European species of the Cochylimorpha perfusana (Guenée, 1845) species group are revised. Four species are recognized, all closely related to C. perfusana (Guenée, 1845) with which they have previously been confused. Based on morphological differences and DNA barcode data, C. callosana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1856), sp. rev. and C. dorsimaculana (Preissecker, 1908), sp. rev., are re-instated to their original species rank. Inconsistencies in their taxonomy leading to their synonymy are shown and corrected. Cochylimorpha bucegiana Z. Kovács, S. Kovács & P. Buchner, sp. nov. is described from the subalpine meadows of the Bucegi and Făgăraș Mountains (Southern Carpathians, Romania), and the other three species are redescribed. Adults and genitalia of both sexes of all four, and the habitat of three taxa are figured. The geographic distribution of each species is re-evaluated based on the examined material and a critical analysis of the literature. Literature data for which no material could be found for examination are treated as doubtful and in need of confirmation. Cochylimorpha perfusana is widely distributed in mountain areas of Europe (Alps, Carpathians and Pirin Mountains), C. callosana is widespread only in the north-western Balkan Peninsula and north-eastern Italy, and local in eastern France, Corsica and Hungary, the other two seem to be endemics, C. dorsimaculana to Wachau and Retz in Lower Austria and C. bucegianasp. nov. to the Southern Carpathians in Romania. Cochylimorpha perfusana is recorded for the first time from Bulgaria; the first confirmed records of C. callosana from Slovenia and Hungary are given; and in the north-eastern Italian fauna C. callosana replaces C. perfusana. Records of C. perfusana from Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and north-western Italy require confirmation.
