<br> Magnolia zenii<br> Cheng, an endemic and critically endangered species, is restricted to Baohua Mountain, Jiangsu Province, China. Despite the implementation of in situ conservation measures implemented after the establishment of Baohua Mountain Nature Reserve in 1984, the species continues to face significant regeneration challenges.<br> <br> <br> This study evaluates the population structure and regeneration dynamics of<br> M. zenii<br> using data from field surveys conducted in 2001 and 2024. Our findings indicate a substantial increase in the total population size from 34 to 115 individuals and a broadening of the size-class distribution. However, persistent gaps in recruitment, particularly the absence of individuals in the smallest diameter class (&lt; 5 cm), highlight critical reproductive and establishment constraints. Factors limiting regeneration include poor seedling establishment due to reproductive inefficiencies, intense competition from<br> Phoebe sheareri<br> and<br> Phyllostachys edulis<br> and anthropogenic impacts associated with tourism management. We propose a multi-faceted conservation strategy emphasising enhanced reproductive management, mitigation of competitive pressure and science-based tourism control to promote sustainable population recovery. This study provides a comprehensive framework for addressing regeneration constraints and providing information for long-term conservation policies for<br> M. zenii<br> and other endangered species with similar ecological challenges.<br>
