) and of median (black line).

8 2
. .
6 =
.
=
ay
=
4 *
| a =
7935 1991 2006 2021
repetitions

Figure 4. Variability of nutrients index (NUT) according to Ellenberg et al. (2001) with indication of
mean (blue dot) and of median (black line).

Change in the flora of the Lobbia Alta LS

are completely missing, including fruticose and suffruticose”. The average temperature
index (Fig. 3) and the nutrient index (Fig. 4) increased by about 0.2 points.

In the period 1991-2006, the number of species rose to 45 with the confirmation
of all the species surveyed in 1991 (Suppl. material 1). The entry rate increased to 0.6
species / year, values compatible with those reported for European mountain regions by
Steinbauer et al. (2018). Among the nine additional species, there are the first woody
ones: Juniperus communis L., Rhododendron ferrugineum L., and Salix herbacea L. The first
two are classified as nanophanerophytes, and this biological form adds to the spectrum
(Fig. 2). The temperature and the nutrient indices rose slightly in that period (Figs 3, 4).

In the period 2006-2021, the total number of species rose to 51, with an entry rate
of 0.4 species / year. As many as 10 species were found for the first time; however, com-
pared to 2006, four species are not confirmed (Potentilla frigida Vill., Rhododendron
ferrugineum, Salix herbacea and Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. minuta (L.) Arcang.). The
first phanerophyte, Larix decidua Mill., and the first geophytes, Agrostis schraderiana
Bech. and Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm., appear. Among the nanophanerophytes,
R. ferrugineum is not confirmed, but Salix helvetica Vill. appears. Furthermore, among
the fruticose chamaephytes, the lack of confirmation of S. herbacea is compensated
by the addition of Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup. ‘The temperature index ap-
proaches 2 (Fig. 3) due to the entry of thermophilic species. A similar trend is shown
by the nutrients index (Fig. 4) due to the entry of nitrophilous species (e.g., Cirsium
spinosissimum (L.) Scop.).

The elevations recorded in the 2021 survey show that for about 20 species the
elevation record published in “Flora del Trentino” had been exceeded (Prosser et al.
2019). The following species would seem to set an elevational record at least at the
alpine level.

Coeloglossum viride, a citcumboreal species present at 3,150 m a.s.l. on the Lobbia
Alta, is probably the highest known orchid in Europe, including the Caucasus (Ber-
tolli et al. 2021).

Gentiana nivalis L., a species widespread mainly in the European mountains, was
found at 3,123 m on the Lobbia Alta, just above the known elevations in the Alps. The
second known record is 3,110 m in Val di Cogne in the Pousset valley (2001, Poggio
and Gerard in Flora della Valle @ Aosta 2022+), but already Fenaroli (1955) indicated
it in the Alps up to 3,100 m. For the Caucasus, there is a record at ca. 3,145 m in Au-
gust 2018 by D.S. Shilnikov (iNaturalist 2022+).

Gentianella anisodonta (Borbas) A.Léve & D.Léve, an endemic species to the east-
ern Alps, found at 3,145 m on the Lobbia Alta, is most likely the record for the eleva-
tion of the species. Braun-Blanquet and Riibel (1932-1935) indicate it in the Grisons
(Switzerland) up to 2,780 m.

We found a 35-cm tall specimen of Larix decidua on Lobbia Alta (Fig. 5) at
3,130 m and it seems to be the elevation record of the species. The previous maxi-
mum elevation that we have been able to trace for this species is 2,995 m in the
French Alps (Gilles André, personal communication). Other notable finds are at
2.990 m on Cima Paier in the Adamello-Presanella Alps (1991, Bronzini and Prosser,

16 Filippo Prosser et al. / Italian Botanist 15: 9-20 (2023)

Figure 5. A specimen of Larix decidua photographed at 3,130 m near the summit of Lobbia Alta (Trento,

Italy). Currently it may be the elevation record of the species (photo GT).

archive of the flora of Trentino of the Civic Museum of Rovereto), at 2,971 m in
Switzerland (Wiwannihorn, Ausserberg), where, in 2015, Egon Feller found a 21-
cm tall specimen (Swiss National Forest Inventory 2022+), and the one at 2,970 m
for Las Sours by Anders Bjérken (Wifp, personal communication). Fenaroli (1955)
gave a maximum elevation for the Alps of 2,660 m. The record for the highest tree
in the Alps (and in Europe) is Pinus cembra found by André (2016) at 3,200 m on
the Italian side of Monte Viso: it is a 1.1-m tall specimen in a rocky position. The
larch found on Lobbia Alta is the second highest tree in the Alps and in Europe. In
the Caucasus, it seems that trees do not grow beyond 3,100 m (Dolukhanov 1978;
Gigauri, personal communication).

Primula daonensis, an endemic species to a small sector of the eastern Alps, was
found up to 3,151 m on the Lobbia Alta; it confirms an earlier record for the species,
which was always on the Lobbia Alta at 3,110 m (Prosser et al. 2019). Previously, the
elevation record of the species was indicated by Becherer (1976) at 2,960 m on Piz
Rims in Val Miistair (obs. Nicolin Bischoff, 04/07/1975). Fenaroli (1955) indicated it
in the Alps up to “2,800 (2,900?) m”.

Salix helvetica, a species with alpine distribution, was found at 3,111 m on the
Lobbia Alta, but the specimen is little more than a seedling. The second highest record
is at 3,010 m in Val di Cogne, under the Lauson glacier (Mainetti et al. 2016 in Flora
della Valle d’Aosta 2022+). The highest record for Switzerland by Infoflora (2022+)
is 2,919-2,922 m at Saas-Grund (obs. Jasmin Ducry, 04/08/2017). Fenaroli (1955)
indicated it in the Alps up to 3,000 m.

Change in the flora of the Lobbia Alta shes

Conclusions

Our results are in agreement with the general trend of enrichment of the flora of the
high alpine peaks. Various species have managed to reach the Lobbia Alta, despite be-
ing a rather isolated peak surrounded by ice and inhospitable cliffs. Seed dispersal by
wind (e.g., Larix decidua) and birds (e.g., Empetrum hermaphroditum) has made it pos-
sible to colonize these peaks. More and more often, seedlings and saplings find suitable
conditions for their establishment due to the increasingly longer period without snow,
consequent to climate warming. Lobbia Alta, and in particular its southern side, appears
suitable for the settlement of species from lower elevations, as shown by elevation records
also for some species that are widespread in the western Alps (Gentiana nivalis, Larix
decidua, Salix helvetica) where, due to the mass effect, species usually reach their highest
elevation in the Alps (see e.g., Ellenberg 1996). It seems surprising to find as many as six
alpine elevation records on a single peak of the Alps. It could even be hypothesized that
the southern Rhaetian Alps are subject to a more intense upwelling of species due to cli-
mate warming than other Alpine areas. Further research is needed to test this hypothesis.

In 2021, the presence of some species, recorded after 1935, has not been con-
firmed, i.e., Potentilla frigida, Rhododendron ferrugineum, Salix herbacea, and Solidago
virgaurea subsp. minuta; this would suggest that the colonization process is not linear,
but is “trial and error”. On a peak of more than 3,000 m a.s.l. such as Lobbia Alta, it is
the newcomers who are more likely to disappear, rather than the species that have been
established there since a long time. Nonetheless, the latter could also be undermined
by further global warming.

Acknowledgements

We thank Gilles André, Elena Barni, Enzo Bona, Jasmin Ducry, Khatuna Gigauri, Mi-
chael Jutzi, Harald Pauli, Jean-Louis Polidori, Jean-Paul Theurillat, Thomas Wilhalm,
Sonja Wipf for providing data on elevation records of species; Luca Bronzini, Sara
Tamanini and Massimo Tambosi for the help offered during the survey of 1991; Elena
Guella, Maurizio Odasso, Lucio Sottovia, Mauro Tomasi and Luca Bronzini again for
the help offered during the survey of 2006. Finally, we thank the anonymous reviewers
who contributed to greatly improve the text.

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17 &viewer=picture&to=bookmar

Supplementary material |

Floristic occurrences of the flora of the Lobbia Alta (Trento, Italy) between 1935

and 2021

Authors: Filippo Prosser, Alessio Bertolli, Giulia Tomasi

Data type: table (excel file)

Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License
(http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License
(ODDbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and
use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the
original source and author(s) are credited.

Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist. 15.97630.suppl1